Development Geography II
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Transcript of Development Geography II
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Development Geography II
Rayke Nelis | Wouke Oprel | René Vermeulen | Afke van der Woude
Post-conflict countries in AfricaRwanda | Burundi | Liberia | Sierra Leone
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Aim of the paper:
To answer question:
Which of the countries Rwanda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone performed best in the period 1990-2010?
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Problems:
• “Developed best” is very subjective!• Different views on what is (and what brings)
development. • How to measure development?• Is there sufficient data available?
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Scoring scheme
Index
Country
GDP PPP
(millions
US$)
GDP per
capita
(US$)
HDI GINI Extreme
Poverty
(% below
US$1,25)
Points
Rwanda
Sierra
Leone
Burundi
Liberia
The number 1 of one index gets 4 points, number 2 gets 3 points, etcetera.
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Approaches• Classical-traditional, Historical Empirical, Alternative/bottom-up
• Not one approach selected, but combination made, because:
• For example:• World Bank very important for the countries
(think of PRSP!) Cl.-Trad.• A country’s history (violent conflict!!) cannot
be left out in analysis. hist.-emp.• HDI takes basic needs into account. altern.
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IndicatorsTo measure development and compare the countries
• HDI human development– Health– Education– Standard of living
• GDP economic development• Poverty indicators• GINI-coefficient inequality• Migration/refugees/remittances
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One country as example:
Liberia
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Early history• From 1816 American Colonization Society
(ASC) resettled slaves to Africa.• 1822 Settlement in Liberia.• 1838 Commonwealth of Liberia.• 1848 Recognition by other countries 20.000
former slaves migrate from USA.• Americo-Liberian elite unequal relation
between returned slaves and indigenous groups.
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History of conflict
• 1980 Coup d’état by Samuel Doe violent rule• 1989/1990 Charles Taylor rebellion “First Round of
Liberian Civil War”• 1997 peace restored by ECOWAS – Economic
Community of West African States• 2000 fights resume “Round 2”• 2003 peace restored again (ECOWAS & UNMIL –
United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Liberia)• 2005 first female head of state in Africa; Ellen
Johnson Sirleaf
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• Two tracks for analysis:– Economic Indicators– “Human” (social) Indicators
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Economic Indicators 1
• GDP• GDP per capita (in HDI)
• Sectors change• Import/export• Trade balance
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Economic indicators 2• Evolution of GDP per capita, 1960 – 2007 (constant 2004 US$).
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Economic Indicators 3
• Share of different sectors of the GDP in Liberia from 1987 to 2005
Mind the gap
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Economic Indicators 4
Imports and exports in Liberia from 1978 to 2004.
Mind the gap
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Economic Indicators 5
• Trade balance of Liberia from 1978 to 2004 in millions US$.• Trade balance in 2008 -500 million US$
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Economic Indicators 6
• Real GDP and inflation in Liberia (outlook)– Recently: influence World’s Credit Crisis.
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Human Development Index
HDI trend
0.365 0.370 0.325 0.280 0.419 0.427 0.434 0.442
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
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HDI 2007
HDI value
Rank (score)
169. (0.442)
Life expectancy at birth (years) 141. (57.9)
Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and above) 133. (55.5)
Combined gross enrolment ratio (%) 142. (57.6)
GDP per capita (PPP $) 179. (362)
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Inequality
• GINI-coefficient in 2007: 52,6 = » Very High Level of Social Inequality
• The richest 10% posses over 30% of the country’s income.
• The poorest 10% posses only 2,4% of the country’s income.
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Poverty
• 83,7% below $1,25 a day line extreme poverty
• 94,8% below $2 a day.
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Refugees
“With the return of the remaining registered internally displaced people (IDPs) in December 2006, the process of resolving Liberia’s internal displacement crisis was considered complete. More than 326,000 IDPs returned to their areas of origin and the 35 camps that had hosted them were officially closed in April 2006, formally marking the end of a 17-year period during which much of Liberia’s population of three million had at some time been internally displaced.”
International Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2007.
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Concluding• Back to comparing scheme:
Index
Country
GDP PPP
(millions
US$)
GDP per
capita
(US$)
HDI GINI Extreme
Poverty
(% below
US$1,25)
[Points]
Rwanda 8,4 [4] 343 [4] 0.460 [4] 46.7 [2] 76,6 [3] [17]
Sierra
Leone
4,0 [3] 284 [3] 0,365 [1] 42.5 [3] 53,4 [4] [14]
Burundi 2,9 [2] 115 [1] 0.394 [2] 33.3 [4] 81,3 [2] [11]
Liberia 1,3 [1] 198 [2] 0.442 [3] 52.6 [1] 83,7 [1] [8]
Off course, as mentioned before, this system of comparing is highly questionable!But it gives a small insight in the comparison between the countries.
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• Liberia has a long way to go from the conflict and as the figures show; recovery comes slow.
• Targets of the PRSP are to rebuild the country’s economy, decrease external debts and improve human living standards for all people.
• Development for all people in all layers of society. (Bottom up-approach)
Final comments