Developing National SDIs
Transcript of Developing National SDIs
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Developing National Developing National SDIsSDIs: : Understanding the Main Challenges Understanding the Main Challenges
and Issuesand Issues
Abbas Abbas RajabifardRajabifardCentre for Centre for SDIsSDIs and Land Administrationand Land Administration
University of MelbourneUniversity of Melbourne
Workshop onWorkshop onExploring Spatial Data InfrastructuresExploring Spatial Data Infrastructures
1919--20 January, Wageningen, The Netherlands20 January, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Spatial Data ChallengesSpatial Data Challenges• Majority of spatial data resides in government• Large volumes and varieties of data• Existing standards are forever evolving• Supporting technical services/architecture missing• Data and info often developed for one target• Most of issues/needs are local• Inefficiencies and duplication• Inaccessible to potential users due to restrictive
and competing policies
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Enabling PlatformEnabling PlatformEnabling Platform
ICT Enabled Spatial Data EnvironmentICT Enabled Spatial Data Environment
Getting a Rapid Return On Getting a Rapid Return On ““AllAll”” Your InformationYour Information
Total CostTotal Costof of
Data and Data and InformationInformation
TimeTime
Using New Technologies
(Modified from Jack Pellicci 2000)
Cost Cost $$
SDISDI
CostCost
Internet
GPS
WAP
Value Value ofof
InformationInformation
ValueValue
e-Government
e-Citizen
e-Society
e-Business
Virtual Jurisdiction
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Spatial Data InfrastructureSpatial Data Infrastructure
• SDI is all about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharingsharing of spatial data;• SDIs constitute a set of relationships and partnerships that enableenable data sharing, update and integration.
• SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilisation of spatial data;
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Without fully appreciating the role of government in providing an SDI
in a modern society, it is almost impossible to grasp the potential of SI, its use by the wider community
and opportunities for the private sector.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI is developed to enable the use and share of spatial
informationto support decision-making
at different scales for multiple purposes.
SDI ComponentsSDI Components
PeoplePeople
Access Network
Policy
Standards
DataData
Dynamic
Technological components
Data Models, Metadata, Transfer
Access, Distribution, Storage
Policy, Legislation
Communication, Partnerships
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Regional SDIsNational SDIs
Organisational SDI
Global SDI
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Vertical Relationship
Horizontal RelationshipNational SDI
National LevelNational Level
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
National SDINational SDI• The National SDI is an initiative intended to create an
enabling environment for a wide variety of users to access and retrieve complete and consistent datasets with national coverage in an easy and secure way.
• The establishment of a National SDI forms a fundamental framework to exchange data across many agencies and disciplines, and also links spatial data holdings across the nation.
• A National SDI can provide the institutional, political and technical basis to ensure the national consistency of content to meet user needs in the context of sustainable development.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
• A National SDI also provides support for improving existing or even establishing new bilateral and multilateral relationships and exchanges with other countries.
But what is needed,
the collaborative architecture and incentives to maximise the benefit to all participants.
National SDINational SDI
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Challenges Facing SDI DevelopmentChallenges Facing SDI Development
• Developing an SDI Vision• SDI Partnerships• SDIs and Privacy• The Marine Dimension of SDIs• Strengthening Institutional Arrangements for SDI• Ensuring Capacity for SDI Development• SDI Research and Development
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Institutional ArrangementsInstitutional Arrangements
• Where should the SDI sit in the government structure?
• Convincing government of the importance of SDI• Role of government, private and academic sectors• Advisory bodies• Policies to support data flows in the SDI hierarchy• Standards• Custodianship of different data sets.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI DevelopmentSDI Development
SDI StrategySDI StrategySDI Strategy
Collaboration Strategy
Collaboration Collaboration StrategyStrategy
Coordination Strategy
Coordination Coordination StrategyStrategy
SuccessSuccess
(Warnest 2005)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI DevelopmentSDI Development
• Vision• Mission• Road Map
To make spatial information available and useful to all - at any time and in any place
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI Road Map and StrategySDI Road Map and Strategy
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
CollaborationCollaboration
Understanding the Collaboration Continuum
Co-operation
• No formal rules• Minimal resources• Independent power• Vague goals
Co-ordination
• Few rules• Limited resources• Some interdependency• Agency goals
Collaboration
• High degree of formality• High resource commitment• Interagency control• Collective goals
(McDougall et al 2004)
The Key to Development of an SDI Initiative:
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Data
People
Government dataGovernment dataServicesServices
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Industry
Vision is to Facilitate the Integration of Existing Vision is to Facilitate the Integration of Existing Government Spatial Data Initiatives for Access Government Spatial Data Initiatives for Access
and Delivery of Data/Informationand Delivery of Data/Information
Fundamental Dataset model
Principle of Custodianship
Partnership Approach SIServices
Public
Connecting people to data and services
Enhancing the capability of government, the private sector and the general community to engage in systems based, integrated and holistic decision making about the future.
Enabling Enabling PlatformPlatform
National/StateSI Initiatives
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI Development ModelsSDI Development Models
• Productroduct--Based ModelBased Model: (linked) database(s)
• ProcessProcess--Based Model:Based Model: strategy required to manage information assets
Both models are relevant to National SDIs depending on the political system of the country being Federated or non-Federated (centralised).
Non-Federated nations are able to take either model depending on their national spatial data strategies.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Generational Development of Generational Development of SDIsSDIs• For the first generation, data was the key driver for SDI
development and the focus of initiative development, and
• the value of SDIs was measured in terms of their productive output, the savings for producers/providers of spatial data, andfrom sharing.
However:
• For the second generation, the use of that data (and data applications) and the need of users are the driving force for SDI development. and
• the second generation has a more holistic understanding of the financial and socio-cultural benefits of SDI development, as well as support for spatial decision-making.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Relationship between the 1st and 2nd Generation of SDI Relationship between the 1st and 2nd Generation of SDI and the Product and Processand the Product and Process--based SDI Development based SDI Development
ModelsModels
Continuum of SDI DevelopmentContinuum of SDI Development
1st Generation 2nd Generation
Product-Based SDI development model- Definition of data- Collection of data- Integration of data- Data Base Creation- More Implementation
Process-Based SDI development model- Knowledge Infrastructure- Capacity Building- Communication- Coordination
Countries begin developing SDI anytime along the continuum
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Role of Government and the Private Sector in Role of Government and the Private Sector in SDI Development over the Past DecadeSDI Development over the Past Decade
National Government
State/Local Government
Private Sector
Influence on SDI development over past 10 years
Strategic & Operational Activity
Uncoordinated Activity
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Emerging SDI Development Trends and Emerging SDI Development Trends and InitiativesInitiatives
State/Local State/Local GovernmentGovernment
Private Private SectorSector
National Government
Current Influence on SDI
Development
Operational
Strategic
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Continuum of SDI Development based on the 1st Continuum of SDI Development based on the 1st and 2nd Generations of SDIand 2nd Generations of SDI
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Future1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Future
Developing Countries
Emerging Economies
Product-Based SDI development model
Process Based SDI development model
National/Federal Government Influence – Data Focus
National/Federal Government Influence – Data Focus
National, Sub-national Govt. and Private Sector Influence – Process Focus
National, Sub-national Govt. and Private Sector Influence – Process Focus
1st Generation
Developed Countries
Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries
2nd Generation Towards the Next Generation
Sub-national Govt. and Private Sector Influence –Strategic National focus
Sub-national Govt. and Private Sector Influence –Strategic National focus
Delivery of a Virtual Environment
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
The key to successful SDI is capacity building
building the capacity of society, institutions and individuals.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
System/societal level
Entity/organisational level
People/individual level
Three Levels of Capacity BuildingThree Levels of Capacity Building
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Land Administration
System (includes a cadastral
component)
Marine Administration
System (includes a cadastral
component)
Coastal Zone
LAND SEA
Spatial Data Infrastructure(includes cadastral data)
Administering the Land and Marine Environments(Resolution 3 – PCGIAP Workshop on Administering the Marine Environment – Malaysia 2004)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
SDI SDI BenchmarkingBenchmarkingbasedbased on LA on LA BenchmarkingBenchmarking
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
• To facilitate cross-country comparisons in the performance and eventually also identify categories of processes and system;
• To provide a basis for comparisons over time• To demonstrate strengths and weaknesses of SDI
development models and strategies• To justify why a country/jurisdiction should improve its SI
strategy and identify areas/priorities for SI reform and better SDI strategy
• To help to draw links to other issues and sectors (financial, governance, environmental, social, etc.)
• To justify an investment to improve• To monitor improvement.
WhyWhy SDI SDI BenchmarkingBenchmarking and and EvaluatingEvaluating??
(Adopted from Steudler, 2004)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Evaluation ElementsEvaluation Elements
For analysing and comparing national spatial data initiative such as SDI or land administration, we need to establish an evaluation framework. To evaluate the initiatives/systems, four basic evaluation elements would have to be considered:
– well-defined OBJECTIVES (to know where to go to);
– clear STRATEGY (to know how to get there);
– OUTCOMES and monitorable INDICATORS (to know if on track);
– EVALUATION OF RESULTS (to gain input for improvements).
(Baird, 1998)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
STRATEGIESOUTCOMES
and
INDICATORS
REVIEW PROCESSof Objectives &
Strategies
OBJECTIVES
for example every 4 years
for example annually
Evaluation Elements and Evaluation Elements and Cycle of AssessmentCycle of Assessment
(Adopted from Steudler and Kaufmann, 2000)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Evaluation Evaluation AreasAreas Evaluation Evaluation FrameworkFramework
SDI Evaluation FrameworkSDI Evaluation Framework
Policy Level
Management Level
Operational Level
External Factors
Review Process
AreaArea Possible Possible AspectsAspects
Possible Possible IndicatorsIndicators
Good Good PracticePractice
Policy Level
Management Level
Operational Level
External Factors
Review Process(Adopted from Steudler 2004)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Evaluation Evaluation MethodologyMethodologyAreaArea Possible Possible
AspectsAspectsPossible Possible
IndicatorsIndicatorsGood Good
PracticePractice
Policy Level
Management Level
Operational Level
External Factors
Review Process
Strengths Weaknesses
ThreatsOpportunities
Evaluation Framework
Summary / SWOT-Matrix
Performance Performance GapGap=– Performance Performance GapGap
Performance Performance GapsGaps
Evaluation of Evaluation of Aspects and Aspects and
IndicatorsIndicatorsGood PracticeGood Practice
Evaluation of Evaluation of Aspects and Aspects and
IndicatorsIndicators
Evaluation of Evaluation of Aspects and Aspects and
IndicatorsIndicatorsGood PracticeGood PracticeGood PracticesGood Practices
(Adopted from Steudler 2004)
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Influencing Factors for Influencing Factors for SDI DevelopmentSDI Development
34Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
KeyKey FactorsFactors
• Communicate benefits to potential users by short term projectsand demonstrations,
• Long-Term strategic vision and high level political support,• Include the Marine Environment in the sphere of SDI initiatives,• Need to understand link between the terrestrial and marine
environments – they cannot be treated isolation,• Understand the sustainable development factors driving the
development of Land-based and Marine SDI’s,• Importance of a lead/coordinate Agency to:
– design and implement the SDI concept, – coordinate the development of standards and protocols, – building and sustaining foundation data sets,– providing online public access.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Influencing Factors for Influencing Factors for anan SDI SDI DevelopmentDevelopment
Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
External FactorsExternal Factors
Internal FactorsInternal Factors
Political
Development Issues
Cultural
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Influencing Factors for SDI Influencing Factors for SDI DevelopmentDevelopment
Technology
Economic
Partnerships
Human Factors
Policies
Protection & Security
Conceptual
Environmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
Capacity FactorsCapacity FactorsCapacity Factors
SDI Organisation Factors
SDI Organisation SDI Organisation FactorsFactors
Political
Development Issues
Cultural
ParticipationParticipationParticipation
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
A Strategy for an SDI DevelopmentA Strategy for an SDI Development
• Increase the awareness and understanding the vision, concepts, and benefits of SDIs,
• Demonstrate the benefits of participation in SDI to existing and prospective participants,
• Develop common solutions for discovery, access, and use of spatial data in response to the needs of diverse communities,
• Build relationships among organisations to support the continuing development of SDIs,
• Develop a web-based architecture to facilitate access and to speed the dissemination of data and services,
• Establish the infrastructure and business practices needed to sustain the changes.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
ConclusionsConclusions
• Collaborations in National SDI are complex relationships and often dynamic
• Collaboration is more than simply data sharing
• Long term sustainability of any collaboration must be considered at planning stages.
Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne
Thank youThank you