Development of a DHSVM Erosion and Sediment Transport Model
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Transcript of Development of a DHSVM Erosion and Sediment Transport Model
Development of a Development of a DHSVM Erosion and DHSVM Erosion and Sediment Transport Sediment Transport
ModelModel
Colleen O. Doten, University of WashingtonColleen O. Doten, University of WashingtonLaura C. Bowling, Purdue UniversityLaura C. Bowling, Purdue UniversityEdwin D. Mauer, Santa Clara UniversityEdwin D. Mauer, Santa Clara UniversityJordan S. Lanini, University of Washington Jordan S. Lanini, University of Washington Nathalie Voisin, University of WashingtonNathalie Voisin, University of WashingtonDennis P. Lettenmaier, University of WashingtonDennis P. Lettenmaier, University of Washington
Presented by Jordan S. Lanini, University of Washington
Presentation outlinePresentation outline
• Motivation for erosion modelMotivation for erosion model• Mass wasting componentMass wasting component• Surface erosion componentSurface erosion component• Channel erosion and routing Channel erosion and routing
componentcomponent• Testing and evaluationTesting and evaluation• Future research directionsFuture research directions
Motivation for erosion Motivation for erosion modelmodel
Forest FireForest Fire
Timber Timber HarvestHarvest
Forest Forest RoadsRoads
www.homefirefightingsystems.com
DHSVM SURFACE EROSION
CHANNEL EROSION & ROUTING
Watershed Sediment Module
OUTPUT
Q
Qsed
Provides Inputs for all Three Components MASS WASTING
Watershed Sediment Module
Sediment Model Sediment Model
DHSVM Inputs to Sediment DHSVM Inputs to Sediment ModelModel
DHSVM
Soil Moisture Content
MASS WASTING
SURFACE EROSION
CHANNEL EROSION & ROUTING
Channel FlowPrecipitationLeaf Drip
Infiltration and Saturation Excess Runoff
Mass Mass WastingWasting
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/research/becweb/zone-MH/mh-photos/
• Dynamic soil Dynamic soil saturation saturation predicted by predicted by DHSVMDHSVM
• Finer resolution Finer resolution grid (10 m) for grid (10 m) for failure failure computationcomputation
Icicle Creek, WAIcicle Creek, WAL. Bowling, C. L. Bowling, C. DotenDoten
Mass Wasting Module (MWM)
• Slope stability is a function of soil moisture, slope, and soil and vegetation characteristics.
• Failure is determined by the infinite slope stability model, using a factor of safety (FS)
• Slope instability is indicated by a FS < 1.Slope instability is indicated by a FS < 1.
resisting forces
driving forcesFS =
L. Bowling, C. Doten
MWM - Stochastic NatureMWM - Stochastic Nature
• Four soil and vegetation characteristics:Four soil and vegetation characteristics:– soil cohesion,soil cohesion,– angle of internal friction, angle of internal friction, – root cohesion, and root cohesion, and – vegetation surchargevegetation surcharge
are input as probability distributions.are input as probability distributions.• They can be assigned to one of three They can be assigned to one of three
distributions:distributions:– uniform, uniform, – normal or normal or – triangular.triangular.
L. BowlingL. Bowling
Results of a Stochastic RunResults of a Stochastic Run
Probability of failure
L. BowlingL. Bowling
Pixels in black failed at least once in 1000 iterations of MWM
MWM - Mass RedistributionMWM - Mass Redistribution• Pixels are considered to fail to Pixels are considered to fail to
bedrock.bedrock.
• Failed material travels down the Failed material travels down the slope of steepest descent.slope of steepest descent.
• Downslope pixels can fail in Downslope pixels can fail in response to the initial failure.response to the initial failure.
• Landslide stops at a critical slope Landslide stops at a critical slope angle. The failed volume is angle. The failed volume is evenly distributed among all evenly distributed among all downslope pixels.downslope pixels.
• Landslides entering channels Landslides entering channels system continue as debris flows system continue as debris flows depending on the junction angle.depending on the junction angle.
L. BowlingL. Bowling
Surface Erosion & RoutingSurface Erosion & Routing
http:www.geo.uni-bonn.de/cgi-bin/geodynamik_main?Rubrik=research&Punkt=geomorphology
Current DHSVM Runoff Generation and Current DHSVM Runoff Generation and RoutingRouting
Runoff is produced via:
• Saturation excess (pixels 6 and 7)
• Infiltration excess based on a user-specified static maximum infiltration capacity (pixel 3)
Runoff is routed to the downslope neighbors one pixel/time step
Runoff Generation – Dynamic Runoff Generation – Dynamic Infiltration ExcessInfiltration Excess
• Calculation of maximum infiltration Calculation of maximum infiltration capacity: capacity: – The first timestep there is surface water on the The first timestep there is surface water on the
pixel, all surface water infiltrates.pixel, all surface water infiltrates.
– If there is surface water in the next timestep, If there is surface water in the next timestep, the maximum infiltration capacity is calculated the maximum infiltration capacity is calculated based on the amount previously infiltrated.based on the amount previously infiltrated.
• Dominant form of runoff generation on Dominant form of runoff generation on unpaved roads and post burn land surfaces unpaved roads and post burn land surfaces
N. VoisinN. Voisin
Kinematic Runoff RoutingKinematic Runoff Routing
• Pixel to pixel overland flow routed using an Pixel to pixel overland flow routed using an explicit finite difference solution of the explicit finite difference solution of the kinematic wave approximation to the Saint-kinematic wave approximation to the Saint-Venant equationsVenant equations
• Manning’s equation is used to solve for flow Manning’s equation is used to solve for flow area in terms of dischargearea in terms of discharge
• Per DHSVM timestep, a new solution sub-Per DHSVM timestep, a new solution sub-timestep is calculated satisfying the Courant timestep is calculated satisfying the Courant condition, which is necessary for solution condition, which is necessary for solution stability.stability.
L. BowlingL. Bowling
Surface ErosionSurface Erosion
• Transportable Transportable sediment is the sediment is the sum of particles sum of particles detached by three detached by three mechanisms mechanisms
• Erosion is limited Erosion is limited by overland flow by overland flow transport capacity transport capacity
shearing by overland flow
leaf dripimpact
raindropimpact
Mechanisms of Soil Particle DetachmentL. Bowling, J. L. Bowling, J. Lanini, N. Voisin Lanini, N. Voisin
Hillslope Sediment RoutingHillslope Sediment Routing
• Sediment is routed using a four-point Sediment is routed using a four-point finite difference solution of the two-finite difference solution of the two-dimensional conservation of mass dimensional conservation of mass equation.equation.
• If the pixel contains aIf the pixel contains achannel (including road side channel (including road side ditches), all sediment and ditches), all sediment and water enters the channelwater enters the channelsegment. segment.
sediment and water
L. BowlingL. Bowling
Forest Road ErosionForest Road Erosion• Transportable Transportable
sediment consists sediment consists of particles of particles detached by two detached by two mechanisms mechanisms
• Overland flow will Overland flow will be infiltration be infiltration excess generated.excess generated.
• Routing to include Routing to include road crown typeroad crown type– inslopedinsloped– outslopedoutsloped– crownedcrowned
raindrop impact
shearing byoverland flow
surface erosion
C. DotenC. Doten
Channel Erosion & RoutingChannel Erosion & Routing
www.eas.purdue.edu/geomorph/ envben.html
Channel RoutingChannel Routing
• Sediment SupplySediment Supply– channel sediment storage from the MWMchannel sediment storage from the MWM
– lateral inflow from hillslope and roadslateral inflow from hillslope and roads
– upstream channel segmentupstream channel segment
• Sediment particles Sediment particles – have a constant lognormally distributed grain have a constant lognormally distributed grain
size which is a function of the user-specified size which is a function of the user-specified median grain size diameter (dmedian grain size diameter (d5050)) and dand d9090
– are binned into a user-specified number of are binned into a user-specified number of grain size classesgrain size classes
E. MaurerE. Maurer
Channel RoutingChannel Routing
• Sediment is routed using a four-point Sediment is routed using a four-point finite difference solution of the two-finite difference solution of the two-dimensional conservation of mass dimensional conservation of mass equation.equation.
• Instantaneous upstream and downstream Instantaneous upstream and downstream flow rates are used in the routing.flow rates are used in the routing.
• Transport depends on Transport depends on – available sediment in each grain size class, andavailable sediment in each grain size class, and
– capacity of flow for each grain size calculated capacity of flow for each grain size calculated using Bagnold’s approach for total sediment load.using Bagnold’s approach for total sediment load.
E. MaurerE. Maurer
Testing and EvaluationTesting and Evaluation
Little Wenatchee
Sensitivity Analysis - Rainy Sensitivity Analysis - Rainy CreekCreek
Input ParameterInput Parameter BaselineBaseline MinMin MaxMax SensitivitySensitivity References)References)
effective soil cohesion, kPaeffective soil cohesion, kPa 33 0.250.25 100100 highhigh Hammond Hammond et al. et al. (1992)(1992)Lindeburg (2001)Lindeburg (2001)
effective angle of internal effective angle of internal friction, degreesfriction, degrees
3131 2828 3434 highhigh Hammond Hammond et al.et al. (1992) (1992)Holtz and Kovacs (1981)Holtz and Kovacs (1981)Lindeburg (2001)Lindeburg (2001)
root cohesion, kPa root cohesion, kPa (5% of basin)(5% of basin)(90% of basin)(90% of basin)
331515
221212
662323
highhighlowlow
Hammond Hammond et al.et al. (1992) (1992)
vegetation surcharge, kg/mvegetation surcharge, kg/m22 (5% of basin)(5% of basin)(90% of basin)(90% of basin)
12.512.5122122
004949
252519951995
lowlowlowlow
Sidle (1992)Sidle (1992)aa
Hammond Hammond et al.et al. (1992) (1992)
soil bulk density (kg/msoil bulk density (kg/m33)) 15691569 14001400 16001600 mediummedium STATSGO (USDA, 1994)STATSGO (USDA, 1994)
soil depth (m)soil depth (m) 0.76-0.76-1.2781.278
BaselineBaseline 1.76-1.76-2.2782.278
highhigh bb
MWM Application MWM Application ChallengesChallenges
• Soil depthSoil depth– typically a hydrologic calibration parametertypically a hydrologic calibration parameter– changes in soil depth will impact mass changes in soil depth will impact mass
wastingwasting• Soil moisture Soil moisture
– mass wasting model uses soil moisture in mass wasting model uses soil moisture in each pixel at a daily time stepeach pixel at a daily time step
– unrealistic degrees of saturation are going to unrealistic degrees of saturation are going to effect mass wasting effect mass wasting
C. DotenC. Doten
Surface Erosion Application Surface Erosion Application ChallengesChallenges
• Model resolutionModel resolution– smaller resolutions will result in smaller sub-time step, smaller resolutions will result in smaller sub-time step,
increasing run timeincreasing run time• Runoff (Infiltration Excess)Runoff (Infiltration Excess)
– Sub-timestep calculated from largest infiltration Sub-timestep calculated from largest infiltration excess observed for time stepexcess observed for time step
– unrealistic values will result in smaller sub-time step, unrealistic values will result in smaller sub-time step, increasing run timeincreasing run time
• Surface erosion run timeSurface erosion run time– since mass wasting is the predominant form of since mass wasting is the predominant form of
sediment transport in PNW basin, surface erosion can sediment transport in PNW basin, surface erosion can be limited to user-specified time periods decreasing be limited to user-specified time periods decreasing run timerun time
C. Doten, J. LaniniC. Doten, J. Lanini
Testing and EvaluationTesting and Evaluation
• Mass wastingMass wasting– Land slide mapping of Rainy Creek derived Land slide mapping of Rainy Creek derived
from aerial photographyfrom aerial photography• Surface erosion Surface erosion
– Observed local and regional land and road Observed local and regional land and road surface erosion rates surface erosion rates
• Channel routingChannel routing– Observed stream sediment concentrationsObserved stream sediment concentrations
C. DotenC. Doten
Scenario Analyses I: Forest Scenario Analyses I: Forest RoadsRoads
Road Location in the Road Location in the Hillslope & Hillslope Hillslope & Hillslope
CurvatureCurvature
Forest Road ErosionForest Road Erosion
C. DotenC. Doten
Scenario Analyses II: Timber Harvest Scenario Analyses II: Timber Harvest and Forest Fireand Forest Fire
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/research/becweb/zone-MH/12_Res_Man.htm
Enhanced Transport CapacityEnhanced Transport Capacity• Decrease in annual Decrease in annual
evaporationevaporation• Increased snow accumulationIncreased snow accumulation• Enhanced snow meltEnhanced snow melt
– Greater radiation exposureGreater radiation exposure– Increased turbulent energy Increased turbulent energy
transfertransfer
Enhanced Sediment SupplyEnhanced Sediment Supply• Mass wasting (landslides)Mass wasting (landslides)
– Decreased root strengthDecreased root strength– Enhanced soil moistureEnhanced soil moisture
• Surface erosionSurface erosion
C. DotenC. Doten
Questions/CommentsQuestions/Comments
We would like to acknowledge financial support from the USFS PNW Research Station and Wenatchee Lab for the development of this model
Data Input Needed for Data Input Needed for Sediment ModelSediment Model
• Smaller resolution (10m) DEMSmaller resolution (10m) DEM
• Debris Flow Material dDebris Flow Material d5050 and d and d9090
• Soils: Bulk Density, Manning n, K index, dSoils: Bulk Density, Manning n, K index, d5050, , distributions (mean, stand deviation, distributions (mean, stand deviation, minimum value, maximum value) of minimum value, maximum value) of Cohesion and Angle of Internal FrictionCohesion and Angle of Internal Friction
• Vegetation: Vegetation Surcharge Vegetation: Vegetation Surcharge distribution (minimum value and maximum distribution (minimum value and maximum value) and Root Cohesion distribution value) and Root Cohesion distribution (mode, minimum value and maximum value)(mode, minimum value and maximum value)
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elevation data: THALES and TAPES-C. Chapter 19 in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, elevation data: THALES and TAPES-C. Chapter 19 in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publication, Highland Ranch, Colorado. p669-696.Water Resources Publication, Highland Ranch, Colorado. p669-696.
• Hammond, C., D. Hall, S. Miller and P. Swetik, 1992, Level I Stability Analysis (LISA) Documentation Hammond, C., D. Hall, S. Miller and P. Swetik, 1992, Level I Stability Analysis (LISA) Documentation for version 2.0, USDA Intermoutain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-285.for version 2.0, USDA Intermoutain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-285.
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• Sturm, T., 2001, Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, NY, NY, pp. 378-380.Sturm, T., 2001, Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, NY, NY, pp. 378-380.• Wicks, J.M. and J.C. Bathurst, 1996, SHESED: a physically based, distributed erosion and sediment Wicks, J.M. and J.C. Bathurst, 1996, SHESED: a physically based, distributed erosion and sediment
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Topographically-Driven Subsurface Flow, Topographically-Driven Subsurface Flow, Wat. Resour. Res.Wat. Resour. Res., 35, 255-264., 35, 255-264.• Wolohiser, D.A., R.E. Smith and D.C. Goodrich, 1990, KINEROS, A kinematic runoff and erosion Wolohiser, D.A., R.E. Smith and D.C. Goodrich, 1990, KINEROS, A kinematic runoff and erosion
model: documentation and user manual, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, ARS-77, 130 pp.model: documentation and user manual, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, ARS-77, 130 pp.