Development Engineering Innovation - SmartGrid of EMT Programs in... · Custom Components in PSCAD:...

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

DevelopmentDevelopmentEngineering

Since 1981

Innovation


Poland

PSCAD Seminar

J.C. Garcia, W. WiechowskiManitoba HVDC Research CentreWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada


Applications of EMT TypeApplications of EMT Type Programs in Smart Grids and

Distributed GenerationManitoba HVDC Research Centre



Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada

S ft G Software Group

Research Laboratories

Classroom

40 S ff M b 40+ Staff Members

Winnipeg



Commercial Products PSCAD®/EMTDC™

DC Line Fault Locator System

Ice Vision ‐ Ice Detection System for AC Ice Melting Program

Training g General Power Systems

PSCAD

Engineering Services Engineering Services

Research Services


PSCAD/EMTDC Users

Our users are utilities, manufacturers, industrial research centers, and consultants including three large HVDC equipment manufacturers ABB, Siemens, Areva, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Fuji, and many others

More than 2 000 professional and 30 000 educationalMore than 2,000 professional and 30,000 educational licenses, in 76 countries worldwide


Smart Grids & DGA popular definition of Smart Grids“Aggregate of multiple networks with multiple operators

employing varying levels of communication and employing varying levels of communication and coordination. Smart grids increase the connectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long distance consumers and networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks.”

A smart grid may include:A smart grid may include: “an intelligent monitoring system (communications) that

keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system”“ h bili f i i bl l i i h “the capability of integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind (DG)”


PSCAD & DG

Modernizing the grid to meet such requirements implies: A need for the revision on the distribution protection

system Sources of short circuit current (DG) where there was Sou ces o s o c cu cu e ( G) e e e e as

previously only load – Use of FCL’s Studies on the penetration of DG in the network Power quality (harmonics introduced by the use of Power quality (harmonics introduced by the use of

converters)

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreFault Current Limiters

Challenge: Network reconfigurations and the introduction of DG can

increase in short circuit levels

Solution(s): Replace breakers and busbar equipment (too costly $$$) Introduce devices that limit the short circuit current: Introduce devices that limit the short circuit current:

One time use: resistors triggered by explosive mechanisms

R bl S d t i t M ti d i Re-usable: Superconductor resistors, Magnetic devices (variable inductors)

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreCustom Components in PSCAD: FCL devices

Magnetic Fault Current Limiter

PSCAD implementation of a Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter

9

4

6

5 10 11

7 8

DC source

A2 3 1 A

B

2

2.5

9 10 11

RL1.0 [ohm]

FCLABC

DC(+) DC(-)

ABCSuperconducting

Q

1

1.5

B [T

]

P+jQ

Load

0

0.5

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

H [A/m]

B USED


Fault Current Limiter

Need for reducing short circuit levels 9

4

6

5 10 11

7 8

Requirement for small voltage drop

9

2 3 1

10 11

Requirement for small voltage drop during normal operationand large voltage drop during short circuit

2AL 2nl

L


Fault Current Limiter

Need for reducing short circuit levels 9

9

2 3 1

4

6

5 10 11

10 11

7 8

0.60

0.80 Iwithout_FCL Iwith_FCL

Requirement for small voltage

0 60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

AC li

ne c

urre

nt (k

A)

q gdrop during normal operationand large voltage drop during short circuit

-0.80

-0.60

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreLarge Scale Smart Grids

Smart Grid: “a grid that uses state of the art technology to re-route power in optimal ways to respond to a wide range of conditions”

When talking in large scale it means: Being able to control power flows in networks, FACTS,

HVDC LCC, HVDC VSC, To have the option of isolate trouble areas while minimizing

the impact to the whole network – HVDC, ex: the blackout in eastern North America - QuebecQ

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreMulti-terminal VSC in PSCADFive-terminal exampleFive terminal example

P = -401.2Q = -53.36V = 420.7

VA

T2aN

P = 2.398Q = -60.78V = 419.9

VA

640kV(+/-320kV) DC Network

AC DC

VSC T1

P t l

500km transmission Line

ACDC

P l

VSC T2T1aN

Bus1aN

AC2AC1 TLMIDMODD1 D2

VV P controlVac control

P controlVac controlPorder = 800MW Rectifier

T2P controlVac controlPorder = -400MW Inverter

150k

m c

able

500k

m tr

ansm

issi

on L

ine

P controlVac control

Cab

le14

Vs: 420.0PHs: 45.0

TL32

Vs: 420.0PHs: 0.0

P = 906.8Q = -107.5V = 420.3

VA

3a

Vac controlP control

VSC T4

DCAC

P = 3.399Q = -72.1V = 420

VA

P controlVac controlPorder = 1200MW Rectifier

T3Vdc controlVac controlInverter This is the DC slack bus to balance the total power

400km transmission Line ACDC

VSC T3

Vdc control Vac control

a

us3a

usa

AC4

Vs: 420.0PHs: 0.0

AC3

Vs: 420.0PHs: 0.0TL43

IslandedDC AC

VSC T5

P = 207.8Q = 77.5

V = 233.4

VA

5a

T5Islanded (fixed frequency with Vac control)Inverter Feed 200MW, 230 kV Load

12km

cab

le

Cab

le35

us5a

P+jQ66.667 /ph

25.0 /ph

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreMulti-terminal VSC in PSCADFive-terminal exampleFive terminal example

Advantages of VSC over LCC:

Multi-terminal operationDecoupled control of P and Q. There is no-longer need for a source of reactive power

C l l d tCan supply load centres

DisadvantagesNot yet implementedNot yet implementedNeed for DC interrupting devices (DC breakers)

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreMulti-terminal VSC in PSCADFive-terminal example

Factors to be taking into account when modeling:Development of control strategies, pole control and supervisory

t l Diff t t l d

Five terminal example

controls. Different control modes:1. Real Power P2. Reactive Power3 AC Voltage3. AC Voltage4. DC Voltage5. Islanded Operation

•Operation as an Statcom when islandedOperation as an Statcom when islanded

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreMulti-terminal VSC in PSCADFive-terminal example

Current technologies

PWM 2 d 3 l l t (ABB HVDC Li ht)

Five terminal example

PWM 2 and 3 level converters (ABB HVDC Light)Moving towards MMC

Modular Multilevel Converters (Siemens)Alstom VSC’s (previously Areva’s)Alstom VSC s (previously Areva s)

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreVSC in PSCAD: State of simulation technologytechnology

Modeling Multi-Level converters require modeling individually of each level.• Large computational burden• It creates the need for creating more computational efficient

algorithmsC t d l t f MMC d l f PSCAD ti• Current development of MMC model for PSCAD uses a time-varying Thevenin’s equivalent of the converter• It is not an approximated interfaced model, it is equivalent to

modeling the entire networkmodeling the entire network

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

(kV)

Vout_M Vout_R

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

(kV)

Vout_M Vout_R

150

50

60

Manitoba HVDC Research CentreThevenin’s approach to MMC modelingmodeling

Ic13Ic1

FP13Vc13Vc1

FP1N1i1l

-

+

-

+

Ic15

Ic14

Ic3

Ic2

FP15

FP16

FP14

Vc16

Vc15

Vc14

Vc4

Vc3

Vc2

FP3

FP4

FP2

-

+

-

+

+ +

-

+

-

+

-

+TTU

VcTIcT

TTL(96)

Ic18

Ic17

Ic16

Ic6

Ic5

Ic4

FP17

FP18

FP19Vc19

Vc18

Vc17

Vc7

Vc6

Vc5FP5

FP6

FP7

-

-

+

-

+

+ +

-

+

-

+

-

TTL

Ic21

Ic20

Ic19

Ic9

Ic8

Ic7

FP20

FP21Vc21

Vc19

Vc20

Vc9

Vc8

Vc7

FP8

FP9

-

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

Ic24

Ic23

Ic22

Ic12

Ic11

Ic10

FP23

FP24

FP22

Vc24

Vc23

Vc22

Vc12

Vc11

Vc10

FP11

FP12

FP10

N1 n2l

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

Files:my_pscad_library.pslxSubMod96.pscxSubMod_EQUV.pscx


DG: PhotoVoltaicsIn the stable region if the output power is less than the input power, the remainder shows itself in an increased DC-bus voltage which causes a subsequent decrease in power input creating an ultimately power input, creating an ultimately stable system without additional control mechanisms.

Va

D

V+V+

G

Tcell

V-

Solar Radiation(0-1000 W/m2)

Solar cell Vtemperature(0 -100 oC)


DG: PhotoVoltaicsThe goal is to operate the PV system in an stable fashion while delivering maximum power: Maximum Photo-voltaic Power Tracking (MPPT)


DG: PhotoVoltaicsConnection methods to the system


• PSCAD is now used for a variety of ‘novel’ applications.

Wind, DFIG, VSC Solar PV ......


However, basic ac system studies are still the most popular application of PSCAD.

Lightning (insulation coordination) Lightning (insulation coordination) GIS switching – Very Fast Transients (VFT) Switching over-voltages (SOV,TOV) Breaker TRV Breaker TRV Ferro resonance Other resonance issues (transformer , capacitor

banks )banks...) Protection and relaying related Motors and generators (starting, sub

synchronous resonance )synchronous resonance..) Power quality

Post contingency analysis – What went wrong and how do we avoid such events.how do we avoid such events.


Few Interesting (recent) applications:..

1) Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant2) System black start restoration studies3) Fault current limiting devices3) Fault current limiting devices4) Protection


Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant

Gas insulated bus-bars connect the GIS to the generator transformers.

Number of transformers failed over a period of about 2 years. Perform apparatus inspections and perform engineering

studies (simulations) to investigate the causes for the 380 kV transformer bushing failures.g



• Transformers are connected to the switching station through long GIB’s.



PSCAD model of a GIS station – Investigating very fast transients (VFT)

350

D724

a1

BUST781T

BUST771T

300[pF] Power Transformer

2[uH]

0.22.6

300[pF] Power Transformer

ET771

2[uH]

0.22.6

ET781

Transformer6[nF]

Transformer6[nF]


Transformer Bushing failure in a power planta1

EART

80 [pF]

PT

25 [pF]

_D3Y_D3R_

DIS

CO

NN

EC

TOR

EART

THIN

G SW

ITCH

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

Electrical studies:

Switching and temporary over voltages

BREAKERCB1B_CB1Y_CB1R_

THIN

G SW

ITCH

25 [pF]

25 [pF] Switching, and temporary over voltages Ferroresonance Harmonic impacts GIS Very Fast Transients

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

EARTH

ING

SWITC

H

GIS Very Fast Transients.

b2

D1B_D1Y_D1R_

2.4 [pF]

2.4 [pF]

2.4 [pF]

b1



1.50 Esov - PP9 Bushing

Switching transients

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

PU

Time ... 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080

-1.50

-1.00

GIS it hi l t d VFT MH

2.0

3.0

4.0 E_ST3_DER

2.00

2.50

3.00 E_GT1_2

GIS switching related VFT - MHz range

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

-4.0 -1.00


System black start restoration studies

Getting a power system back into operation after ‘black-out-i t t k d h ld b f ll l d (Bl k is not an easy task and should be carefully planned (Black start restoration plans)

Some issues:

Can we energize lines , transformers and loads through available generating units?

System has very little damping due to low load. Resonance issues.



Restoration steps are determined and documented – step by step

System single line drawings are used to illustrate each step

Electrical studies are necessary to verify that the selected restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging equipment


System black start restoration studiesEng

QILWAH MIKHWAH

TLine_01_01

26.326 km

53.618 km38 km

BRKG

TimedBreakerLogic

Open@t0

#1 #2

P+jQ P+jQ

#1 #2

TLine_01_02

E3E1

TLine_01_a

Bil Jurshi

S / Hinhold

out

S2M

TLine_02_02TLine_02_01

TLine_02_03row1

NAMERAAD DUQAHQUNFUDAH TOWN

QUNFUDAH CPS THORYBAN

TLine_01_07

TLine_01_06

TLine_01_05row1

TLine_01_049 km95 km67 km 36 km

Etcps

E1

E2

#1 #2

Iqun

t

Iqunt

P+jQ

TLine_01_03

P+jQ

#1 #2

_ _

#1 #2

P+jQ

E3

E2

BRK

G

TLine_01_b

STe

3

AV

Tm

Tm0

Ef0

Tmw

Ef If

Ef0

VTIT 3

IfEfEf0

Vref

Exciter (ST3A)

Vref0

#1 #2

1 unit 80 MVA

TCPS

TLine_02_05

QUNFUDAH CPS THORYBAN

TLine_01_08

TLine_01_09

TLine_01_10

SUFFAHSABTAL JARAJ

49 km

47 km

86 km

Etcps

#1#2

P+jQ

TLine_02_04

TLine_02_05_2

P+jQ

#1#2

S / HTM01

S / Hinhold

out

G1 + sTD -

F+

G1 + sT

*13.333

W1

D -

F+

Tm0

1.0

TM01W1

TLine_02_07


TLine_01_13

TLi 01 15

AL BIRKMAJARDAH

68 km

100 km

94 km

82 km

72 km

TLine_02_06

P+jQ

#1 #2

P+jQ

#1#2

a

VTIT 3

IfEfEf0

Vref

Exciter (ST3A)

Vref0

Ef0

P = 325.6Q = 227

V = 0.9996

A

Ef

S2M

S / Hinhold

out

STe

3

AV

Ef0 Ef If

Neuclear plant : Con...P1

5.73182

Q1

3.91242Ia

L2N

1 unit = 150 MVA

TLine_02_08

TLine_01_15

TLine_01_17MUHAIL NORTH 67 km

TLine_01_14

#1#2

P+jQ

aEa E132V

A

W

L2N

S2M

TIME

TIME

TM0

1.0

Te

Tm

Tm0Tmw

#1 #2

D -

F

+

W

*13.333

G1 + sTD -

F

+G

1 + sT

#1 #2

P+jQ


MUHAIL

44 km

P+jQ

#1#2

S / Hinhold

outTM0

L2N



Transformer energizing:

Transformer Energizing

0.50

1.00

1.50 E_49900

Energizing a transformer from the HV side -1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

PU

1 00

1.50

2.00 Itf

x 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00 0.50

1.00

kA

Transformer Energizing

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

PU

E_49900

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00 Itf

x 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00 kA



Transformer energizing:

Energizing a transformer from the HV side

TLine1

TLine2

BRK#1 #3

#20.1

RL RRL X X280 km

Analog Graph

1.6k|Z+|(ohms)

X X

TLine2

220 km

0.6k

0.8k

1.0k

1.2k

1.4k

Ohm

s

Frequency 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0.0

0.2k

0.4k


System black start restoration studiesLong line energizing through small generating unitsSelf excitation issues

1.001.20

Vrms_machine

S / Hinhold

out

S2M

VsVrefVref0

0.00 0.20 0.40

0.60 0.80 1.00

PU

0.50 1.00 1.50

Ea - Machine terminal

Sudair Bus

#1 #2

Ia1

Ia2

Ib1

Ib2

BRKG

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0

BRKG

BRKLSTe

3

AV

Tm

Tm0

Ef0

Tmw

Ef If

TM0

Ef

1e6VA

Esov

Vs

wP

PSS2B

P1

W

TL_SUD_P...

Ef0

VTIT 3

IfEfEf0

Exciter (ST4B)

Ea

-1.50 -1.00 -0.50

0.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

PU

Esov - PP9 Bushing

Closed@t0

BRKL

TimedBreakerLogic

Open@t0

TIME

TIME

S2M

L2N

W

Steam_Tur_1

w Tm1

Tm2Wref

Cvw

Wref

Cv

Steam Gov 4

B+

F

+

1.0

-1.50 -1.00 -0.50

-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50

PU

Ef - Machine field voltage

x 1 50 2 00 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50

-1.50

0.99982

1.00002 W

x 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50


Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRVRL RRL

Ib

Iflt

T_line

Main : Graphs

200

400

600 TRV

TimedFaultLogic ABC

C_LIM

+

30 [pF]

30 [pF]

30 [pF]

200

650 [pF]133.5

TRV

Vb

Va

I_C

B1

Limiting Reactor

0.1

BREA

1

TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0 BREA1

-400

-200

0

C_LIM

+

30 [pF]

30 [pF]

30 [pF]

000

650 [pF]

5 [pF]

g108

BREA

2

Main : Graphs

800 TRV_env_A30 TRV_env_A30 TRV TRV_env_A60 TRV_env_A60 TRV_env_A100 TRV_env_A100

x 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240

-600

00

50 [pF]

DS

50 [pF]

DS

50 [pF]

DS

DS3

DS2

DS1

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

600

800 TRV_env_B30 TRV_env_B30 TRV TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B100 TRV_env_B100

50 [pF]

SA

250 [nF]

12000 [pF]

16000 [pF]

3#1

#2

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

400

600

800 TRV_env_C30 TRV_env_C30 TRV TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C100 TRV_env_C100

[ ]Sub Transient

Reactance

.599e-4

RL

0.00

085

x 0.1980 0.2000 0.2020 0.2040 0.2060 0.2080 0.2100 0.2120

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400


Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage - TRV

TimedFaultLogic ABC

Iflt

30TRV

Va

Main : Graphs

200

400

600 TRV

30 [pF]

30 [pF]

0 [pF]

V

I_C

B1

BRE

A1TimedBreakerLogic

Closed@t0 BREA1

-400

-200

0

Vb

x 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240

-600

C_LIM

+

20000

650 [pF]

133.5 [pF]

Limiting Reactor

0.108

C_LIM

+

650 [pF]


CT Saturation

Mal‐operation of an earth fault relay during f i itransformer energising.

Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the 3 CTs, resulting in a ‘burden’ current.

Is, g

PSCAD case:Earth_fault_relay.psc( i d Th Ct l d t F t fil )

BRK1

CO

U

SE

(required ThreCt.psl and a custom Fortran file) PI

UPLED

ECTIO

N

TimedF lt

E

BRK2

FaultLogic

1

2

3

Ea

Ia

ct_3_new _.f

0.01 [o

#1#2

Is

ohm]


CT saturation studies

CT of phase A saturated during energising of a i l h f i di ib i f dsingle phase transformer in a distribution feeder.

Is

Main,CT1 : Graphs

12 0Ib

BRK1

CO

U

SE

-2.0

12.0

Ib (A

)

B1 PI

UPLED

ECTIO

N

TimedF lt

E

-0.25

2.00

B (T

)

B1

BRK2

FaultLogic

1

2

3

Ea

Ia

ct_3_new _.f

0.01 [o-20

120

Ia (A

mps

)

Ia

#1#2

Is

ohm] 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00


Open discussion and closing comments

Present your questions to PSCAD Developers and to your fellow PSCAD users.

Tell us of you PSCAD experience:- How can we do better?

Development Engineering Innovation - SmartGrid of EMT Programs in... · Custom Components in PSCAD:...

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Transcript of Development Engineering Innovation - SmartGrid of EMT Programs in... · Custom Components in PSCAD:...