Development and implementation of biological control agent to control

the crop pest and disease on supporting sustainable agriculture

Hendri BustamamFaculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu. Jl.

WR Supratman, Bengkulu, Indonesia. 38126.E-mail: hendribustamam@unib.ac.id

GOAL OF THE SUSTAINABLE AND SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGY

• The goal of the sustainable agriculture movement is to generate major technological adjustments in conventional agriculture to make it more environmentally, socially, and economically viable

• The main focus has been to substitute less noxious inputs for the agrochemicals that are blamed for so many of the problems associated with conventional agriculture.

• Emphasis is now placed on purchased biological inputs such as Bacillus thuringiensis, microbial pesticide that is now widely applied in place of chemical insecticides, and is marketed by major chemical companies under brand names like Dipel@ and Javelin@. This type of technology pertains to a dominant technical approach we have called “input substitution”

CROPLOSSES CAUSED PEST

• Yield croplosses:– Disease 12 %– Weeds 13 % Total 48 %– Insects 13 %– Storage 20 %

• Reduce quality• Seedling damagenew cost• Control Cost• Harmfull for human and livestock

LEPIDOPTERA

Coleoptera

HOMOPTERA

HEMIPTERA

Orthoptera

THRIPS

MITE, ACARINA

MOLLUSCA

• .

VERTEBRATES

WEED

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

FUNGI

BACTERIA

PARASITIC HIGHER PLANT

PARASITIC GREEN ALGAE

VIRUS

Economics of pest managementLosses in common food & feed cropsGlobal estimates: 2011–2013 CABI Potential and actual losses (%)Maize: (P) 68 (A) 32Wheat: (P) 50 (A) 28

Insect, pathogen & weed losses (A%)Maize: (I) 10 (P) 10 (W) 11Wheat: (I) 8 (P) 8 (W) 13

Cost to control

• The phrase “losses between 20 and 40 %” therefore inadequately reflects the true costs of crop losses to consumers, public health, societies, environments, economic fabrics and farmers. So pest and disease must be controlled.

• Biological control is the best choosen to aplly as component of sustainable agriculture

Why use biological control?• Chemical pesticides

– Implicated in ecological, environmental, and human health problems

– Require yearly treatments– Broad spectrum

• Toxic to both beneficial and pathogenic species

• Biological control agents– Non-toxic to human– Not a water contaminant concern– Once colonized may last for years– Host specific

• Only effect one or few species

Problem with biological control?

• Biological control agents are– Expensive at start up Cheap after start up– Labor intensive at start up reduce after start up– Doesnot have broad spectrum specific to a

particular pest– Doesnot complete to destroy pest it works most of

the time• Chemical pesticides are:

– cost-effective– easy to apply– Broad spectrum

Biological control agent (BCAs)and target to control

Biological agent Target

Predator Invetebrata, insect, mite, mollusca

Parasitoids Invetebrata, insect, mite, mollusca

Entomopathogen Insect

Fungi Fungal, bacteria, nematodes

Bacteria Fungal, bacteria, nematodes

Nematode Nematode

Viruses Viral pathogen

.

Biological control agent

(BCAs)

PGPR SIDEROFORE ANTIBIOSIS

ISR

HYPERPARASITEGROWTH

INHABITION

LYSISENZYME

TOXINS

COMPETETION

Reduce:• Pathogenity• Virulency

Biolocal control mechanism to pathogen

Mechanisms of biological control of plant pathogens

• Antibiosis – inhibition of one organism by another as a result of diffusion of an antibiotic

• Phenazine production inhabitation• Nutrient competition – competition between

microorganisms for carbon, nitrogen, O2, iron, and other nutrients

• Destructive mycoparasitism – the parasitism of one fungus by another

• Siderophores stick out by their ability to form very stable and soluble complexes with iron. Various organisms produce them to enhance the environmental concentration of bioaviable iron.

ANTIBIOSIS

Drecshlera oryzae X Trichoderma koningii

ANTIBIOSIS

Ralstonia solanacearum X Streptomyces sppBy antibiotic production.

Phenazine production

• Phenazine production by Pseudomonas spp.

mycoparasitism

Paeceilomyces spp. X Fusarium capsici

.

mycoparasitism

• Antagonistic process of Dicyma pulvinata againstFusicladium macrosporum on rubber tree

Fungal antagonist Pathogen

Gliocladium virens Rhizoctonia roseum

Gliocladium roseum Ceratocystis fimbriata

Myrothecium verrucaria Cochliobolus sativus

Trichoderma koningii Rhizoctonia

Penicillium Rhizoctonia

Fusarium Puccinia and verticillum

Talaromyece flavus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Amphelomyces quisqua Uncinula sp. And Oidium sp.

Arthroborys oligospora Nematode Heterodera schachtii

Canyothyrium minitans Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotiumceviporum

Non-virulen Fusarium pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum

Siderohore

Bacillus subtilis

Bacterial & Yeast antagonis Pathogen

Bacillus subilis, Bacillus pumilus Pseudomonas solanacearum, Ralstolnia solanacearum

Pseudomonas fluorescens Ralstonia solanacearum

Pseudomonas putida Ralstonia solanacearum

Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium tumafaciens

Erwinia herbicola Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri

Serratia marcescens Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Botrytis spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum

Saccharomyces spp. Pennicilium roqueforti

Sporobolomyces spp. Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum

Pichia sp. Penicillium roquiforti and Aspergillus candidus

Microbes producted Siderophore

Bacteria Siderophore

Agrobacterium tumafaciens Agrobaktin

Pseudomonas sp. Piokelin

Bacillus megaterium Skizokinen

Anabaena sp. Skizokinen

Azobacter vinolandi 2-3-dihidroksibenzolisin

Actinomyces sp Ferioksamin

Paracoccus dentricans Parabaktin

Microbes producted Siderophore

Bacteria Siderophore

Agrobacterium tumafaciens Agrobactin

Pseudomonas sp. Piokelin

Bacillus megaterium Skizochinen

Anabaena sp. Skizochinen

Azobacter vinolandi 2-3-dihidroksibenzolicin

Actinomyces sp Ferioxamin

Paracoccus dentricans Parabactin

Micobacteria sp. Mikobactin

Fungi

Pennicilium sp., Aspergillus sp. Ferrichrome, koprogen

Neurospora sp., Ferrichrome, koprogen

Rhodotorula sp. Rhodolonulate acid

Ectomychorrizal sp. Hidrozamate

Mechanism of biological control to pest

• Parasitoids• Predator• Entomopathogen : fungi, bacteria, nematode,

virus

How to apply BCAs to control Pathogen

• Seed coating• Seedling soaking• Pour into soil (growing hole)• Spraying to crop• Mix to organic fertilizer• Infus of secondary metabolic • Root adsorbtion

NEED ADAPTATION TECHNIQUE IN LOCAL

CONDITION

Implementation BCAs in Cambodia

• Not yet focussed on development of BCAs• Small scale organic farming• limitted: Trichoderma sp. and Bacillus sp.• Application technique using inoculum• Difficult to find in agriculture store

Pour into growing hole

Seed coating

Root adsorbtion Stem infuse

Future need:Strategy of Development BCAs

• Exploration and screening of potential BCAs• Ecological improvment to application effectivity of BcA• Improve genetic of BcA effectivity• Development and Commercially production of BcA• Explore and collection of biological control agents

University or research centre as source of inoculum• Mass production by cheap technology on farmer

community• Education and training farmer communities to

application and development of BCAs• Build the small industry of BCAs

Practice production of Trichoderma at UBB

PRODUCTIONSECREENING FORMULATION

FORMULATION OF STREPTOMYCES

Powdery and granular formula

Liquid Formula

S57 S67

Morphology of Streptomyces spp. isolat S57 dan S67Arthrospore (up) dan coloni (bottom)

S57 S67

Rearing of green stik bug on green bean (kacang hijau)

Green bean plant Adult and nymph of green stink bug Eggs mass

Mass production of Beauveria bassiana

Local isolate B. bassiana isolated from Leptocorixa acuta

Rice corn (beras jagung) Flour formulation