Developing Competencies for Applied Epidemiology: From Process
Transcript of Developing Competencies for Applied Epidemiology: From Process
Research Articles
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123 67
Developing Competencies for Applied Epidemiology: From Process to Product
aCenter for Community Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NYbCouncil of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GAcSchool of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NYdRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GAeCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Address correspondence to: Guthrie S. Birkhead, MD, MPH, Center for Community Health, New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Room 1483, Albany, NY 12237-0658; tel. 518-402-5382; fax 518-486-1455; e-mail <[email protected]>.
©2008 Association of Schools of Public Health
Guthrie S. Birkhead, MD, MPHa,b,c
Jac Davies, MS, MPHb
Kathleen Miner, PhD, MPHd
Jennifer Lemmings, MPHb
Denise Koo, MD, MPHe
SYNOPSIS
Objectives. We developed competencies for applied epidemiologic practice by using a process that is based on existing competency frameworks, that engages professionals in academic and applied epidemiology at all govern-mental levels (local, state, and federal), and that provides ample opportunity for input from practicing epidemiologists throughout the U.S.
Methods. The model set of core public health competencies, consisting of eight core domains of public health practice, developed in 2001 by the Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice, were adopted as the foundation of the Competencies for Applied Epidemiologists in Gov-ernmental Public Health Agencies (AECs). A panel of experts was convened and met over a period of 20 months to develop a draft set of AECs. Drafts were presented at the annual meetings of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and the American Public Health Association. Input and comments were also solicited from practicing epidemiologists and 14 national organizations representing epidemiology and public health.
Results. In all, we developed 149 competency statements across the eight domains of public health practice and four tiers of applied epidemiologic practice. In addition, sub- and sub-subcompetency statements were developed to increase the document’s specificity. During the process, .800 comments from all governmental and academic levels and tiers of epidemiology practice were considered for the final statements.
Conclusions. The AECs are available for use in improving the training for and skill levels of practicing applied epidemiologists and should also be useful for educators, employers, and supervisors. Both CDC and CSTE plan to evaluate their implementation and usefulness in providing information for future compe-tency development.
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Recent studies have demonstrated a substantial short-age of epidemiologists, particularly at local or state public health agencies.1–3 In addition, up to one-third of epidemiologists practicing in state, local, or federal governmental public health agencies—referred to in this article as applied epidemiologists—may not have sufficient training to fully meet their responsibilities or to conduct more advanced work. For example, a 2004 survey by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemi-ologists (CSTE) reported that 29% of applied epide-miologists working in state health departments had no formal training or academic coursework in epidemiol-ogy.1 The assessment indicated a need for additional training in certain key areas, particularly design of epidemiologic studies, design of data-collection tools, data management, evaluation of public health interven-tions, and leadership and management, depending on the respondents’ current job description.
Development of educational and workforce compe-tencies has a long history in the field of public health. In the early 1900s, the Flexner and Welch-Rose reports recognized public health as a discrete area of profes-sional practice, with unique requirements.4,5 From that time to the present, efforts have been made to define more specifically the precise content and skills within public health.6 After the 1988 Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Public Health, which concluded that public health preparation and public health practice were disconnected, the subsequent The Public Health Faculty/Agency Forum recommended development of universal competencies for all public health profession-als and specific competencies for those practicing as content area specialists (e.g., epidemiologists).7,8 The resultant Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice (COL) in 2001 adopted a model set of core public health competencies for all public health professionals that were organized across eight domains of practice.9
Rigorous definition of competencies for such a professional identity as epidemiology should result from an iterative process that involves representation of a broad spectrum of practitioners and academi-cians. The definition process includes identification of knowledge and skills associated with types of practice (e.g., entry level and advanced). The knowledge and skills are then formatted into competency statements that include both the content and proficiency level for each type of practice.10,11
In January 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and CSTE hosted a summit for leaders in epidemiology to address key workforce con-cerns affecting applied public health epidemiologists.
Participants strongly supported the need to establish core competencies for these epidemiologists.12 In Octo-ber 2004, CDC and CSTE convened an expert panel to define Competencies for Applied Epidemiologists in Governmental Public Health Agencies (AECs) for local, state, and federal public health epidemiologists.
This article summarizes the approach to compe-tency development for applied epidemiology—the first national effort to focus on competencies in the applied epidemiology field. Other efforts to date have focused broadly on public health or only on academic epide-miology.9,13 Other key aspects of this effort included: (1) broad-based representation from state and local health agencies, schools of public health, private industry, and CDC; (2) integration of epidemiologic and workforce development expertise in the process; and (3) validation of the competencies by survey of practicing epidemiologists.
METHODS
Expert panel compositionAn expert panel was assembled to develop the AECs. Every effort was made to make the group representa-tive of government (federal, state, and local) and aca-demia, and across subject areas of epidemiology (e.g., infectious disease, chronic disease, and maternal child health), educational backgrounds (e.g., physicians, veterinarians, doctoral epidemiologists, and nurses), and geographic location. Panel members were solicited from national organizations with an interest in public health education or applied public health, as well as national professional organizations in public health (e.g., the American Public Health Association [APHA], National Association of County and City Health Offi-cials [NACCHO], Association of State and Territorial Health Officials [ASTHO], and the Association of Schools of Public Health [ASPH]).
Academicians as well as practitioners were included. The cochairs represented both applied epidemiology (one is a state health department-based epidemiolo-gist) and academia/workforce development (one has a background in competency development). The final group had approximately 20 members, balancing the need for inclusiveness with having a group of practical size. Selected panel members were assigned additional responsibilities as reviewers and were remunerated for those additional efforts. An editor-writer with an extensive public health background was employed as a project consultant. The AECs expert panel first met in October 2004.
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Definition of terms
Epidemiologist. A person who investigates the occurrence of disease, injury, or other health-related conditions or events among populations to describe the distribution of disease or risk factors for disease occurrence for population-based prevention and control.12
Applied epidemiologist. An epidemiologist who works in a governmental public health agency (i.e., an agency with a legal mandate to conduct public health activities).
Competency. The knowledge, skills, and abilities dem-onstrated by organization or system members needed to perform specific functions within organizations or professional practice.14
Competency domains. Eight competency areas con-tained in the Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals, developed by the COL (Figure 1), that apply to all public health professionals, including epidemiologists.9
Expert panel working group processThe panel conducted three in-person two-day meetings of the entire group in October 2004, March 2005, and May 2006. Multiple conference calls of the whole group and with selected subgroups were held between meet-ings, and report drafts were circulated for comment.
Before the panel’s first meeting, the editor-writer consultant conducted a thorough review of the pub-lished literature, including a Web search, to identify any previously developed public health and epidemiology competencies. Existing sets of competencies in the public health field in English were summarized and arrayed in a matrix for ease of comparison. At the first meeting, the panel reviewed the background material and agreed to build the AECs within the framework of the COL competencies to facilitate consistency with the larger field of public health practice. Many of the
AECs originated from the existing COL general com-petency set, but the panel modified them to reflect the particular needs of epidemiologic practice.
Also, at the initial meeting, the panel agreed on the definition of terms and acknowledged the need to define competencies for four tiers of applied epi-demiology practice at local, state, and federal public health agencies: entry-, mid-, and senior-level epidemi-ologists—either supervisory or senior scientist (Figure 2). The group then focused on developing Tier 2 (mid-level practitioner) competency statements, which were revised after the panel solicited and received input. The Tier 2 competencies were then used as the basis for developing the Tier 1 (entry-level) and Tiers 3a and 3b (supervisory- and senior scientist-level) competencies.
Soliciting input on draft competenciesAfter creating the first draft of Tier 2 competencies, the panel developed a survey to collect feedback from the practice and academic communities on the appro-priateness and validity of the proposed competency statements. The survey presented all of the high-level competency statements within each skill domain, and for each competency it asked: (1) Do you perform this task, and, if so, how often? and (2) Is this competency appropriate for a Tier 2 epidemiologist?
The survey also asked whether any competencies were missing in each of the eight skill domains and whether the respondent would suggest any changes. Respondents were asked to self-identify as a Tier 1, 2, 3a, or 3b epidemiologist and to identify their gov-ernmental level of practice (local, state, federal, or other).
The draft Tier 2 competencies were first presented and the survey administered at the June 2005 CSTE annual meeting. All 855 registered attendees were asked to complete the survey, and 259 people (30.3%) responded. We invited further input from the CSTE membership, CDC scientific staff, and 14 profes-sional public health organizations, including ASTHO, NACCHO, American College of Epidemiology, Society for Epidemiologic Research, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, ASPH, Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, National Environmental Health Association, National Association of Local Boards of Health, Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing, State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association, APHA, and National Association of Chronic Disease Directors. A Notice to Readers was also placed in CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).15 To facilitate responses from this broader
Figure 1. Competency domains of public health practice
Analytic/AssessmentBasic Public Health SciencesCommunicationCommunity Dimensions of PracticeCultural CompetencyFinancial Planning and ManagementLeadership and Systems ThinkingPolicy Development/Program Planning
Source: Public Health Foundation. Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice. Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. Also available from: URL: http://www.phf.org/ Link.htm [cited 2006 May 31].
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audience, the survey was placed on the CSTE website, resulting in 121 additional responses. The draft Tier 2 competencies were also presented at the December 2005 APHA annual conference.
The panel analyzed input on the draft Tier 2 com-petencies and revised them. The Tier 2 competencies were then used to develop the Tier 1 and Tier 3 com-petencies. In certain cases, this involved changing the verb in the competency statement to reflect a more limited or more advanced level of competency (e.g., Tier 1: “identify a health problem” vs. Tier 3: “oversee implementation of a program to address a health prob-lem”). In other cases, new competencies were added at the higher tier levels.
Following this activity, we sought input and valida-tion of the process. In April 2006, the complete draft of all competency statements was posted on CSTE’s website, along with a revised online survey that included separate sections for each tier. The survey instructions asked respondents to focus on the tier with which they self-identified and, if appropriate, to comment on other tiers for which they felt qualified, including tiers for epidemiologists that they supervised. The survey also collected respondents’ basic demographic information and self-identified tier.
As during the first round, professional organizations were asked to encourage their members to respond to the survey, with the National Association of Health Data
Figure 2. Four tiers of applied epidemiology practice
Examples of Examples of educational Tier level functional responsibility and experiential criteria
Tier 1: Entry-level or Performs simple data collection, analysis, • Newly graduated with master’s degree and basic epidemiologist and reporting in support of surveillance minimal experience but from a master’s program(Entry-level or basic and epidemiologic investigations with a focus on epidemiology or analysis epidemiologists include and assessment; or people who might not be • Bachelor’s or other non-epidemiology titled an epidemiologist professional degree or certification (e.g., RN, but who perform MD/DO, DDS/DMD, DVM, PhD, RS) without epidemiology functions, formal academic epidemiology training and at least part-time.) with $2 years experience performing epidemiology work under the guidance of a Tier 2 or Tier 3 epidemiologist
Tier 2: Mid-level Performs simple, more complex, and • Master’s degree with a focus in epidemiology epidemiologist nonroutine data collection, analysis, and with $2 years’ work experience in epidemiology interpretation tasks and can work independently in a public health agency; or or can supervise a unit or serve as a project • Doctoral-level epidemiologist; or leader or surveillance coordinator • Other non-epidemiology professional degree or certification (e.g., RN, MD/DO, DDS/DMD, DVM, PhD, RS) with specific epidemiology training (e.g., MPH degree, CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service program) or $4 years’ experience performing epidemiologic work under the guidance of a Tier 3 epidemiologist
Tiers 3a and 3b: 3a: Supervisor or manager, director of a Meets the description of a Tier 2 for Senior-level epidemiologist major section, program, or bureau in a public education with additional experience health agency 3b: Senior scientist/subject area expert in an epidemiologic focus area
RN 5 registered nurse
MD 5 medical degree
DO 5 Doctor of Osteopathy
DDS 5 Doctor of Dental Surgery
DMD 5 Doctor of Dental Medicine
DVM 5 Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
PhD 5 Doctor of Philosophy
RS 5 registered sanitarian
CDC 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
MPH 5 Master of Public Health
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Organizations and the American College of Preventive Medicine added to the list. Information on the survey was published in MMWR 16 and featured prominently on the CSTE website. There were 420 responses to this second survey, covering all four tiers.
Given the importance of informatics competencies for the practicing epidemiologist in the computer age, the CDC convener specifically sought feedback regarding key informatics competencies from public health informaticians and epidemiologists, especially from groups with representation from local, state, and federal practitioners actively engaged in developing the Public Health Information Network.17
Final competency developmentFor the final revision process, the consulting editor-writer, the CDC convener, and the cochairs reviewed comments from all survey respondents during the first round (Tier 2 only) and the second round (all tiers). The comments were categorized according to whether they proposed a new competency, recommended a reformulation or found a statement confusing, stated the competency was inappropriate, or provided a general comment.
For the first two categories of comments, the panel reviewed the proposed changes and determined whether to accept the change, accept the change with modifications, or reject the change. For the second two categories of comments, the panel identified major trends or concerns and addressed them either by changing the competency statements or by adding clarifications in the preface document, which accompa-nies and explains the competencies. The majority of the recommended changes focused on the tier definitions, and the panel reviewed and revised these as well.
In addition to analyzing the qualitative data (written comments), the panel reviewed the quantitative data from the surveys in terms of the proportion responding favorably or unfavorably to each competency strati-fied by the commenters’ tier level and governmental level of practice. The panel discussed any competency statement for which overall agreement with the ques-tion, “Is this an appropriate competency?” declined below 75% and decided whether to retain or change the competency. Overall, the acceptance level for the draft competency statements was high, and only 7.4% (11/149) of the competency statements in the April 2006 survey declined below the 75% acceptance level. After final discussion, review, and editing, all panel members agreed that the AECs were final.
RESULTS
A summary of the primary AEC statements for Tier 2 epidemiologists is included in Figure 3. The full AECs are included in the Appendix.
Structure of competency statementsWithin each competency domain defined by the COL is a primary competency statement, followed by sub-competency and, in certain cases, sub-subcompetency statements that detail the specific knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to meet the required competency. The number of competency statements by each com-petency domain is displayed in the Table. Additional competencies have been added throughout all the skill domains to capture specific knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for epidemiologists in public health agencies. The Analytic/Assessment and Basic Public Health Sciences skill domains are the most closely linked to applied epidemiologic practice and, there-fore, received the greatest number of epidemiology-specific competencies.
An example of a competency and subcompetency statement illustrating the different mastery required by tier level, as well as the hierarchical nature of pri-mary and subcompetencies, is listed in Figure 4. Each competency statement has been adapted to reflect the knowledge and skills necessary for each level of responsibility and experience—entry level (Tier 1), mid-level (Tier 2), or senior level (Tiers 3a and 3b). For certain competency statements in which the expert panel believed that all epidemiologists, regardless of level, needed a certain set of knowledge and skills, the language is identical across all tiers. Other competency statements are only present for the higher levels, when those skills or responsibilities might not be expected of entry-level epidemiologists.
DISCUSSION
Scope of competenciesThe AECs define the discipline of applied epidemiology as practiced in governmental public health agencies. Given the scope and content of epidemiology, the competencies emphasize analytical and assessment knowledge and skills. However, by following the COL’s framework for competencies for all public health work-ers, the competency set also covers all aspects of prac-tice that are necessary to be an effective epidemiologist: communication, management and leadership, and cultural competency skills. In these non-epidemiologic competency areas, the focus is on what an epidemiolo-gist should know. For example, regarding communica-tion, epidemiologists should be able to communicate
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Figure 3. Summary of the primary applied epidemiology competency statements for Tier 2 epidemiologists
Skill Domain: Analytic/Assessment1. Identify public health problems pertinent to the population.2. Conduct surveillance activities.3. Investigate acute and chronic conditions or other adverse outcomes among the population.4. Apply principles of good ethical and legal practice as they relate to study design and data collection, dissemination, and use.5. Manage data from surveillance, investigations, or other sources.6. Analyze data from an epidemiologic investigation or study.7. Summarize results of the analysis and draw conclusions.8. Recommend evidence-based interventions and control measures in response to epidemiologic findings.9. Evaluate programs.
Skill Domain: Basic Public Health Sciences1. Use current knowledge of causes of disease to guide epidemiologic practice.2. Use laboratory resources to support epidemiologic activities.3. Apply principles of informatics, including data collection, processing, and analysis, in support of epidemiologic practice.
Skill Domain: Communication1. Prepare written and oral reports and presentations that communicate necessary information to professional audiences, policy
makers, and the general public.2. Demonstrate the basic principles of risk communication.3. Incorporate interpersonal skills in communication with agency personnel, colleagues, and the public.4. Use effective communication technologies.
Skill Domain: Community Dimensions of Practice1. Provide epidemiologic input into epidemiologic studies, public health programs, and community public health planning processes at
the state, local, or tribal level.2. Participate in the development of community partnerships to support epidemiologic investigations.
Skill Domain: Cultural Competency1. Describe the population by race/ethnicity; culture; societal, educational, and professional backgrounds; age; gender; religion;
disability; and sexual orientation.2. Establish relationships with groups of special concern (e.g., disadvantaged or minority groups, groups subject to health disparities,
historically underrepresented groups).3. Design surveillance systems to include groups subject to health disparities or other potentially underrepresented groups, using
standard categories where available.4. Conduct investigations by using languages and approaches tailored to the population under study.5. Use standard population categories or subcategories when performing data analysis.6. Use knowledge of specific sociocultural factors among the population to interpret findings.7. Recommend public health actions that are relevant to the affected community.
Skill Domain: Financial Planning and Management (Operational Planning, Financial Planning, and Management Skills)1. Conduct epidemiologic activities within the financial and operational plan of the agency.2. Assist in developing a fiscally sound budget that will support the activities defined in the operational plan and that is consistent with
the financial rules of the agency.3. Implement operational and financial plans.4. Assist in preparation of proposals for extramural funding.5. Use management skills.6. Use skills that foster collaborations, strong partnerships, and team building to accomplish epidemiology program objectives.
Skill Domain: Leadership and Systems Thinking1. Support the epidemiologic perspective in the agency strategic planning process.2. Promote the organization’s vision in all programs and activities.3. Use performance measures to evaluate and improve epidemiology program effectiveness.4. Promote ethical conduct in epidemiologic practice.5. Promote workforce development.6. Prepare for emergency response.
Skill Domain: Policy Development/Program Planning1. Bring epidemiologic perspective into the development and analysis of public health policies.
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clearly the results of epidemiologic studies, including limitations of such studies.
Intended usesThe intended uses of the AECs vary by category of user. For practicing epidemiologists, the competen-cies can serve to define the scope and limits of their profession and, in so doing, define a career path and aid in assessing knowledge gaps that can lead to the development of a specific training plan to meet edu-cation gaps. For employers, the AECs can provide a guide for creating career ladders for epidemiologists, drafting position descriptions and job qualification statements, developing continuing education training plans, and assessing the organization’s epidemiologic capacity. For educators, the AECs can assist in design-ing educational programs and curricula focused on applied epidemiology, both for primary epidemiologic education and for continuing education. Finally, the competencies can form the basis for future certification of epidemiologists.
LimitationsThe process of competency development was limited in several ways. First, the AECs are the work of an expert
committee and may suffer from the inconsistencies and compromises that such a process might entail. The expert panel had to make editorial decisions between sometimes conflicting comments, although such deci-sions were usually made after the panelists came to a general consensus. Also, the panel cast a very wide net in an attempt to include many points of view in epidemiology practice and education.
Second, people who provided input and comments on the document were self-selected and therefore may not be representative of all practicing applied epidemiologists. However, as described previously, the expert panel solicited participation in the review process via many relevant organizations and through MMWR in an attempt to include many points of view in epidemiology practice and education.
Applying the competency statementsThe expert panel intentionally created broad compe-tencies that cover the discipline of applied epidemiol-ogy, which itself is broad and diverse. CDC and CSTE intend that all people practicing applied epidemiol-ogy—including those who might not have the title of epidemiologist but whose job requires use of epide-miologic methods—gain minimal competency in all
Table. Number of competency and subcompetency statements by tier and competency domain
Competency Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3a Tier 3b domain N N N N
Domain 1: Competencies 9 9 9 9Analytic/Assessment Subcompetencies 28 37 37 37 Sub-subcompetencies 53 106 72 107
Domain 2: Competencies 3 3 4 4Basic Public Health Subcompetencies 10 15 21 19Sciences Sub-subcompetencies 1 4 4 4
Domain 3: Competencies 4 4 4 4Communication Subcompetencies 9 13 13 13 Sub-subcompetencies 16 25 16 26
Domain 4: Competencies 2 2 2 2Community Subcompetencies 3 6 6 7Dimensions of Practice Sub-subcompetencies 4 14 15 15
Domain 5: Competencies 6 7 7 7Cultural Competency Subcompetencies 9 15 20 22 Sub-subcompetencies 0 0 0 0
Domain 6: Competencies 4 6 6 5Financial Planning Subcompetencies 10 24 23 17and Management Sub-subcompetencies 0 0 0 0
Domain 7: Competencies 5 6 6 6Leadership and Subcompetencies 8 13 13 10Systems Thinking Sub-subcompetencies 11 35 38 29
Domain 8: Competencies 1 1 1 1Policy Development/ Subcompetencies 3 5 5 5Program Planning Sub-subcompetencies 2 7 9 7
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p
ublic
hea
lth a
ctio
n
for
pub
lic h
ealth
act
ion
bur
den
, p
reva
lenc
e
of r
isk
beh
avio
rs) f
or
pub
lic h
ealth
act
ion
d.
N/A
d
. C
ond
uct
a th
orou
gh
sear
ch o
f th
e d
. Ve
rify
the
com
ple
tene
ss a
nd a
ccur
acy
d.
Synt
hesi
ze r
esul
ts o
f se
arch
es o
f th
e
sc
ient
ific
liter
atur
e an
d p
ublic
hea
lth
of
sea
rche
s of
lite
ratu
re a
nd p
ublic
scie
ntifi
c lit
erat
ure
and
pub
lic h
ealth
d
atab
ases
by
usin
g s
earc
h en
gin
es
he
alth
dat
abas
es
d
atab
ases
an
d m
etho
ds
rele
vant
to
spec
ific
pro
ble
ms
e.
N/A
e.
Q
uant
ify p
opul
atio
n-b
ased
e.
Ve
rify
pop
ulat
ion-
bas
ed h
ealth
ris
ks
e.
Verif
y p
opul
atio
n-b
ased
hea
lth r
isks
he
alth
ris
ksf.
N/A
f.
N/A
f.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
obta
in e
xper
tise
f.
Det
erm
ine
whe
ther
ad
diti
onal
out
sid
e
ou
tsid
e th
e ag
ency
to
assi
st in
exp
ertis
e is
nee
ded
to
assi
st in
d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g
N/A
5 n
ot a
pp
licab
le
Developing Competencies for Applied Epidemiology 75
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
of the defined skill domains. However, every applied epidemiologist is not expected to be equally compe-tent in all areas. Different content areas of applied epidemiology (e.g., infectious disease, chronic disease, environmental health) might emphasize different competency areas. In addition, job descriptions among public health agencies vary by the agency’s needs and resources, the setting (e.g., rural or urban), and the scope of the agency’s responsibilities (i.e., local, state, or federal), and may not always uniformly comply with stated competencies.
Guiding careers in applied epidemiologyThe competencies represent a continuum of applied epidemiologic practice, not a single point in time in a person’s career. In other words, a person might not start with knowledge and skills in all areas but is expected to gain knowledge within each tier and potentially move through tiers over time. The AECs provide a tool that epidemiologists can use to plan careers and chart professional growth.
Disseminating the AECsCDC and CSTE are disseminating the AEC report broadly throughout the epidemiology and public health communities. The final competency set has been presented at multiple state, regional, national, and international public health and epidemiology meetings with a focus on educating the target audiences about the development and use of the AECs. The complete competency set, along with tools and documentation to support their use, is available on the CDC (http://www .cdc.gov/od/owcd/cdd/aec) and CSTE (http://www .cste.org/competencies.asp) websites.
CONCLUSION
CDC and CSTE anticipate the AECs will be used as the basis of instructional competencies for training government epidemiologists, and as the framework for developing position descriptions, work expectations, and job announcements for epidemiologists practicing in public health agencies. After public health agencies have used them for a sufficient period, CDC and CSTE will evaluate their utility and effectiveness as part of an ongoing process to update and improve them.
The authors thank the members of the Applied Epidemiology Competencies Expert Panel: Kaye Bender, RN, PhD, University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Nursing; Roger Bernier, PhD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Mike Crutcher, MD, MPH, Oklahoma State Department of Health; Richard Dicker, MD, MSc, CDC; James Gale, MD, MS, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington; Kristine Gebbie, DrPH, RN, Columbia University
School of Nursing; Gail Hansen, DVM, MPH, Kansas Department of Health and Environment; Richard Hopkins, MD, MSPH, Florida Department of Health (formerly with CDC); Sara L. Hus-ton, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Maureen Lichtveld, MD, MPH, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Miriam Link-Mullison, MS, RD, Jackson County Health Department; Kristine Moore, MD, University of Minnesota; Hal Morgenstern, PhD, University of Michigan School of Public Health; Lloyd Novick, MD, MPH, Brody School of Medicine; Len Paulozzi, MD, MPH, CDC; Arthur Reingold, MD, University of California at Berkeley; William M. Sappenfield, MD, MPH, Florida Department of Health (formerly with CDC); Gregory Steele, DrPH, MPH, Indiana University School of Medicine; Lou Turner, DrPH, MPH, North Carolina Division of Public Health; and Mark E. White, MD, CDC.
The authors thank Matthew Boulton, MD, MPH, University of Michigan School of Public Health, who was one of the original conveners of the Applied Epidemiology Competencies project. They also thank Pat McConnon, MPH, and LaKesha Robinson, MPH, of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) for their expert support of the competencies develop-ment process. In addition, they thank Jacqueline Silvia-Fink for assistance in preparing the article.
This work was supported by cooperative agreement #U60/CCU07277 from CDC to CSTE.
REFERENCES 1. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. 2004 national
assessment of epidemiologic capacity: findings and recommenda-tions. Atlanta: CSTE; 2004. Also available from: URL: http://www .cste.org//Assessment/ECA/pdffiles/ECAfinal05.pdf [cited 2006 May 31].
2. Association of State and Territorial Health Officials. State public health employee worker shortage report: a civil service recruitment and retention crisis. Washington: ASTHO; 2004. Also available from: URL: http://www.astho.org/pubs/Workforce-Survey-Report-2.pdf [cited 2006 May 31].
3. Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration (US). Public health workforce study. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services, HRSA (US); 2005. Also available from: URL: http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/ reports/publichealth/default.htm [cited 2006 May 31].
4. Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada. New York: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 1910.
5. Welch WH, Rose W. Institute of Hygiene. Rockefeller Foundation General Education Committee. New York: Rockefeller Foundation; 1915.
6. Sheps CG. Higher education for public health. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund; 1976.
7. Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. The future of public health. Washington: Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; 1988. p. 19.
8. Sorensen AW, Bialek RG, editors. Public health faculty/agency forum: linking graduate education and practice—final report. Rockville (MD): Health Resources and Services Administration (US) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 1991. p. 49-69.
9. Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Prac-tice. Core competencies for public health professionals [cited 2007 Jan 20]. Available from: URL: http://www.phf.org/competencies .htm
10. Burkes JC. Achieving accountability in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2004. p. 143.
11. Voorhees RA. Measuring what matters: competency-based learn-ing models in higher education: new directions for institutional research, No. 110. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2001. p. 5-12.
12. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE special report: workforce development initiative. Atlanta: CSTE; 2004.
76 Research Articles
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Also available from: URL: http://www.cste.org/pdffiles/Workforce summit.pdf [cited 2007 Feb 2].
13. Association of Schools of Public Health. ACE/ASPH workshop on doctoral education in epidemiology: workshop summary; 2002 Dec 9–11; Baltimore, MD [cited 2007 Jan 3]. Available from: URL: http://www.asph.org/document.cfm?page=798
14. Department of Education (US). Defining and assessing learning: exploring competency-based initiatives. Washington: Council of the National Postsecondary Education Cooperative; 2002. p. 5-10.
15. Notice to readers: applied epidemiology competency development. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54(30):750.
16. Notice to readers: draft of applied epidemiology competencies. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55(6):158.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Public Health Information Network [cited 2007 Oct 10]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/phin
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Rec
og
nize
pub
lich
ealt
hp
rob
lem
sp
erti
nent
to
the
po
pul
atio
nA
.Id
enti
fyp
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
ms
per
tine
ntt
ot
hep
op
ulat
ion
A.
Ens
ure
iden
tifi
cati
on
of
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
sp
erti
nent
to
the
p
op
ulat
ion
A.
Val
idat
eid
enti
fica
tio
no
fp
ublic
he
alth
pro
ble
ms
per
tine
ntt
ot
he
po
pul
atio
n
1.
Reco
gni
zet
hee
xist
ence
of
ap
ublic
he
alth
pro
ble
m
1.
Use
crit
ical
thi
nkin
gt
od
eter
min
ew
heth
era
pub
lich
ealth
pro
ble
m
exis
ts
1.
Ensu
ret
hat
criti
calt
hink
ing
isu
sed
to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
ap
ublic
he
alth
pro
ble
me
xist
s
1.
Synt
hesi
zek
eyfi
ndin
gs
from
th
ecr
itica
lthi
nkin
gp
roce
sst
od
eter
min
ew
heth
era
pub
lich
ealth
p
rob
lem
exi
sts
a.
List
rel
evan
td
ata
and
in
form
atio
nso
urce
sw
ithin
an
do
utsi
de
the
pub
lich
ealth
sy
stem
b
.Se
eka
ssis
tanc
esy
nthe
sizi
ng
exis
ting
dat
aan
din
form
atio
nin
toa
det
erm
inat
ion
of
exp
ecte
da
ndo
bse
rved
nu
mb
ers
ofc
ases
or
outc
omes
in
ap
opul
atio
nc.
Se
eka
ssis
tanc
ein
det
erm
inin
g
thre
shol
dv
alue
s(e
.g.,
bas
elin
ed
isea
seb
urd
en,
pre
vale
nce
of
risk
beh
avio
rs)f
orp
ublic
hea
lth
actio
nd
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
a.
Iden
tify
rele
vant
dat
aan
d
info
rmat
ion
sour
ces
with
in
and
out
sid
eth
ep
ublic
hea
lth
syst
em
b.
Synt
hesi
zee
xist
ing
dat
aan
d
info
rmat
ion
into
ad
eter
min
atio
nof
exp
ecte
da
ndo
bse
rved
nu
mb
ers
ofc
ases
or
outc
omes
in
ap
opul
atio
nc.
D
eter
min
eth
resh
old
val
ues
(e.g
.,b
asel
ine
dis
ease
bur
den
,p
reva
lenc
eof
ris
kb
ehav
iors
)for
p
ublic
hea
ltha
ctio
nd
.C
ond
uct
ath
orou
gh
sear
ch
oft
hes
cien
tific
liter
atur
ean
d
pub
lich
ealth
dat
abas
esu
sing
se
arch
eng
ines
and
met
hod
sre
leva
ntt
osp
ecifi
cp
rob
lem
se.
Q
uant
ifyp
opul
atio
n-b
ased
he
alth
ris
ks
f.N
/A
a.
Valid
ate
the
rele
vanc
eof
dat
aan
din
form
atio
nso
urce
sw
ithin
an
do
utsi
de
the
pub
lich
ealth
sy
stem
b
.Ve
rify
the
accu
racy
of
exp
ecte
d
and
ob
serv
edn
umb
ers
ofc
ases
or
out
com
esin
ap
opul
atio
nc.
En
sure
the
acc
urac
yof
d
eter
min
edt
hres
hold
val
ues
(e.g
.,b
asel
ine
dis
ease
bur
den
,p
reva
lenc
eof
ris
kb
ehav
iors
)for
p
ublic
hea
ltha
ctio
nd
.Ve
rify
the
com
ple
tene
ss
and
acc
urac
yof
sea
rche
sof
lit
erat
ure
and
pub
lich
ealth
d
atab
ases
e.
Ve
rify
pop
ulat
ion-
bas
edh
ealth
ris
ks
f.D
ecid
ew
heth
ert
oob
tain
ex
per
tise
outs
ide
the
agen
cyt
oas
sist
ind
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
a.
Use
rel
evan
td
ata
and
in
form
atio
nso
urce
sw
ithin
an
do
utsi
de
the
pub
lich
ealth
sy
stem
b
.Sy
nthe
size
exi
stin
gd
ata
and
in
form
atio
nin
toa
det
erm
inat
ion
ofe
xpec
ted
and
ob
serv
ed
num
ber
sof
cas
eso
rou
tcom
es
ina
pop
ulat
ion
c.
Valid
ate
the
calc
ulat
ed
thre
shol
dv
alue
s(e
.g.,
bas
elin
ed
isea
seb
urd
en,
pre
vale
nce
of
risk
beh
avio
rs)f
orp
ublic
hea
lth
actio
nd
.Sy
nthe
size
res
ults
of
sear
ches
of
the
sci
entifi
clit
erat
ure
and
p
ublic
hea
lthd
atab
ases
e.
Ve
rify
pop
ulat
ion-
bas
edh
ealth
ris
ks
f.D
eter
min
ew
heth
era
dd
ition
al
outs
ide
exp
ertis
eis
nee
ded
to
assi
stin
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g
2.
N/A
2.
A
rtic
ulat
eth
ene
edf
orf
urth
er
inve
stig
atio
nor
oth
erp
ublic
hea
lth
actio
non
the
bas
iso
fre
sults
of
liter
atur
ere
view
and
ass
essm
ent
of
curr
ent
dat
a
2.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
cond
uct
furt
her
inve
stig
atio
nor
oth
erp
ublic
hea
lth
actio
non
the
bas
iso
fre
sults
of
liter
atur
ere
view
and
ass
essm
ent
of
curr
ent
dat
a
2.
Eval
uate
nee
df
orf
urth
erin
vest
igat
ion
oro
ther
pub
lich
ealth
act
ion
ont
he
bas
iso
fre
sults
of
liter
atur
ere
view
and
as
sess
men
tof
cur
rent
dat
a
3.
Col
lab
orat
ew
itho
ther
sin
sid
ean
d
outs
ide
the
agen
cyt
oid
entif
yth
ep
rob
lem
3.
Col
lab
orat
ew
itho
ther
sin
sid
ean
d
outs
ide
the
agen
cyt
oid
entif
yth
ep
rob
lem
and
for
mr
ecom
men
dat
ions
3.
Lead
col
lab
orat
ions
with
oth
ers
insi
de
and
out
sid
eth
eag
ency
to
iden
tify
the
pro
ble
ma
ndf
orm
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
3.
Lead
col
lab
orat
ions
with
oth
ers
insi
de
and
out
sid
eth
eag
ency
to
iden
tify
the
pro
ble
ma
ndf
orm
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s
Ap
pen
dix
. Th
e co
mp
lete
CD
C/C
STE
Co
mp
eten
cies
fo
r A
pp
lied
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
ts i
n G
ove
rnm
enta
l P
ublic
Hea
lth
Ag
enci
es d
ocu
men
t
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
B.
Co
nduc
tsu
rvei
llanc
eac
tivi
ties
B
.C
ond
uct
surv
eilla
nce
acti
viti
es
B.
Ove
rsee
sur
veill
ance
act
ivit
ies
B.
Org
aniz
esu
rvei
llanc
e
1.
N/A
1.
D
esig
nsu
rvei
llanc
efo
rth
ep
artic
ular
pub
lich
ealth
issu
eun
der
co
nsid
erat
ion
1.
Ap
pro
ves
urve
illan
cef
ort
he
par
ticul
arp
ublic
hea
lthis
sue
und
er
cons
ider
atio
n
1.
Eval
uate
val
idity
of
cond
uctin
g
surv
eilla
nce
for
the
par
ticul
arp
ublic
he
alth
issu
eun
der
con
sid
erat
ion
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
a.
Iden
tify
typ
eso
fsu
rvei
llanc
em
etho
ds
for
spec
ific
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
sb
.Id
entif
yin
form
atio
nsy
stem
(s)t
osu
pp
ort
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
c.
Reco
mm
end
typ
eso
fsu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sfo
rsp
ecifi
cp
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
sd
.N
/A
e.
Iden
tify
add
ition
alb
urd
en
top
ublic
hea
lths
yste
ma
nd
rep
ortin
ge
ntity
ant
icip
ated
to
res
ult
from
the
pro
pos
ed
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
a.
Exam
ine
pot
entia
lsur
veill
ance
m
etho
ds
for
spec
ific
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
sb
.A
pp
rove
info
rmat
ion
syst
em(s
)to
sup
por
tsu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sc.
D
ecid
eon
typ
eso
fsu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sfo
rsp
ecifi
cp
ublic
he
alth
pro
ble
ms
d.
Revi
ewa
ntic
ipat
edc
ost/
ben
efit
ofin
itiat
ing
an
ews
urve
illan
ce
syst
em
e.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
imp
ose
the
add
ition
alb
urd
ent
op
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
and
rep
ortin
g
entit
yth
atis
ant
icip
ated
to
resu
ltfr
omt
hep
rop
osed
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
a.
Exam
ine
typ
eso
fsu
rvei
llanc
em
etho
ds
for
spec
ific
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
sb
.Re
com
men
din
form
atio
nsy
stem
(s)t
osu
pp
ort
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
c.
Det
erm
ine
typ
eof
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
sfo
rsp
ecifi
cp
ublic
he
alth
pro
ble
ms
d.
N/A
e.
Ev
alua
tea
dd
ition
alb
urd
en
top
ublic
hea
lths
yste
ma
nd
rep
ortin
ge
ntity
ant
icip
ated
to
res
ult
from
the
pro
pos
ed
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
2.
Iden
tify
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ane
eds
2.
Iden
tify
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ane
eds
2.
Dec
ide
ons
urve
illan
ced
ata
need
s2.
Ev
alua
tes
urve
illan
ced
ata
need
s
a.
Cre
ate
case
defi
nitio
n(s)
bas
ed
onp
erso
n,p
lace
,an
dt
ime
b.
N/A
c.
N
/A
d.
N/A
e.
N
/A
f.N
/A
g.
Reco
gni
zep
oten
tialu
ses
of
dat
ato
info
rms
urve
illan
ce
syst
em
h.
N/A
a.
Cre
ate
case
defi
nitio
n(s)
bas
ed
onp
erso
n,p
lace
,an
dt
ime
b.
Des
crib
eso
urce
s,q
ualit
y,a
nd
limita
tions
of
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ac.
D
efine
the
dat
ael
emen
tst
ob
eco
llect
edo
rre
por
ted
d
.Id
entif
ym
echa
nism
sto
tra
nsfe
rd
ata
from
sou
rce
top
ublic
he
alth
ag
ency
e.
D
efine
tim
elin
ess
req
uire
df
or
dat
aco
llect
ion
f.D
eter
min
efr
eque
ncy
of
rep
ortin
g
g.
Des
crib
ep
oten
tialu
ses
ofd
ata
toin
form
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
d
esig
nh.
D
efine
the
fun
ctio
nal
req
uire
men
tso
fth
esu
pp
ortin
g
info
rmat
ion
syst
em
a.
Verif
yca
sed
efini
tion(
s)b
ased
on
per
son,
pla
ce,
and
tim
eb
.D
ecid
eon
sou
rces
of
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ac.
N
/A
d.
Dec
ide
onm
echa
nism
sto
tr
ansf
erd
ata
from
sou
rce
to
pub
lich
ealth
ag
ency
e.
D
ecid
eon
acc
epta
ble
tim
elin
ess
for
dat
aco
llect
ion
and
fre
que
ncy
for
rep
ortin
g
f.N
/A
g.
Dec
ide
ons
urve
illan
ces
yste
m
des
ign
h.
Ap
pro
vet
hef
unct
iona
lre
qui
rem
ents
of
the
sup
por
ting
in
form
atio
nsy
stem
a.
Eval
uate
cas
ed
efini
tion(
s)
bas
edo
np
erso
n,p
lace
,an
d
time
b.
Eval
uate
sou
rces
,q
ualit
y,a
nd
limita
tions
of
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ac.
A
sses
sth
ead
equa
cyo
fth
ed
ata
elem
ents
to
be
colle
cted
or
rep
orte
d
d.
Ass
ess
mec
hani
sms
tot
rans
fer
dat
afr
oms
ourc
eto
pub
lic
heal
tha
gen
cy
e.
Eval
uate
tim
elin
ess
req
uire
men
tsf
ord
ata
colle
ctio
nf.
Ass
ess
freq
uenc
yof
rep
ortin
g
g.
Cre
ate
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
des
ign
ont
heb
asis
of
pot
entia
lus
eso
fd
ata
h.
Ass
ess
the
func
tiona
lre
qui
rem
ents
of
the
info
rmat
ion
syst
em
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
3.
Imp
lem
ent
new
or
revi
see
xist
ing
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
s3.
Im
ple
men
tne
wo
rre
vise
exi
stin
g
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
3.
Sup
ervi
seo
rm
anag
eim
ple
men
tatio
nof
new
or
revi
sion
of
exi
stin
gs
urve
illan
ces
yste
ms
3.
Imp
lem
ent
new
or
revi
see
xist
ing
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
s
a.
Defi
neo
bje
ctiv
esa
ndu
ses
of
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
b.
Test
dat
aco
llect
ion,
dat
ast
orag
e,a
nda
naly
tical
met
hod
sas
dire
cted
c.
A
ssis
tin
cre
atin
gw
orki
ng
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
d.
Col
lect
dat
afo
rve
rifica
tion
of
the
defi
ned
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
p
aram
eter
s(e
.g.,
timel
ines
s,
freq
uenc
y)
e.
Cla
ssify
pot
entia
lcas
es
acco
rdin
gt
ow
heth
ert
hey
mee
tth
eca
sed
efini
tion
f.In
terv
iew
peo
ple
with
illn
ess
to
solic
itne
cess
ary
info
rmat
ion
g.
Ass
ist
inm
onito
ring
dat
aq
ualit
yh.
M
aint
ain
goo
dw
orki
ng
rela
tions
hip
sw
ithr
epor
ting
en
titie
si.
Prov
ide
feed
bac
kto
rep
ortin
g
entit
ies
and
oth
ero
rgan
izat
ions
or
ind
ivid
uals
who
nee
dt
okn
owa
bou
tth
ed
ata
ors
yste
m
a.
Defi
neo
bje
ctiv
esa
ndu
ses
of
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
b.
Test
dat
aco
llect
ion,
dat
ast
orag
e,a
nda
naly
tical
met
hod
sc.
C
reat
ew
orki
ngs
urve
illan
ce
syst
em
d.
Verif
yth
atd
ata
colle
ctio
noc
curs
acc
ord
ing
to
the
defi
ned
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
par
amet
ers
(e.g
.,tim
elin
ess,
fre
que
ncy)
e.
En
sure
cor
rect
cla
ssifi
catio
nof
ca
ses
acco
rdin
gt
oth
eca
se
defi
nitio
nf.
Inte
rvie
wp
eop
lew
ithil
lnes
sto
so
licit
nece
ssar
yin
form
atio
ng
.M
onito
rd
ata
qua
lity
h.
Cre
ate
goo
dw
orki
ng
rela
tions
hip
sw
ithr
epor
ting
en
titie
si.
Prov
ide
feed
bac
kto
rep
ortin
g
entit
ies
and
oth
ero
rgan
izat
ions
or
ind
ivid
uals
who
nee
dt
okn
owa
bou
tth
ed
ata
ors
yste
m
a.
Ap
pro
veo
bje
ctiv
esa
ndu
ses
of
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
b.
Valid
ate
dat
aco
llect
ion,
dat
ast
orag
e,a
nda
naly
tical
met
hod
sc.
N
/A
d.
Verif
yth
atd
ata
colle
ctio
noc
curs
acc
ord
ing
to
the
defi
ned
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
par
amet
ers
(e.g
.,tim
elin
ess,
fre
que
ncy)
e.
N
/A
f.N
/A
g.
Ensu
ret
hat
dat
aq
ualit
yis
m
onito
red
h.
En
sure
goo
dw
orki
ng
rela
tions
hip
sw
ithr
epor
ting
en
titie
si.
Ensu
rep
rovi
sion
of
feed
bac
kto
rep
ortin
ge
ntiti
esa
ndo
ther
or
gan
izat
ions
or
ind
ivid
uals
who
ne
edt
okn
owa
bou
tth
ed
ata
or
syst
em
a.
Dev
elop
gui
del
ines
for
ob
ject
ives
and
use
sof
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sb
.Va
lidat
ed
ata
colle
ctio
n,d
ata
stor
age,
and
ana
lytic
alm
etho
ds
c.
Cre
ate
wor
king
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
d
.A
sses
sp
erfo
rman
ceo
fd
ata
colle
ctio
nsy
stem
sag
ains
tth
ed
efine
ds
urve
illan
ces
yste
m
par
amet
ers
(e.g
.,tim
elin
ess,
fr
eque
ncy)
e.
N
/A
f.N
/A
g.
Mon
itor
dat
aq
ualit
yh.
C
reat
eg
ood
wor
king
re
latio
nshi
ps
with
rep
ortin
g
entit
ies
i.Sy
nthe
size
info
rmat
ion
abou
tsu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
for
co
mm
unic
atin
gt
ore
por
ting
en
titie
san
do
ther
org
aniz
atio
ns
orin
div
idua
lsw
hon
eed
to
know
ab
out
the
dat
aor
sys
tem
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
4.
Rep
ort
key
find
ing
sfr
omt
he
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
4.
Iden
tify
key
find
ing
sfr
omt
he
surv
eilla
nce
syst
em
4.
Synt
hesi
zek
eyfi
ndin
gs
from
the
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
and
oth
er
per
tinen
tin
form
atio
nfo
rus
eb
yd
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
4.
Synt
hesi
zek
eyfi
ndin
gs
from
the
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
and
oth
er
per
tinen
tin
form
atio
nfo
rus
eb
yd
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
a.
Prov
ide
syst
em’s
resu
ltst
ose
nior
ep
idem
iolo
gis
ts
b.
Reco
gni
zeim
plic
atio
nst
op
ublic
he
alth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Ass
ist
ind
evel
opin
gc
oncl
usio
ns
from
the
sur
veill
ance
dat
ad
.C
omm
unic
ate
resu
ltst
ose
nior
st
aff
a.
Exam
ine
syst
em’s
resu
ltsin
the
co
ntex
tof
cur
rent
sci
entifi
ckn
owle
dg
eb
.Id
entif
yim
plic
atio
nst
op
ublic
he
alth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Dev
elop
con
clus
ions
fro
mt
he
surv
eilla
nce
dat
ad
.C
omm
unic
ate
resu
ltst
oag
ency
m
anag
ers
and
to
rep
orte
rs
ofs
urve
illan
ced
ata
(see
C
omm
unic
atio
nco
mp
eten
cies
)
a.
Inte
rpre
tsy
stem
’sre
sults
int
he
cont
ext
ofc
urre
nts
cien
tific
know
led
ge
and
oth
era
vaila
ble
in
form
atio
nb
.Ex
amin
ean
yim
plic
atio
nst
op
ublic
hea
lthp
rog
ram
sc.
D
eter
min
ere
lativ
ep
riorit
yof
eac
hco
nclu
sion
fro
mt
he
surv
eilla
nce
dat
a,b
efor
em
akin
g
reco
mm
end
atio
nst
od
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
d.
Com
mun
icat
esy
nthe
size
d
info
rmat
ion
tod
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
and
the
pub
lic
a.
Inte
rpre
tsy
stem
’sre
sults
int
he
cont
ext
ofc
urre
nts
cien
tific
know
led
ge
b.
Exam
ine
any
imp
licat
ions
to
pub
lich
ealth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Det
erm
ine
rela
tive
prio
rity
ofe
ach
conc
lusi
onf
rom
the
su
rvei
llanc
ed
ata,
bef
ore
mak
ing
re
com
men
dat
ions
to
dec
isio
n-m
aker
sd
.C
omm
unic
ate
synt
hesi
zed
in
form
atio
nto
dec
isio
n-m
aker
san
dt
hep
ublic
5.
Sup
por
tev
alua
tion
ofs
urve
illan
ce
syst
ems
5.
Con
duc
tev
alua
tion
ofs
urve
illan
ce
syst
ems
5.
Ensu
ree
valu
atio
nof
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
s5.
D
esig
nan
dc
ond
uct
eval
uatio
nof
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
s
a.
Col
lect
dat
ane
cess
ary
for
eval
uatio
nof
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
sus
ing
nat
iona
lg
uid
ance
and
met
hod
s(C
ente
rsf
orD
isea
seC
ontr
ol
and
Pre
vent
ion
[US]
.U
pd
ated
g
uid
elin
esf
ore
valu
atin
g
pub
lich
ealth
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
s;r
ecom
men
dat
ions
fr
omt
heG
uid
elin
esW
orki
ng
Gro
up.
MM
WR
Reco
mm
Rep
20
01;5
0[RR
-13]
:1-3
5)b
.A
ssis
tin
pre
par
ing
re
com
men
dat
ions
for
m
odifi
catio
nst
osu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
son
the
bas
iso
fev
alua
tion
c.
N/A
d
.A
ssis
tin
imp
lem
entin
gc
hang
es
tos
urve
illan
ces
yste
mo
nth
eb
asis
of
resu
ltso
fev
alua
tion
a.
Eval
uate
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
sus
ing
nat
iona
lgui
dan
ce
and
met
hod
s(C
ente
rs
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pr
even
tion
[US]
.U
pd
ated
g
uid
elin
esf
ore
valu
atin
g
pub
lich
ealth
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
s;r
ecom
men
dat
ions
fr
omt
heG
uid
elin
esW
orki
ng
Gro
up.
MM
WR
Reco
mm
Rep
20
01;5
0[RR
-13]
:1-3
5)b
.Pr
opos
ere
com
men
dat
ions
for
m
odifi
catio
nst
osu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
son
the
bas
iso
fev
alua
tion
c.
N/A
d
.Im
ple
men
tch
ang
est
osu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
on
the
bas
is
ofr
esul
tso
fev
alua
tion
a.
Ensu
ree
valu
atio
nof
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sus
ing
na
tiona
lgui
dan
cea
ndm
etho
ds
(Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
an
dP
reve
ntio
n[U
S].
Up
dat
ed
gui
del
ines
for
eva
luat
ing
p
ublic
hea
lths
urve
illan
ce
syst
ems;
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
from
the
Gui
del
ines
Wor
king
G
roup
.M
MW
RRe
com
mR
ep
2001
;50[
RR-1
3]:1
-35)
b.
Ap
pra
ise
reco
mm
end
atio
nsf
or
mod
ifica
tions
to
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
ont
heb
asis
of
eval
uatio
nc.
D
ecid
ew
heth
ert
om
odify
su
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
son
the
b
asis
of
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
d.
Ensu
ret
hat
chan
ges
to
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ema
re
imp
lem
ente
do
nth
eb
asis
of
resu
ltso
fev
alua
tion
a.
Eval
uate
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
sus
ing
nat
iona
lgui
dan
ce
and
met
hod
s(C
ente
rs
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pr
even
tion
[US]
.U
pd
ated
g
uid
elin
esf
ore
valu
atin
g
pub
lich
ealth
sur
veill
ance
sy
stem
s;r
ecom
men
dat
ions
fr
omt
heG
uid
elin
esW
orki
ng
Gro
up.
MM
WR
Reco
mm
Rep
20
01;5
0[RR
-13]
:1-3
5)b
.D
evel
opa
nd/o
rre
view
re
com
men
dat
ions
for
m
odifi
catio
nst
osu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
son
the
bas
iso
fev
alua
tion
c.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
mod
ify
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
ont
he
bas
iso
fre
com
men
dat
ions
d
.En
sure
tha
tch
ang
est
osu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
are
im
ple
men
ted
on
the
bas
iso
fre
sults
of
eval
uatio
n
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Iden
tify
acu
tea
ndc
hro
nic
cond
itio
ns
or
oth
era
dve
rse
out
com
esi
nth
ep
op
ulat
ion
C.
Inve
stig
ate
acut
ean
dc
hro
nic
cond
itio
nso
ro
ther
ad
vers
eo
utco
mes
in
the
po
pul
atio
n
C.
Ens
ure
inve
stig
atio
no
fac
ute
and
ch
roni
cco
ndit
ions
or
oth
era
dve
rse
out
com
esi
nth
ep
op
ulat
ion
C.
Des
ign
inve
stig
atio
no
fac
ute
and
ch
roni
cco
ndit
ions
or
oth
era
dve
rse
out
com
esi
nth
ep
op
ulat
ion
1.
Ass
ist
inc
ond
uctin
ga
com
mun
ity
heal
ths
tatu
sas
sess
men
t1.
C
ond
uct
aco
mm
unity
hea
lths
tatu
sas
sess
men
t1.
O
vers
eea
com
mun
ityh
ealth
sta
tus
asse
ssm
ent
1.
Des
ign
aco
mm
unity
hea
lths
tatu
sas
sess
men
t
2.
N/A
2.
Re
com
men
dp
riorit
ies
ofp
oten
tial
pub
lich
ealth
pro
ble
ms
tob
ead
dre
ssed
2.
Dec
ide
onp
riorit
yof
pub
lich
ealth
p
rob
lem
sto
be
add
ress
ed
2.
Reco
mm
end
prio
ritie
sof
pot
entia
lp
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
sto
be
add
ress
ed
3.
Cha
ract
eriz
ein
vest
igat
ive
pro
cess
es
3.
Sele
ctin
vest
igat
ive
pro
cess
es
3.
Ap
pro
ves
elec
tion
ofin
vest
igat
ive
pro
cess
es
3.
Det
erm
ine
inve
stig
ativ
ep
roce
sses
a.
Reco
gni
zed
iffer
ent
prin
cip
les
ofin
vest
igat
ion
for
end
emic
/sp
orad
icil
lnes
sor
dis
ease
cl
uste
rsv
s.a
cute
out
bre
aks
b.
List
the
maj
ore
pid
emio
log
ic
stud
yd
esig
ns,
incl
udin
gt
he
stre
ngth
san
dw
eakn
esse
sof
ea
ch
a.
Ap
ply
prin
cip
les
ofin
vest
igat
ion
for
end
emic
/sp
orad
icil
lnes
sor
dis
ease
clu
ster
svs
.ac
ute
outb
reak
sb
.D
escr
ibe
the
maj
or
epid
emio
log
ics
tud
yd
esig
ns,
incl
udin
gt
hes
tren
gth
san
d
wea
knes
ses
ofe
ach
a.
Det
erm
ine
whe
ther
to
use
inve
stig
ativ
em
etho
ds
for
end
emic
/sp
orad
icil
lnes
sor
d
isea
sec
lust
ers
vs.
acut
eou
tbre
aks
b.
Dec
ide
whi
che
pid
emio
log
ic
stud
yd
esig
nto
use
for
the
p
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
to
be
inve
stig
ated
a.
Det
erm
ine
whe
ther
to
use
inve
stig
ativ
em
etho
ds
for
end
emic
/sp
orad
icil
lnes
sor
d
isea
sec
lust
ers
vs.
acut
eou
tbre
aks
b.
Inte
gra
tek
now
led
ge
abou
tep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
dy
des
igns
in
tos
tud
yd
esig
nfo
rth
ep
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
to
be
inve
stig
ated
4.
Cre
ate
hyp
othe
ses
4.
Cre
ate
hyp
othe
ses
4.
Verif
yhy
pot
hese
s4.
Ve
rify
hyp
othe
ses
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
5.
Ass
ist
ind
esig
nof
inve
stig
atio
n(e
.g.,
dis
ease
inve
stig
atio
ns,
stud
ies,
or
scre
enin
gp
rog
ram
s)
5.
Ass
ist
ind
esig
nof
inve
stig
atio
n(e
.g.,
dis
ease
inve
stig
atio
ns,
stud
ies,
or
scre
enin
gp
rog
ram
s)
5.
Ove
rsee
des
ign
ofin
vest
igat
ions
(e
.g.,
dis
ease
inve
stig
atio
ns,
stud
ies,
or
scre
enin
gp
rog
ram
s)
5.
Des
ign
inve
stig
atio
ns(e
.g.,
dis
ease
in
vest
igat
ions
,st
udie
s,o
rsc
reen
ing
p
rog
ram
s)
a.
Iden
tify
targ
etp
opul
atio
nfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
b.
N/A
c.
N
/A
d.
Cre
ate
case
defi
nitio
n(s)
e.
N
/A
f.N
/A
g.
N/A
h.
N
/A
i.N
/A
j.N
/A
a.
Iden
tify
targ
etp
opul
atio
nfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
b.
Perf
orm
pow
erc
alcu
latio
nsif
ne
cess
ary
c.
Iden
tify
ind
ivid
uals
or
gro
ups
elig
ible
to
be
int
hes
tud
yd
.C
reat
eca
sed
efini
tion(
s)
e.
Iden
tify
time
fram
efo
rin
vest
igat
ion
f.Se
lect
inve
stig
atio
nd
esig
nun
der
exi
stin
gc
onst
rain
ts
g.
Iden
tify
pos
sib
les
ourc
eso
fb
ias
h.
Iden
tify
met
hod
sto
min
imiz
ep
oten
tials
ourc
eso
fb
ias
i.Id
entif
yp
oten
tialc
onfo
und
ers
j.D
esig
nst
rate
gie
sto
min
imiz
eor
el
imin
ate
pot
entia
lcon
foun
din
g
a.
Valid
ate
sele
ctio
nof
tar
get
p
opul
atio
nfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
b.
Ap
pro
vep
ower
cal
cula
tions
c.
A
pp
rove
incl
usio
nof
ind
ivid
uals
or
gro
ups
int
hes
tud
yd
.A
pp
rove
cas
ed
efini
tion(
s)
e.
Ap
pro
vet
ime
fram
efo
rin
vest
igat
ion
f.A
pp
rove
inve
stig
atio
nd
esig
nth
atw
illb
em
ost
effe
ctiv
eun
der
ex
istin
gc
onst
rain
ts
g.
N/A
h.
A
pp
rove
met
hod
sto
min
imiz
ep
oten
tials
ourc
eso
fb
ias
i.N
/A
j.A
pp
rove
str
ateg
ies
to
min
imiz
eor
elim
inat
ep
oten
tial
conf
ound
ing
a.
Iden
tify
targ
etp
opul
atio
nfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
b.
Eval
uate
res
ults
of
pow
er
calc
ulat
ions
c.
Ve
rify
ind
ivid
uals
or
gro
ups
for
incl
usio
nin
the
stu
dy
d.
Cre
ate
case
defi
nitio
n(s)
e.
Ve
rify
time
fram
efo
rin
vest
igat
ion
f.Ju
stify
inve
stig
atio
nd
esig
nun
der
exi
stin
gc
onst
rain
ts
g.
Eval
uate
pos
sib
les
ourc
eso
fb
ias
h.
Iden
tify
met
hod
sto
min
imiz
ep
oten
tials
ourc
eso
fb
ias
i.Ev
alua
tep
oten
tialc
onfo
und
ers
j.D
esig
nst
rate
gie
sto
min
imiz
eor
el
imin
ate
pot
entia
lcon
foun
din
g
6.
Con
duc
tin
vest
igat
ion
asd
irect
ed
6.
Use
inve
stig
atio
nte
chni
que
sco
nsis
tent
with
the
pub
lich
ealth
p
rob
lem
6.
Ensu
reu
seo
fin
vest
igat
ion
tech
niq
ues
cons
iste
ntw
itht
he
pub
lich
ealth
pro
ble
m
6.
Des
ign
inve
stig
atio
nte
chni
que
sco
nsis
tent
with
the
pub
lich
ealth
p
rob
lem
a.
Resp
ond
ina
tim
efr
ame
cons
iste
ntw
itht
hep
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
mb
eing
inve
stig
ated
b
.N
/A
c.
Con
tact
dat
aso
urce
sd
.U
sem
etho
ds
for
find
ing
cas
es
oro
ther
sub
ject
ssu
itab
let
oth
ein
vest
igat
ion
e.
Use
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
th
ath
ave
bee
nco
nstr
ucte
df
or
the
inve
stig
atio
nf.
Use
iden
tified
sam
plin
g
met
hod
sg
.Su
pp
ort
nece
ssar
yco
ord
inat
ion
amon
ga
llg
roup
sin
volv
edin
in
vest
igat
ion
a.
Resp
ond
ina
tim
efr
ame
cons
iste
ntw
itht
hep
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
mb
eing
inve
stig
ated
b
.A
pp
lym
etho
ds
and
mea
sure
sth
ata
rec
onsi
sten
tw
itht
he
par
ticul
art
ype
ofin
vest
igat
ion
c.
Iden
tify
sour
ces
ofd
ata
for
inve
stig
atio
nd
.Id
entif
ym
etho
ds
tofi
ndc
ases
an
do
ther
sub
ject
ssu
itab
let
oth
ein
vest
igat
ion
e.
Des
ign
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
usi
ngn
ewo
rex
istin
gin
form
atio
nsy
stem
sf.
Iden
tify
sam
plin
gm
etho
ds
giv
ent
hec
onte
xto
fth
esi
tuat
ion
g.
Org
aniz
ene
cess
ary
coor
din
atio
nam
ong
all
gro
ups
invo
lved
inin
vest
igat
ion
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
resp
onse
isin
a
time
fram
eco
nsis
tent
with
the
p
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
bei
ng
inve
stig
ated
b
.En
sure
tha
tm
etho
ds
and
m
easu
res
are
cons
iste
nt
with
the
par
ticul
art
ype
of
inve
stig
atio
nc.
A
pp
rove
dat
aso
urce
sfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
d.
Ap
pro
vem
etho
ds
tofi
ndc
ases
an
do
ther
sub
ject
se.
A
pp
rove
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
and
sup
por
ting
in
form
atio
nsy
stem
sf.
Ap
pro
ves
amp
ling
met
hod
sg
iven
the
con
text
of
the
situ
atio
ng
.En
sure
coo
rdin
atio
nam
ong
all
gro
ups
invo
lved
inin
vest
igat
ion
a.
Resp
ond
ina
tim
efr
ame
cons
iste
ntw
itht
hep
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
mb
eing
inve
stig
ated
b
.Re
com
men
dm
etho
ds
and
m
easu
res
that
are
con
sist
ent
with
the
par
ticul
art
ype
of
inve
stig
atio
nc.
Ve
rify
sele
ctio
nof
dat
aso
urce
sfo
rin
vest
igat
ion
d.
Verif
yse
lect
ion
ofc
ase
find
ing
m
etho
ds
e.
Eval
uate
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
and
sup
por
ting
in
form
atio
nsy
stem
sf.
Eval
uate
sam
plin
gm
etho
ds
giv
ent
hec
onte
xto
fth
esi
tuat
ion
g.
Org
aniz
ene
cess
ary
coor
din
atio
nam
ong
all
gro
ups
invo
lved
inin
vest
igat
ion
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
D.
Ap
ply
pri
ncip
les
of
go
od
eth
ical
/le
gal
pra
ctic
eas
the
yre
late
to
st
udy
des
ign
and
dat
aco
llect
ion,
d
isse
min
atio
n,a
ndu
se
D.
Ap
ply
pri
ncip
les
of
go
od
eth
ical
/le
gal
pra
ctic
eas
the
yre
late
to
st
udy
des
ign
and
dat
aco
llect
ion,
d
isse
min
atio
n,a
ndu
se
D.
Ens
ure
stud
yd
esig
nan
dd
ata
colle
ctio
n,d
isse
min
atio
n,a
ndu
se
follo
we
thic
al/l
egal
pri
ncip
les
D.
Synt
hesi
zep
rinc
iple
so
fg
oo
d
ethi
cal/
leg
alp
ract
ice
for
app
licat
ion
tos
tud
yd
esig
nan
dd
ata
colle
ctio
n,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
and
use
1.
Follo
we
thic
sg
uid
elin
esa
nd
prin
cip
les
whe
np
lann
ing
stu
die
s;
cond
uctin
gr
esea
rch;
and
co
llect
ing
,d
isse
min
atin
g,
and
usi
ng
dat
a
1.
Follo
we
thic
sg
uid
elin
esa
nd
prin
cip
les
whe
np
lann
ing
stu
die
s;
cond
uctin
gr
esea
rch;
and
co
llect
ing
,d
isse
min
atin
g,
and
usi
ng
dat
a
1.
Exam
ine
ethi
csg
uid
elin
es
and
prin
cip
les
whe
np
lann
ing
st
udie
s;c
ond
uctin
gr
esea
rch;
and
co
llect
ing
,d
isse
min
atin
g,
and
usi
ng
dat
a
1.
Inte
gra
tee
thic
sg
uid
elin
es
and
prin
cip
les
whe
np
lann
ing
st
udie
s;c
ond
uctin
gr
esea
rch;
and
co
llect
ing
,d
isse
min
atin
g,
and
usi
ng
dat
a
a.
Col
lect
and
use
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata,
incl
udin
gin
div
idua
lid
entifi
ers,
onl
yw
ithc
lear
ly
iden
tified
just
ifica
tion
b.
Bal
ance
res
pec
tfo
rp
eop
lea
nd
ind
ivid
ualp
rivac
yw
itht
her
isk
oft
het
hrea
tto
the
com
mun
ity
c.
Ap
ply
pub
lich
ealth
cod
eof
eth
ics
toc
olle
ctio
n,
man
agem
ent,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
an
du
seo
fd
ata
and
in
form
atio
n,in
clud
ing
prin
cip
les
ofju
stic
e,t
imel
ines
s,a
nd
tran
spar
ency
of
pur
pos
e(w
ww
.ap
ha.o
rg/c
odeo
feth
ics)
a.
Col
lect
and
use
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata,
incl
udin
gin
div
idua
lid
entifi
ers,
onl
yw
ithc
lear
ly
iden
tified
just
ifica
tion
b.
Bal
ance
res
pec
tfo
rp
eop
lea
nd
ind
ivid
ualp
rivac
yw
itht
her
isk
oft
het
hrea
tto
the
com
mun
ity
c.
Ap
ply
pub
lich
ealth
cod
eof
eth
ics
toc
olle
ctio
n,
man
agem
ent,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
an
du
seo
fd
ata
and
in
form
atio
n,in
clud
ing
prin
cip
les
ofju
stic
e,t
imel
ines
s,a
nd
tran
spar
ency
of
pur
pos
e(w
ww
.ap
ha.o
rg/c
odeo
feth
ics)
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata,
incl
udin
gin
div
idua
lid
entifi
ers,
are
col
lect
eda
nd
used
onl
yw
ithc
lear
lyid
entifi
ed
just
ifica
tion
b.
Bal
ance
res
pec
tfo
rp
eop
lea
nd
ind
ivid
ualp
rivac
yw
itht
her
isk
oft
het
hrea
tto
the
com
mun
ity
c.
Ensu
ret
hat
pub
lich
ealth
co
de
ofe
thic
sis
ap
plie
dt
oco
llect
ion,
man
agem
ent,
d
isse
min
atio
n,a
ndu
seo
fd
ata
and
info
rmat
ion,
incl
udin
g
prin
cip
les
ofju
stic
e,t
imel
ines
s,
and
tra
nsp
aren
cyo
fp
urp
ose
(ww
w.a
pha
.org
/cod
eofe
thic
s)
a.
Col
lect
and
use
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata,
incl
udin
gin
div
idua
lid
entifi
ers,
onl
yw
ithc
lear
ly
iden
tified
just
ifica
tion
b.
Bal
ance
res
pec
tfo
rp
eop
lea
nd
ind
ivid
ualp
rivac
yw
itht
her
isk
oft
het
hrea
tto
the
com
mun
ity
c.
Ap
ply
pub
lich
ealth
cod
eof
eth
ics
toc
olle
ctio
n,
man
agem
ent,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
an
du
seo
fd
ata
and
in
form
atio
n,in
clud
ing
prin
cip
les
ofju
stic
e,t
imel
ines
s,a
nd
tran
spar
ency
of
pur
pos
e(w
ww
.ap
ha.o
rg/c
odeo
feth
ics)
2.
Ap
ply
rel
evan
tla
ws
tod
ata
colle
ctio
n,m
anag
emen
t,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
and
use
of
dat
aan
d
info
rmat
ion
2.
Ap
ply
rel
evan
tla
ws
tod
ata
colle
ctio
n,m
anag
emen
t,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
and
use
of
dat
aan
d
info
rmat
ion
2.
Com
mun
icat
eto
sta
ffle
gal
ex
pec
tatio
ns,
limita
tions
,an
d
imp
licat
ions
of
colle
ctio
n,
man
agem
ent,
dis
sem
inat
ion,
and
us
eof
dat
aan
din
form
atio
n
2.
Des
ign
dat
aco
llect
ion,
m
anag
emen
t,a
ndd
isse
min
atio
nan
du
seo
fd
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
to
com
ply
with
rel
evan
tla
ws
3.
N/A
3.
D
escr
ibe
diff
eren
ces
bet
wee
np
ublic
hea
lthp
ract
ice
and
pub
lic
heal
thr
esea
rch
3.
Ob
tain
dec
isio
non
whe
ther
in
vest
igat
ion
invo
lves
pub
lich
ealth
p
ract
ice
orp
ublic
hea
lthr
esea
rch
3.
Verif
yco
nclu
sion
sth
ath
ave
bee
nre
ache
dr
egar
din
gd
istin
ctio
nb
etw
een
pub
lich
ealth
pra
ctic
ean
d
pub
lich
ealth
res
earc
h
4.
Des
crib
ehu
man
sub
ject
sre
sear
ch
4.
Des
crib
ehu
man
sub
ject
sre
sear
ch
4.
Ensu
rele
gal
and
eth
ical
con
duc
tof
hu
man
sub
ject
sre
sear
ch
4.
Ensu
rele
gal
and
eth
ical
con
duc
tof
hu
man
sub
ject
sre
sear
ch
5.
Ap
ply
Inst
itutio
nalR
evie
wB
oard
p
roce
sses
as
dire
cted
5.
A
pp
lyIn
stitu
tiona
lRev
iew
Boa
rd
pro
cess
esa
sne
cess
ary
5.
Ensu
rea
pp
licat
ion
ofn
eces
sary
In
stitu
tiona
lRev
iew
Boa
rd
pro
cess
es
5.
Ensu
rea
pp
licat
ion
ofIn
stitu
tiona
lRe
view
Boa
rdp
roce
sses
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
6.
Brin
gp
oten
tialc
onfli
cts
of
inte
rest
to
atte
ntio
nof
sen
ior
epid
emio
log
ists
6.
Man
age
confl
icts
of
inte
rest
as
nece
ssar
y6.
En
sure
tha
tco
nflic
tso
fin
tere
st
do
not
inte
rfer
ew
ithr
esea
rch
or
inve
stig
atio
ns
6.
Ensu
ret
hat
confl
icts
of
inte
rest
d
ono
tin
terf
ere
with
res
earc
hor
in
vest
igat
ions
7.
Ap
ply
kno
wle
dg
eof
priv
acy
law
sto
pro
tect
con
fiden
tialit
y,in
clud
ing
H
ealth
Insu
ranc
ePo
rtab
ility
and
A
ccou
ntab
ility
Act
and
ap
plic
able
st
ate
and
loca
lpriv
acy
law
s
7.
Ap
ply
kno
wle
dg
eof
priv
acy
law
sto
pro
tect
con
fiden
tialit
y,in
clud
ing
H
ealth
Insu
ranc
ePo
rtab
ility
and
A
ccou
ntab
ility
Act
and
ap
plic
able
st
ate
and
loca
lpriv
acy
law
s
7.
Ensu
rea
pp
licat
ion
ofp
rivac
yla
ws
top
rote
ctc
onfid
entia
lity,
incl
udin
g
Hea
lthIn
sura
nce
Port
abili
tya
nd
Acc
ount
abili
tyA
cta
nda
pp
licab
le
stat
ean
dlo
calp
rivac
yla
ws
7.
Inco
rpor
ate
priv
acy
law
sin
tos
tud
yd
esig
nto
pro
tect
con
fiden
tialit
y,
incl
udin
gH
ealth
Insu
ranc
ePo
rtab
ility
and
Acc
ount
abili
tyA
ct
and
ap
plic
able
sta
tea
ndlo
cal
priv
acy
law
s
8.
Kno
wa
gen
cyp
roce
dur
esf
or
hand
ling
Fre
edom
of
Info
rmat
ion
Act
req
uest
s
8.
Kno
wa
gen
cyp
roce
dur
esf
or
hand
ling
Fre
edom
of
Info
rmat
ion
Act
req
uest
s
8.
Kno
wa
gen
cyp
roce
dur
esf
or
hand
ling
Fre
edom
of
Info
rmat
ion
Act
req
uest
s
8.
Kno
wa
gen
cyp
roce
dur
esf
or
hand
ling
Fre
edom
of
Info
rmat
ion
Act
req
uest
s
9.
Brin
gp
oten
tialv
iola
tions
of
ethi
calp
rinci
ple
sin
pre
par
ing
and
su
bm
ittin
gp
ublic
atio
nst
oat
tent
ion
ofs
enio
rep
idem
iolo
gis
ts
9.
Ap
ply
eth
ical
prin
cip
les
in
pre
par
ing
and
sub
mitt
ing
p
ublic
atio
ns
9.
Ensu
rea
pp
licat
ion
ofe
thic
al
prin
cip
les
inp
rep
arin
ga
nd
sub
mitt
ing
pub
licat
ions
9.
Ap
ply
eth
ical
prin
cip
les
in
pre
par
ing
and
sub
mitt
ing
p
ublic
atio
ns
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
E.
Org
aniz
ed
ata
fro
ms
urve
illan
ce,
inve
stig
atio
ns,
or
oth
ers
our
ces
E.
Man
age
dat
afr
om
sur
veill
ance
,in
vest
igat
ions
,o
ro
ther
so
urce
sE
.E
nsur
em
anag
emen
to
fd
ata
fro
m
surv
eilla
nce,
inv
esti
gat
ions
,o
ro
ther
so
urce
s
E.
Man
age
dat
afr
om
sur
veill
ance
,in
vest
igat
ions
,o
ro
ther
so
urce
s
1.
Ass
ist
ind
efini
tion
ofd
atab
ase
req
uire
men
ts,
ifin
dic
ated
1.
D
efine
dat
abas
ere
qui
rem
ents
,if
ind
icat
ed
1.
Ap
pro
ved
atab
ase
req
uire
men
ts
1.
Defi
ned
atab
ase
req
uire
men
ts,
ifin
dic
ated
a.
N/A
b
.A
dhe
ret
ona
tiona
lsta
ndar
ds
for
cod
ing
and
var
iab
les
asd
irect
ed(e
.g.,
assi
gni
ng
num
eric
cod
est
ote
xtr
esp
onse
op
tions
for
av
aria
ble
)to
ensu
re
accu
racy
and
eas
eof
ana
lysi
sc.
U
sed
ata
entr
yte
chni
que
sth
at
ensu
rea
ccur
acy
and
rel
iab
ility
d
.C
ond
uct
dat
aen
try
valid
atio
ne.
Pe
rfor
md
ata
clea
ning
and
err
or
corr
ectio
nf.
N/A
g
.N
/A
a.
Des
ign
dat
abas
ew
itho
ren
sure
th
att
hed
atab
ase
des
ign
incl
udes
the
nec
essa
ryv
aria
ble
san
dd
ata
dic
tiona
ry
b.
Ad
here
to
natio
nals
tand
ard
sfo
rco
din
ga
ndv
aria
ble
s(e
.g.,
assi
gni
ngn
umer
icc
odes
to
text
re
spon
seo
ptio
nsf
ora
var
iab
le)
toe
nsur
eac
cura
cya
nde
ase
of
anal
ysis
c.
D
esig
nd
ata
entr
yte
chni
que
sth
ate
nsur
eac
cura
cya
nd
relia
bili
ty
d.
Con
duc
td
ata
entr
yva
lidat
ion
e.
Perf
orm
dat
acl
eani
nga
nde
rror
co
rrec
tion
f.C
omm
unic
ate
resu
ltso
fd
ata
erro
rco
rrec
tion
tod
ata
pro
vid
ers
g.
Defi
net
her
equi
rem
ents
for
or
des
ign
dat
abas
est
hat
sup
por
tan
alys
isu
sing
geo
gra
phi
cin
form
atio
n
a.
N/A
b
.Ve
rify
use
ofv
aria
ble
san
d
cod
ing
ind
atab
ases
c.
Ve
rify
dat
aen
try
tech
niq
ues
to
ensu
rea
ccur
acy
and
rel
iab
ility
d
.N
/A
e.
Verif
yth
atv
alid
dat
acl
eani
ng
has
occu
rred
f.
Com
mun
icat
ere
sults
of
dat
aer
ror
corr
ectio
nto
dat
ap
rovi
der
sg
.En
sure
tha
td
atab
ase
req
uire
men
tso
rd
esig
nsu
pp
ort
anal
ysis
usi
ngg
eog
rap
hic
info
rmat
ion
a.
Des
ign
dat
abas
ew
ith,
ore
nsur
eth
att
hed
atab
ase
des
ign
incl
udes
,the
nec
essa
ryv
aria
ble
san
dm
etad
ata
b.
Verif
ych
oice
of
cod
ing
and
va
riab
les
(e.g
.,as
sig
ning
nu
mer
icc
odes
to
text
res
pon
se
optio
nsf
ora
var
iab
le)t
oen
sure
an
db
alan
cea
ccur
acy
and
eas
eof
ana
lysi
sc.
Ev
alua
tea
ccur
acy
and
rel
iab
ility
of
dat
aen
try
tech
niq
ues
d.
Ap
pro
ved
ata
entr
yva
lidat
ion
pro
cess
es
e.
Ap
pro
ved
ata
clea
ning
and
er
ror
corr
ectio
np
roce
sses
f.
Com
mun
icat
ere
sults
of
dat
aer
ror
corr
ectio
nto
dat
ap
rovi
der
sg
.D
efine
the
req
uire
men
tsf
oro
rd
esig
nd
atab
ases
tha
tsu
pp
ort
anal
ysis
usi
ngg
eog
rap
hic
info
rmat
ion
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
Mai
ntai
nd
atab
ases
2.
M
anag
ed
atab
ases
2.
En
sure
dat
abas
em
anag
emen
t2.
M
anag
ed
atab
ases
a.
Mai
ntai
nor
igin
ald
ata
b.
N/A
c.
Fo
llow
est
ablis
hed
pro
ced
ures
fo
rcr
eatin
gn
ewv
aria
ble
sas
ne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
anal
ysis
of
dat
ad
.N
/A
e.
Follo
we
stab
lishe
dp
roce
dur
es
for
linki
ngr
elat
iona
ldat
aan
d
sub
sett
ing
the
min
toa
naly
sis-
spec
ific
flat
dat
aset
sf.
N/A
g
.D
ocum
ent
allc
hang
est
od
atab
ase
h.
Ap
ply
pra
ctic
esf
ors
ecur
e(re
stric
ted
acc
ess)
and
sta
ble
(ro
utin
eb
acku
ps,
dat
abas
ere
dun
dan
cy)d
ata
stor
age
a.
Mai
ntai
nor
igin
ald
ata,
but
tr
ansf
orm
dat
aas
nee
ded
for
sp
ecifi
can
alys
es
b.
Use
nat
iona
lsta
ndar
ds
whe
re
they
exi
stw
hen
crea
ting
d
atas
ets
for
anal
ysis
c.
C
reat
ene
wv
aria
ble
sas
ne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
anal
ysis
of
dat
ad
.Pe
rfor
mm
erg
ing
and
sp
littin
g
ofd
atab
ases
e.
D
eter
min
em
etho
ds
for
linki
ng
rela
tiona
ldat
aan
ds
ubse
ttin
g
them
into
ana
lysi
s-sp
ecifi
cfla
td
atas
ets
f.C
hang
efo
rmat
of
dat
afr
om
one
soft
war
eap
plic
atio
nto
an
othe
rif
nece
ssar
y(e
.g.,
from
A
SCII
toS
AS)
g
.D
ocum
ent
alld
ata
tran
sfor
mat
ions
h.
A
pp
lyp
ract
ices
for
sec
ure
(rest
ricte
da
cces
s)a
nds
tab
le
(rout
ine
bac
kup
s,d
atab
ase
red
und
ancy
)dat
ast
orag
e
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
dat
aar
em
aint
aine
d
and
tra
nsfo
rmed
as
need
edf
or
spec
ific
anal
yses
b
.En
sure
tha
tna
tiona
lsta
ndar
ds
are
emp
loye
dw
here
the
yex
ist
whe
nd
atas
ets
are
crea
ted
for
an
alys
is
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
g
.En
sure
tha
tal
ldat
atr
ansf
orm
atio
nsa
re
doc
umen
ted
h.
En
sure
sec
ure
(rest
ricte
da
cces
s)
and
sta
ble
(rou
tine
bac
kup
s,
dat
abas
ere
dun
dan
cy)d
ata
stor
age
a.
Mai
ntai
nor
igin
ald
ata,
but
tr
ansf
orm
dat
aas
nee
ded
for
sp
ecifi
can
alys
es
b.
Reco
mm
end
nat
iona
lsta
ndar
ds
tou
sew
hen
crea
ting
dat
aset
sfo
ran
alys
is
c.
Eval
uate
nee
df
orc
reat
ion
of
new
var
iab
les
asn
eces
sary
to
sup
por
tan
alys
iso
fd
ata
d.
Eval
uate
nee
df
ora
ndp
erfo
rm
mer
gin
ga
nds
plit
ting
of
dat
abas
es
e.
Reco
mm
end
met
hod
sfo
rlin
king
rel
atio
nald
ata
and
su
bse
ttin
gt
hem
into
ana
lysi
s-sp
ecifi
cfla
td
atas
ets
f.Pr
ovid
ete
chni
cale
xper
tise
in
chan
gin
gf
orm
ato
fd
ata
from
on
eso
ftw
are
app
licat
ion
to
anot
her
ifne
cess
ary
(e.g
.,fr
om
ASC
IIto
SA
S)
g.
Cre
ate
pro
cess
esf
or
doc
umen
ting
dat
atr
ansf
orm
atio
ns
h.
Ensu
res
ecur
e(re
stric
ted
acc
ess)
an
ds
tab
le(r
outin
eb
acku
ps,
d
atab
ase
red
und
ancy
)dat
ast
orag
e
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
F.
Ana
lyze
dat
afr
om
an
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
no
rst
udy
F.
Ana
lyze
dat
afr
om
an
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
no
rst
udy
F.
Eva
luat
ean
alys
iso
fd
ata
fro
ma
nep
idem
iolo
gic
inv
esti
gat
ion
or
stud
yF.
E
valu
ate
dat
afr
om
an
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
no
rst
udy
1.
Use
ana
lysi
sp
lan
for
dat
a1.
C
reat
ean
alys
isp
lan
for
dat
a1.
A
pp
rove
ana
lysi
sp
lan
for
dat
a1.
C
reat
ean
alys
isp
lan
for
dat
a
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.Re
cog
nize
and
des
crib
eth
eas
sum
ptio
nst
ob
eus
edin
in
terp
retin
gr
esul
ts
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
g
.N
/A
a.
Defi
nea
naly
sis
pla
nto
ens
ure
that
pub
lich
ealth
ob
ject
ives
are
m
et
b.
Iden
tify
valid
sta
tistic
al
tech
niq
ues
giv
ent
hed
ata,
st
udy
des
ign,
sam
ple
siz
e,
hyp
othe
ses,
and
oth
err
elev
ant
fact
ors
c.
Spec
ifyt
hep
aram
eter
sto
es
timat
ed
.Sp
ecify
the
ass
ump
tions
to
be
used
inin
terp
retin
gr
esul
ts
e.
Cre
ate
dat
aset
sto
be
used
in
the
anal
ysis
f.
Sele
cts
oftw
are
for
anal
yzin
g
and
man
agin
gd
ata
g.
Ana
lyze
dat
aus
ing
geo
spat
ial
and
gra
phi
calr
epre
sent
atio
ns
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
anal
ysis
pla
nw
illm
eet
the
pub
lich
ealth
ob
ject
ives
b
.Va
lidat
eth
ese
lect
eds
tatis
tical
te
chni
que
sg
iven
the
dat
a,
stud
yd
esig
n,s
amp
les
ize,
hy
pot
hese
s,a
ndo
ther
rel
evan
tfa
ctor
sc.
N
/A
d.
N/A
e.
N
/A
f.N
/A
g.
N/A
a.
Form
ulat
ean
alys
isp
lan
to
ensu
ret
hat
pub
lich
ealth
ob
ject
ives
are
met
b
.Fo
rmul
ate
valid
sta
tistic
al
tech
niq
ues
giv
ent
hed
ata,
st
udy
des
ign,
sam
ple
siz
e,
hyp
othe
ses,
and
oth
err
elev
ant
fact
ors
c.
Verif
yth
ep
aram
eter
sse
lect
ed
for
estim
atio
nd
.Ve
rify
the
assu
mp
tions
to
be
used
inin
terp
retin
gr
esul
ts
e.
Ap
pro
vet
hes
elec
tion
oft
he
dat
aset
sfo
rth
ean
alys
is
f.A
pp
rove
the
sel
ectio
nof
th
eso
ftw
are
tob
eus
edf
or
anal
yzin
ga
ndm
anag
ing
dat
ag
.Re
com
men
dm
etho
ds
for
anal
yzin
gt
her
esul
tsin
clud
ing
g
eosp
atia
land
oth
erg
rap
hica
lre
pre
sent
atio
ns
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
Con
duc
tan
alys
iso
fd
ata
2.
Con
duc
tan
alys
iso
fd
ata
2.
Ap
pro
ved
ata
anal
ysis
2.
Ev
alua
ted
ata
a.
Com
put
efr
eque
ncie
san
d
des
crip
tive
stat
istic
sb
.Pe
rfor
ma
naly
ses
for
rate
san
d
age
adju
stm
ent
asd
irect
ed
c.
Com
put
ese
nsiti
vity
,sp
ecifi
city
,p
ositi
vep
red
ictiv
eva
lue,
in
cid
ence
,p
reva
lenc
e,a
nd
attr
ibut
able
fra
ctio
nas
dire
cted
d
.N
/A
e.
Perf
orm
ana
lyse
sfo
rm
easu
res
ofa
ssoc
iatio
n(e
.g.,
rela
tive
risks
an
do
dd
sra
tios)
,co
nfid
ence
in
terv
als,
and
p-v
alue
sf.
Inte
rpre
tm
easu
res
of
asso
ciat
ion,
con
fiden
ce
inte
rval
s,a
ndp
-val
ues
g.
N/A
h.
N
/A
i.N
/A
j.N
/A
k.
N/A
l.
Cre
ate
stan
dar
de
pid
emio
log
yre
por
tan
dn
eces
sary
co
mp
onen
ts,
incl
udin
gt
able
s,
gra
phs
,an
dc
hart
sm
.N
/A
a.
Com
put
efr
eque
ncie
san
d
des
crip
tive
stat
istic
sb
.D
eter
min
ew
heth
err
ates
and
ag
ead
just
men
tsa
ren
eed
ed
and
per
form
ana
lyse
sas
ne
cess
ary
c.
Det
erm
ine
whi
chs
tand
ard
ep
idem
iolo
gic
mea
sure
sar
ein
dic
ated
(e.g
.,se
nsiti
vity
,sp
ecifi
city
,p
ositi
vep
red
ictiv
eva
lue,
inci
den
ce,
pre
vale
nce,
an
da
ttrib
utab
lef
ract
ion)
,an
d
com
put
eas
nee
ded
d
.Pe
rfor
mt
rend
ana
lyse
se.
D
eter
min
em
easu
res
of
asso
ciat
ion
(e.g
.,re
lativ
eris
ks
and
od
ds
ratio
s),
confi
den
ce
inte
rval
s,a
ndp
-val
ues,
and
p
erfo
rma
naly
sis
asn
eed
ed
f.In
terp
ret
mea
sure
sof
as
soci
atio
n,c
onfid
ence
in
terv
als,
and
p-v
alue
sg
.A
sses
sne
edf
orm
ultiv
aria
ble
an
alys
es
h.
Perf
orm
mul
tivar
iab
lea
nd/o
rre
gre
ssio
nan
alys
esa
sne
cess
ary
i.N
/A
j.A
sses
sth
eef
fect
of
pot
entia
lco
nfou
nder
sk.
A
sses
sw
heth
ere
ffect
m
odifi
catio
nis
pre
sent
l.
Cre
ate
stan
dar
de
pid
emio
log
yre
por
tan
dn
eces
sary
co
mp
onen
ts,
incl
udin
gt
able
s,
gra
phs
,an
dc
hart
sm
.Re
view
and
ap
pro
ver
esul
ting
ep
idem
iolo
gy
rep
orts
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
g
.N
/A
h.
N/A
i.
Verif
yre
sults
and
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
dat
aan
alys
is
j.N
/A
k.
N/A
l.
N/A
m
.Re
view
and
ap
pro
ver
esul
ting
ep
idem
iolo
gy
rep
orts
a.
Com
put
efr
eque
ncie
san
d
des
crip
tive
stat
istic
sb
.D
eter
min
ew
heth
err
ates
and
ag
ead
just
men
tsa
ren
eed
ed,
and
per
form
ana
lyse
sas
ne
cess
ary
c.
Form
ulat
ea
syno
psi
sof
th
ed
ata
usin
gs
tand
ard
ep
idem
iolo
gic
mea
sure
s,
incl
udin
gs
ensi
tivity
,sp
ecifi
city
,p
ositi
vep
red
ictiv
eva
lue,
in
cid
ence
,p
reva
lenc
e,a
nd
attr
ibut
able
fra
ctio
nd
.D
eter
min
eb
est
met
hod
olog
yfo
ran
dp
erfo
rmt
rend
ana
lyse
se.
A
naly
zeu
sing
mea
sure
sof
as
soci
atio
n(e
.g.,
rela
tive
risks
an
do
dd
sra
tios)
,co
nfid
ence
in
terv
als,
and
p-v
alue
sf.
Inte
rpre
tm
easu
res
of
asso
ciat
ion,
con
fiden
ce
inte
rval
s,a
ndp
-val
ues
g.
Eval
uate
usi
ngm
ultiv
aria
te
and
/or
reg
ress
ion
anal
yses
as
nece
ssar
yh.
Pe
rfor
mm
ultiv
aria
ble
and
/or
reg
ress
ion
anal
yses
as
nece
ssar
yi.
Verif
yre
sults
and
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
dat
aan
alys
is
j.A
sses
sth
eef
fect
of
pot
entia
lco
nfou
nder
sk.
A
sses
sw
heth
ere
ffect
m
odifi
catio
nis
pre
sent
l.
Cre
ate
stan
dar
de
pid
emio
log
yre
por
tan
dn
eces
sary
co
mp
onen
ts,
incl
udin
gt
able
san
dg
rap
hs
m.
N/A
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
G.
Sum
mar
ize
resu
lts
of
the
anal
ysis
,an
dd
raw
co
nclu
sio
ns
G.
Sum
mar
ize
resu
lts
of
the
anal
ysis
,an
dd
raw
co
nclu
sio
ns
G.
Eva
luat
eco
nclu
sio
nsa
nd
inte
rpre
tati
ons
fro
mi
nves
tig
atio
nG
.E
valu
ate
resu
lts
of
the
anal
ysis
,an
d
inte
rpre
tco
nclu
sio
ns
1.
N/A
1.
A
pp
lyk
now
led
ge
ofe
pid
emio
log
ic
prin
cip
les
and
met
hod
sto
mak
ere
com
men
dat
ions
reg
ard
ing
the
va
lidity
of
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
1.
Ass
ess
the
valid
ityo
fth
eep
idem
iolo
gic
dat
a,t
akin
gin
to
cons
ider
atio
nb
ias
and
oth
ers
tud
ylim
itatio
ns
1.
Ass
ess
the
valid
ityo
fth
eep
idem
iolo
gic
dat
a,t
akin
gin
to
cons
ider
atio
nb
ias
and
oth
ers
tud
ylim
itatio
ns
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
Dis
ting
uish
bet
wee
nst
atis
tical
as
soci
atio
nan
dc
ausa
leffe
ct
f.N
/A
a.
Det
erm
ine
likel
yso
urce
sof
bia
sb
.A
sses
sva
lidity
and
rel
iab
ility
of
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
and
m
etho
ds
c.
Det
erm
ine
othe
rlim
itatio
nsin
st
udy
des
ign,
sam
ple
sel
ectio
n,
dat
aco
llect
ion,
ana
lysi
s,a
nd
othe
rfe
atur
es
d.
Reco
gni
zet
heli
mita
tions
of
sig
nific
ance
tes
ting
e.
M
ake
caus
alin
fere
nces
on
the
bas
iso
fp
rinci
ple
sof
cau
satio
n(e
.g.,
stre
ngth
,co
nsis
tenc
y,
bio
log
ical
pla
usib
ility
,d
ose-
resp
onse
,an
dt
emp
oral
re
latio
nshi
p)
f.Ex
amin
eth
ein
fluen
ceo
fp
ower
an
dc
onfid
ence
lim
itso
nth
ein
terp
reta
tion
oft
hes
tud
y’s
dat
a
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
Eval
uate
cau
sali
nfer
ence
son
the
bas
iso
fp
rinci
ple
sof
cau
satio
n(e
.g.,
stre
ngth
,co
nsis
tenc
y,b
iolo
gic
al
pla
usib
ility
,d
ose-
resp
onse
,an
d
tem
por
alr
elat
ions
hip
)f.
N/A
a.
Con
firm
like
lys
ourc
eso
fb
ias
and
like
lye
ffect
son
res
ults
b
.Ve
rify
the
sele
ctio
nof
dat
aco
llect
ion
inst
rum
ents
and
m
etho
ds
ont
heb
asis
of
thei
rva
lidity
and
rel
iab
ility
c.
C
onfir
mo
ther
lim
itatio
nsin
st
udy
des
ign,
sam
ple
sel
ectio
n,
dat
aco
llect
ion,
ana
lysi
s,a
nd
othe
rfe
atur
es
d.
Exp
lain
the
lim
itatio
nso
fsi
gni
fican
cet
estin
g
e.
Eval
uate
cau
sali
nfer
ence
son
the
bas
iso
fp
rinci
ple
sof
cau
satio
n(e
.g.,
stre
ngth
,co
nsis
tenc
y,b
iolo
gic
al
pla
usib
ility
,d
ose-
resp
onse
,an
d
tem
por
alr
elat
ions
hip
)f.
Exp
lain
the
influ
ence
of
pow
er
and
con
fiden
celi
mits
on
the
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
the
stu
dy’
sd
ata
2.
N/A
2.
A
sses
sne
edf
ors
pec
iala
naly
ses,
in
clud
ing
sur
viva
lana
lyse
s,c
ost-
effe
ctiv
enes
s/co
stb
enefi
t/co
st
utili
tya
naly
ses
2.
Ass
ess
need
for
sp
ecia
lana
lyse
s,
incl
udin
gs
urvi
vala
naly
ses,
cos
t-ef
fect
iven
ess/
cost
ben
efit/
cost
ut
ility
ana
lyse
s
2.
Ass
ess
need
for
sp
ecia
lana
lyse
s,
incl
udin
gs
urvi
vala
naly
ses,
cos
t-ef
fect
iven
ess/
cost
ben
efit/
cost
ut
ility
ana
lyse
s
a.
N/A
a.
N
/A
a.
N/A
a.
Fo
rmul
ate
spec
iala
naly
ses
as
nece
ssar
y,in
clud
ing
sur
viva
lan
alys
es,
cost
-effe
ctiv
enes
s/co
st
ben
efit/
cost
util
itya
naly
ses
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
3.
Iden
tify
key
find
ing
sfr
omt
hes
tud
y3.
Id
entif
yke
yfin
din
gs
from
the
stu
dy
3.
Valid
ate
key
find
ing
sfr
omt
he
stud
y3.
Sy
nthe
size
key
find
ing
sfr
omt
he
stud
y
a.
Rela
tes
tud
yfin
din
gs
toc
urre
nt
scie
ntifi
ckn
owle
dg
eb
.N
/A
c.
N/A
a.
Inte
rpre
tst
udy’
sre
sults
int
he
cont
ext
ofc
urre
nts
cien
tific
know
led
ge
b.
Iden
tify
any
imp
licat
ions
to
pub
lich
ealth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Com
mun
icat
ere
sults
a.
N/A
b
.D
eter
min
eth
eim
por
tanc
eof
im
plic
atio
nst
op
ublic
hea
lth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Synt
hesi
zer
esul
tsf
or
com
mun
icat
ion
tod
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
and
the
pub
lic
a.
Eval
uate
stu
dy’
sre
sults
int
he
cont
ext
ofc
urre
nts
cien
tific
know
led
ge
b.
Verif
yan
yim
plic
atio
nst
op
ublic
he
alth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Synt
hesi
zer
esul
tsf
or
com
mun
icat
ion
tod
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
and
the
pub
lic
H.
Ass
ist
ind
evel
op
ing
rec
om
men
ded
ev
iden
ce-b
ased
int
erve
ntio
nsa
nd
cont
rol
mea
sure
sin
res
po
nse
to
epid
emio
log
icfi
ndin
gs
H.
Rec
om
men
de
vid
ence
-bas
ed
inte
rven
tio
nsa
ndc
ont
rol
mea
sure
sin
res
po
nse
toe
pid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
s
H.
Det
erm
ine
evid
ence
-bas
ed
inte
rven
tio
nsa
ndc
ont
rol
mea
sure
sin
res
po
nse
toe
pid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
s
H.
Form
ulat
ene
wi
nter
vent
ions
on
the
bas
iso
fev
iden
cew
hen
avai
lab
le,
and
co
ntro
lm
easu
res
inr
esp
ons
eto
ep
idem
iolo
gic
find
ing
s
1.
Defi
nec
ultu
ral/
soci
al/p
oliti
cal
fram
ewor
kfo
rre
com
men
ded
in
terv
entio
ns
1.
Esta
blis
hcu
ltura
l/so
cial
/pol
itica
lfr
amew
ork
for
reco
mm
end
atio
nso
rin
terv
entio
ns
1.
Ap
pro
vein
terv
entio
nso
nth
eb
asis
of
und
erst
and
ing
of
cultu
ral/
soci
al/p
oliti
calf
ram
ewor
kfo
rco
nsid
erat
ion
1.
Exam
ine
cultu
ral/
soci
al/
pol
itica
lfra
mew
ork
tod
evel
op
reco
mm
end
atio
nso
rin
terv
entio
ns
a.
Des
crib
est
udy
dat
ain
aw
ay
that
mak
esc
lear
the
rat
iona
le
for
the
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
b.
N/A
a.
Des
crib
est
udy
dat
ain
aw
ay
that
mak
esc
lear
the
rat
iona
le
for
the
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
b.
Rela
tes
tud
yfin
din
gs
toe
xist
ing
p
olic
ies,
reg
ulat
ions
,an
d
law
s,a
sw
ella
sen
viro
nmen
tal
fact
ors
(e.g
.,so
ciet
al,
cultu
ral,
oro
ther
fac
tors
tha
tm
ay
affe
ctt
her
ecom
men
dat
ions
or
inte
rven
tions
)
a.
N/A
b
.In
terp
ret
stud
yfin
din
gs
int
he
cont
ext
ofe
xist
ing
pol
icie
s,
reg
ulat
ions
,an
dla
ws,
as
wel
las
envi
ronm
enta
lfac
tors
(e
.g.,
soci
etal
,cu
ltura
l,or
ot
her
fact
ors
that
may
affe
ct
the
reco
mm
end
atio
nso
rin
terv
entio
ns)
a.
Des
crib
est
udy
dat
ain
aw
ay
that
mak
esc
lear
the
rat
iona
le
for
the
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
b.
Eval
uate
stu
dy
find
ing
sin
re
latio
nto
exi
stin
gp
olic
ies,
re
gul
atio
ns,
and
law
s,a
sw
ella
sen
viro
nmen
talf
acto
rs
(e.g
.,so
ciet
al,
cultu
ral,
or
othe
rfa
ctor
sth
atm
aya
ffect
th
ere
com
men
dat
ions
or
inte
rven
tions
)
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
B
asic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
N/A
2.
U
ses
cien
tific
evid
ence
inp
rep
arin
g
reco
mm
end
atio
nsf
ora
ctio
nor
in
terv
entio
ns
2.
Ensu
ret
hat
scie
ntifi
cev
iden
ceis
use
din
pre
par
ing
re
com
men
dat
ions
for
act
ion
or
inte
rven
tions
2.
Des
ign
reco
mm
end
atio
nsu
sing
sc
ient
ific
evid
ence
or
inte
rven
tions
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
a.
Synt
hesi
zes
cien
tific
evid
ence
an
dk
now
led
ge
for
use
in
pre
par
ing
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
b.
Iden
tify
the
key
typ
eso
fin
terv
entio
nfo
rp
rob
lem
c.
D
evel
opa
sses
smen
tof
the
p
oten
tiali
mp
act
ont
he
pub
lic’s
heal
thf
rom
alte
rnat
ive
inte
rven
tions
d
.Pr
opos
ene
wr
ecom
men
dat
ions
or
mod
ifica
tions
to
exis
ting
in
terv
entio
nsa
sne
cess
ary
on
the
bas
iso
fst
udy
find
ing
se.
Pr
iorit
ize
pot
entia
lpub
lich
ealth
in
terv
entio
ns
f.Li
nka
nyr
ecom
men
ded
b
ehav
iora
lint
erve
ntio
nsw
ith
risk
com
mun
icat
ion
and
ris
kre
duc
tion
met
hod
s
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
Ap
pro
vea
sses
smen
tof
the
p
oten
tiali
mp
act
ont
he
pub
lic’s
heal
thf
rom
alte
rnat
ive
inte
rven
tions
d
.Se
lect
new
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
orm
odifi
catio
nst
oex
istin
g
inte
rven
tions
as
nece
ssar
yon
th
eb
asis
of
stud
yfin
din
gs
e.
Ap
pro
vep
riorit
izat
ion
of
pot
entia
lpub
lich
ealth
in
terv
entio
ns
f.En
sure
tha
tan
yre
com
men
ded
b
ehav
iora
lint
erve
ntio
nsa
re
linke
dw
ithr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
and
ris
kre
duc
tion
met
hod
s
a.
Synt
hesi
zes
cien
tific
evid
ence
an
dk
now
led
ge
for
use
in
pre
par
ing
rec
omm
end
atio
ns
b.
Eval
uate
the
key
typ
eso
fin
terv
entio
nfo
rp
rob
lem
c.
Ev
alua
tet
hep
oten
tiali
mp
act
ont
hep
ublic
’she
alth
fro
m
alte
rnat
ive
inte
rven
tions
d
.Fo
rmul
ate
new
re
com
men
dat
ions
or
mod
ifica
tions
to
exis
ting
in
terv
entio
nsa
sne
cess
ary
on
the
bas
iso
fst
udy
find
ing
se.
Pr
iorit
ize
pot
entia
lpub
lich
ealth
in
terv
entio
ns
f.Li
nka
nyr
ecom
men
ded
b
ehav
iora
lint
erve
ntio
nsw
ith
risk
com
mun
icat
ion
and
ris
kre
duc
tion
met
hod
s
I.A
ssis
tin
eva
luat
ion
of
pro
gra
ms
I.E
valu
ate
pro
gra
ms
I.E
nsur
eev
alua
tio
no
fp
rog
ram
sI.
Eva
luat
ep
rog
ram
s
1.
N/A
1.
A
ssis
tin
dev
elop
men
tof
m
easu
rab
lea
ndp
rog
ram
-rel
evan
tg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
1.
Ap
pro
vem
easu
rab
lea
ndp
rog
ram
-re
leva
ntg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
1.
D
evel
opm
easu
rab
lea
ndp
rog
ram
-re
leva
ntg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
in
colla
bor
atio
nw
ithp
rog
ram
sta
ff
2.
N/A
2.
A
ssis
tin
dev
elop
men
tof
pro
gra
m
log
icm
odel
san
dt
heor
ies
ofa
ctio
n2.
D
ecid
eon
pro
gra
mlo
gic
mod
els
and
the
orie
sof
act
ion
2.
Dev
elop
pro
gra
mlo
gic
mod
els
and
th
eorie
sof
act
ion
inc
olla
bor
atio
nw
ithp
rog
ram
sta
ff
3.
Col
lect
sur
veill
ance
and
oth
er
dat
afo
rus
ein
tra
ckin
gp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
3.
Iden
tify
surv
eilla
nce
and
oth
er
dat
afo
rus
ein
tra
ckin
gp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
3.
Ap
pro
ves
urve
illan
cea
ndo
ther
d
ata
for
use
int
rack
ing
pro
gra
m
obje
ctiv
esa
ndo
utco
mes
3.
Synt
hesi
zes
urve
illan
cea
ndo
ther
d
ata
toa
llow
tra
ckin
go
fp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
4.
Ass
ist
int
rack
ing
pro
gre
sst
owar
d
pro
gra
mo
bje
ctiv
esa
ndo
utco
mes
4.
Re
cord
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
4.
Mon
itor
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
4.
Crit
ique
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
es
5.
Com
mun
icat
ein
form
atio
nab
out
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
est
op
rog
ram
man
ager
s
5.
Com
mun
icat
ein
form
atio
nab
out
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
est
op
rog
ram
man
ager
san
ds
taff
for
use
inp
rog
ram
pla
nnin
ga
nd
mod
ifica
tion
5.
Inco
rpor
ate
info
rmat
ion
abou
tp
rog
ress
tow
ard
pro
gra
m
obje
ctiv
esa
ndo
utco
mes
in
dec
isio
nso
np
rog
ram
pla
nnin
ga
nd
mod
ifica
tion
5.
Eval
uate
pro
gre
sst
owar
dp
rog
ram
ob
ject
ives
and
out
com
esf
or
pro
gra
mm
anag
ers
and
sta
ffto
ai
din
pro
gra
mp
lann
ing
and
m
odifi
catio
n
I. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Ass
essm
ent
and
Ana
lysi
s (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Kno
wh
ow
cau
ses
of
dis
ease
aff
ect
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
A.
Use
cur
rent
kno
wle
dg
eo
fca
uses
o
fd
isea
set
og
uid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
p
ract
ice
A.
Use
cur
rent
kno
wle
dg
eo
fca
uses
o
fd
isea
set
og
uid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
p
ract
ice
A.
Use
cur
rent
kno
wle
dg
eo
fca
uses
o
fd
isea
set
og
uid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
p
ract
ice
1.
Rela
teb
asic
etio
log
icp
roce
sses
for
hu
man
dis
ease
sto
sub
ject
mat
ter
area
sof
inte
rest
(e.g
.,in
fect
ious
d
isea
ses,
chr
onic
dis
ease
s)
1.
Rela
teb
asic
etio
log
icp
roce
sses
for
hu
man
dis
ease
sto
sub
ject
mat
ter
area
sof
inte
rest
(e.g
.,in
fect
ious
d
isea
ses,
chr
onic
dis
ease
s)
1.
Ensu
ret
hat
bas
ice
tiolo
gic
p
roce
sses
for
hum
and
isea
ses
are
rela
ted
to
sub
ject
mat
ter
area
sof
in
tere
st(e
.g.,
infe
ctio
usd
isea
ses,
ch
roni
cd
isea
ses)
1.
Ensu
ret
hat
bas
ice
tiolo
gic
p
roce
sses
for
hum
and
isea
ses
are
rela
ted
to
sub
ject
mat
ter
area
sof
in
tere
st(e
.g.,
infe
ctio
usd
isea
ses,
ch
roni
cd
isea
ses)
2.
Ap
ply
und
erst
and
ing
of
hum
an
and
env
ironm
enta
lbio
log
yan
d
beh
avio
rals
cien
ces
and
prin
cip
les
tod
eter
min
ep
oten
tialb
iolo
gic
al
mec
hani
sms
ofd
isea
se
2.
Ap
ply
und
erst
and
ing
of
hum
an
and
env
ironm
enta
lbio
log
yan
d
beh
avio
rals
cien
ces
and
prin
cip
les
tod
eter
min
ep
oten
tialb
iolo
gic
al
mec
hani
sms
ofd
isea
se
2.
Ensu
ret
hea
pp
licat
ion
of
und
erst
and
ing
of
hum
ana
nd
envi
ronm
enta
lbio
log
yan
d
beh
avio
rals
cien
ces
and
prin
cip
les
tod
eter
min
ep
oten
tialb
iolo
gic
al
mec
hani
sms
ofd
isea
se
2.
Ensu
ret
hea
pp
licat
ion
of
und
erst
and
ing
of
hum
ana
nd
envi
ronm
enta
lbio
log
yan
d
beh
avio
rals
cien
ces
and
prin
cip
les
tod
eter
min
ep
oten
tialb
iolo
gic
al
mec
hani
sms
ofd
isea
se
3.
N/A
3.
Ex
pla
inh
owg
enet
ics
and
g
enom
ics
affe
ctd
isea
sep
roce
sses
an
dp
ublic
hea
lthp
olic
yan
d
pra
ctic
e
3.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
role
of
gen
etic
san
dg
enom
ics
ond
isea
se
pro
cess
esa
rec
onsi
der
edw
hen
dev
elop
ing
pub
lich
ealth
pol
icy
and
pra
ctic
e
3.
Synt
hesi
zek
now
led
ge
abou
tth
eef
fect
of
gen
etic
san
dg
enom
ics
ond
isea
sep
roce
sses
and
pub
lic
heal
thp
olic
yan
dp
ract
ice
4.
Ap
ply
prin
cip
les
oft
heh
ost/
agen
t/en
viro
nmen
tm
odel
to
dis
ease
ca
usat
ion,
pre
vent
ion,
and
con
trol
4.
Ap
ply
prin
cip
les
oft
heh
ost/
agen
t/en
viro
nmen
tm
odel
to
dis
ease
ca
usat
ion,
pre
vent
ion,
and
con
trol
4.
Ensu
ret
hea
pp
licat
ion
ofp
rinci
ple
sof
the
hos
t/ag
ent/
envi
ronm
ent
mod
elt
od
isea
sec
ausa
tion,
p
reve
ntio
n,a
ndc
ontr
ol
4.
Ensu
ret
hea
pp
licat
ion
ofp
rinci
ple
sof
the
hos
t/ag
ent/
envi
ronm
ent
mod
elt
od
isea
sec
ausa
tion,
p
reve
ntio
n,a
ndc
ontr
ol
5.
Des
crib
eth
ero
lea
ndin
fluen
ceo
fso
ciob
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
(inc
lud
ing
co
mm
unity
,p
oliti
cal,
soci
al,
fam
ily,
and
ind
ivid
ualb
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
)in
heal
thr
isks
and
hea
lths
tatu
s
5.
Des
crib
eth
ero
lea
ndin
fluen
ceo
fso
ciob
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
(inc
lud
ing
co
mm
unity
,p
oliti
cal,
soci
al,
fam
ily,
and
ind
ivid
ualb
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
)in
heal
thr
isks
and
hea
lths
tatu
s
5.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
role
and
influ
ence
of
soc
iob
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
(in
clud
ing
com
mun
ity,
pol
itica
l,so
cial
,fa
mily
,an
din
div
idua
lb
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
)are
inco
rpor
ated
in
tou
nder
stan
din
gh
ealth
ris
ksa
nd
heal
ths
tatu
s
5.
Synt
hesi
zek
now
led
ge
abou
tth
ero
lea
ndin
fluen
ceo
fso
ciob
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
(inc
lud
ing
co
mm
unity
,p
oliti
cal,
soci
al,
fam
ily,
and
ind
ivid
ualb
ehav
iora
lfac
tors
)in
heal
thr
isks
and
hea
lths
tatu
s
6.
N/A
6.
In
corp
orat
eet
iolo
gic
prin
cip
les
into
d
evel
opm
ent
ofd
isea
sep
reve
ntio
nan
dc
ontr
ols
trat
egie
s
6.
Inco
rpor
ate
etio
log
icp
rinci
ple
sin
to
dev
elop
men
tof
dis
ease
pre
vent
ion
and
con
trol
str
ateg
ies
6.
Inco
rpor
ate
etio
log
icp
rinci
ple
sin
to
dev
elop
men
tof
dis
ease
pre
vent
ion
and
con
trol
str
ateg
ies
II. S
kill
Do
mai
n—B
asic
Pub
lic H
ealt
h Sc
ienc
es
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
B.
Iden
tify
the
ro
leo
fla
bo
rato
ry
reso
urce
sin
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivit
ies
B.
Use
lab
ora
tory
res
our
ces
tos
upp
ort
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivit
ies
B.
Ens
ure
the
use
of
lab
ora
tory
re
sour
ces
tos
upp
ort
ep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tivi
ties
B.
Dev
elo
pp
roce
sses
fo
rus
ing
la
bo
rato
ryr
eso
urce
sto
sup
po
rt
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
itie
s
1.
Iden
tify
the
role
san
dc
apab
ilitie
sof
pub
lich
ealth
lab
orat
orie
san
do
ther
lab
orat
orie
san
dh
ow
they
are
use
din
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ions
1.
Iden
tify
the
role
san
dc
apab
ilitie
sof
pub
lich
ealth
lab
orat
orie
san
do
ther
lab
orat
orie
san
dh
ow
they
are
use
din
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ions
1.
Exam
ine
the
role
san
dc
apab
ilitie
sof
pub
lich
ealth
lab
orat
orie
san
do
ther
lab
orat
orie
san
dh
ow
they
are
use
din
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ions
1.
Synt
hesi
zet
her
oles
and
ca
pab
ilitie
sof
pub
lich
ealth
la
bor
ator
ies
ine
pid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
ns
2.
N/A
2.
C
oord
inat
ela
bor
ator
yan
d
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
,in
clud
ing
te
sts
elec
tion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
re
por
ting
res
ults
int
hefi
eld
2.
Ensu
ret
hec
oord
inat
ion
of
lab
orat
ory
and
ep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tiviti
es,
incl
udin
gt
est
sele
ctio
n,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
rep
ortin
g
resu
ltsin
the
fiel
d
2.
Det
erm
ine
lab
orat
ory
and
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
esin
clud
ing
te
sts
elec
tion,
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
re
por
ting
res
ults
int
hefi
eld
3.
N/A
3.
In
terp
ret
lab
orat
ory
dat
a,
acco
untin
gf
orf
acto
rst
hat
influ
ence
the
res
ults
of
scre
enin
g
and
dia
gno
stic
tes
ts
3.
Eval
uate
the
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
la
bor
ator
yd
ata
acco
untin
gf
or
fact
ors
that
influ
ence
the
res
ults
of
scre
enin
ga
ndd
iag
nost
ict
ests
3.
Dev
elop
met
hod
sfo
rth
ein
terp
reta
tion
ofla
bor
ator
yd
ata,
acc
ount
ing
for
fac
tors
tha
tin
fluen
cet
her
esul
tso
fsc
reen
ing
an
dd
iag
nost
ict
ests
4.
Use
iden
tified
sp
ecim
enc
olle
ctio
n,
stor
age,
and
tra
nsp
orta
tion
mea
sure
s
4.
Imp
lem
ent
nece
ssar
ysp
ecim
en
colle
ctio
n,s
tora
ge,
and
tr
ansp
orta
tion
mea
sure
s
4.
Ove
rsee
nec
essa
rys
pec
imen
co
llect
ion,
sto
rag
e,a
nd
tran
spor
tatio
nm
easu
res
4.
Dev
elop
met
hod
sfo
rsp
ecim
en
colle
ctio
n,s
tora
ge,
and
tr
ansp
orta
tion
mea
sure
s
II. S
kill
Do
mai
n—B
asic
Pub
lic H
ealt
h Sc
ienc
es (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Use
id
enti
fied
inf
orm
atic
sto
ols
in
sup
po
rto
fep
idem
iolo
gic
pra
ctic
eC
.A
pp
lyp
rinc
iple
so
fin
form
atic
s,
incl
udin
gd
ata
colle
ctio
n,p
roce
ssin
g,
and
ana
lysi
s,i
nsu
pp
ort
of
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
C.
Ens
ure
app
licat
ion
of
pri
ncip
les
of
info
rmat
ics,
inc
lud
ing
dat
aco
llect
ion,
pro
cess
ing
,an
da
naly
sis,
in
sup
po
rto
fep
idem
iolo
gic
pra
ctic
e
C.
Ap
ply
pri
ncip
les
of
info
rmat
ics,
in
clud
ing
dat
aco
llect
ion,
pro
cess
ing
,an
da
naly
sis,
in
sup
po
rto
fep
idem
iolo
gic
pra
ctic
e
1.
Use
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gie
san
d
com
mun
icat
ion
tool
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
nsa
nds
urve
illan
ce
1.
Use
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gie
san
d
com
mun
icat
ion
tool
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
nsa
nds
urve
illan
ce
1.
Prov
ide
acce
sst
oin
form
atio
nte
chno
log
ies
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tool
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
epid
emio
log
icin
vest
igat
ions
and
su
rvei
llanc
e
1.
Use
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gie
san
d
com
mun
icat
ion
tool
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
nsa
nds
urve
illan
ce
2.
Use
sof
twar
eto
ols
that
sup
por
tp
ublic
hea
lthd
ata
acq
uisi
tion,
en
try,
ab
stra
ctio
n,a
naly
sis,
and
re
por
ting
2.
Use
sof
twar
eto
ols
that
sup
por
ton
line
sear
chin
g,
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata
acq
uisi
tion,
ent
ry,
abst
ract
ion,
m
anag
emen
t,a
naly
sis,
pla
nnin
g,
map
pin
g,
and
rep
ortin
g
2.
Prov
ide
acce
sst
oso
ftw
are
tool
sth
ats
upp
ort
onlin
ese
arch
ing
,p
ublic
hea
lthd
ata
acq
uisi
tion,
en
try,
ab
stra
ctio
n,m
anag
emen
t,
anal
ysis
,p
lann
ing
,m
app
ing
,an
d
rep
ortin
g
2.
Use
sof
twar
eto
ols
that
sup
por
ton
line
sear
chin
g,
pub
lich
ealth
d
ata
acq
uisi
tion,
ent
ry,
abst
ract
ion,
m
anag
emen
t,a
naly
sis,
pla
nnin
g,
map
pin
g,
and
rep
ortin
g
3.
Ap
ply
pro
ced
ures
(pol
icie
s)a
nd
tech
nica
lmea
ns(s
ecur
ity)t
oen
sure
the
inte
grit
yan
dp
rote
ctio
nof
con
fiden
tiali
nfor
mat
ion
in
elec
tron
icfi
les
and
com
put
er
syst
ems
3.
Ap
ply
pro
ced
ures
(pol
icie
s)a
nd
tech
nica
lmea
ns(s
ecur
ity)t
oen
sure
the
inte
grit
yan
dp
rote
ctio
nof
con
fiden
tiali
nfor
mat
ion
in
elec
tron
icfi
les
and
com
put
er
syst
ems
3.
Ass
ure
that
pro
ced
ures
(pol
icie
s)
and
tec
hnic
alm
eans
(sec
urity
)ar
eus
edt
oen
sure
the
inte
grit
yan
dp
rote
ctio
nof
con
fiden
tial
info
rmat
ion
ine
lect
roni
cfil
esa
nd
com
put
ers
yste
ms
3.
Ap
ply
pro
ced
ures
(pol
icie
s)a
nd
tech
nica
lmea
ns(s
ecur
ity)t
oen
sure
the
inte
grit
yan
dp
rote
ctio
nof
con
fiden
tiali
nfor
mat
ion
in
elec
tron
icfi
les
and
com
put
er
syst
ems
II. S
kill
Do
mai
n—B
asic
Pub
lic H
ealt
h Sc
ienc
es (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
4.
Com
bin
ed
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
from
mul
tiple
sou
rces
to
crea
te
new
info
rmat
ion
tos
upp
ort
pub
lic
heal
thd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
4.
Com
bin
ed
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
from
mul
tiple
sou
rces
to
crea
te
new
info
rmat
ion
tos
upp
ort
pub
lic
heal
thd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
4.
Use
dat
aan
din
form
atio
nfr
om
mul
tiple
sou
rces
to
crea
ten
ew
info
rmat
ion
tos
upp
ort
pub
lic
heal
thd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
4.
Synt
hesi
zed
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
from
mul
tiple
sou
rces
to
crea
te
new
info
rmat
ion
tos
upp
ort
pub
lic
heal
thd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
a.
Sug
ges
tlim
itatio
nso
fcu
rren
td
ata
colle
ctio
nth
atm
ight
d
eter
min
eth
ene
edf
orn
ew
dat
aco
llect
ion
b.
N/A
c.
N
/A
d.
N/A
a.
Det
erm
ine
whe
ther
new
dat
aco
llect
ion
isn
eed
edo
rex
istin
g
dat
aset
sor
sys
tem
sca
nb
em
ined
b
.Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
the
dev
elop
men
tof
new
or
enha
ncem
ent
of
exis
ting
dat
abas
est
osu
pp
ort
epid
emio
log
icin
vest
igat
ions
,su
rvei
llanc
e,e
tc.
c.
Use
inte
rop
erab
led
ata
stan
dar
ds
asn
eed
edf
ors
tora
ge
and
tra
nsm
issi
on,
and
be
able
to
find
the
rel
evan
tst
and
ard
ssp
ecifi
catio
nsa
sne
eded
d
.M
aint
ain
elec
tron
icd
ocum
ents
(g
uid
elin
es,
dat
aset
s),
incl
udin
g
doc
umen
ted
ver
sion
s,
dis
sem
inat
ion
met
hod
s,a
nd
rele
vant
sta
ndar
ds
spec
ifica
tions
a.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
crea
ten
ew
dat
aco
llect
ion
syst
ems
or
tom
ine
exis
ting
dat
aset
sor
sy
stem
sb
.O
vers
eet
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofn
ewo
ren
hanc
emen
tof
ex
istin
gd
atab
ases
to
sup
por
tep
idem
iolo
gic
inve
stig
atio
ns,
surv
eilla
nce,
etc
.c.
En
sure
the
util
izat
ion
of
inte
rop
erab
led
ata
stan
dar
ds
for
stor
age
and
tra
nsm
issi
on,
and
be
able
to
find
the
rel
evan
tst
and
ard
ssp
ecifi
catio
nsa
sne
eded
d
.M
aint
ain
elec
tron
icd
ocum
ents
(g
uid
elin
es,
dat
aset
s),
incl
udin
g
doc
umen
ted
ver
sion
s,
dis
sem
inat
ion
met
hod
s,a
nd
rele
vant
sta
ndar
ds
spec
ifica
tions
a.
Dec
ide
whe
ther
to
crea
ten
ew
dat
aco
llect
ion
syst
ems
or
tom
ine
exis
ting
dat
aset
sor
sy
stem
sb
.D
evel
opn
ewo
ren
hanc
eex
istin
gd
atab
ases
to
sup
por
tep
idem
iolo
gic
inve
stig
atio
ns,
surv
eilla
nce,
etc
.c.
En
sure
the
util
izat
ion
of
inte
rop
erab
led
ata
stan
dar
ds
for
stor
age
and
tra
nsm
issi
on,
and
be
able
to
find
the
rel
evan
tst
and
ard
ssp
ecifi
catio
nsa
sne
eded
d
.C
reat
ep
roce
sses
to
mai
ntai
nel
ectr
onic
doc
umen
ts
(gui
del
ines
,d
atas
ets)
,in
clud
ing
d
ocum
ente
dv
ersi
ons,
d
isse
min
atio
nm
etho
ds,
and
re
leva
nts
tand
ard
ssp
ecifi
catio
ns
5.
N/A
5.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opm
ent
ofd
ata
mod
els
toe
nsur
ere
pre
sent
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
nee
ds
ina
ssoc
iate
d
dat
abas
esa
ndin
form
atio
nsy
stem
s
5.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opm
ent
ofd
ata
mod
els
toe
nsur
ere
pre
sent
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
nee
ds
ina
ssoc
iate
d
dat
abas
esa
ndin
form
atio
nsy
stem
s
5.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opm
ent
ofd
ata
mod
els
toe
nsur
ere
pre
sent
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
nee
ds
ina
ssoc
iate
d
dat
abas
esa
ndin
form
atio
nsy
stem
s
D.
N/A
D
.N
/A
D.
Dev
elo
pa
ndm
anag
ein
form
atio
nsy
stem
sto
im
pro
vee
ffec
tive
ness
of
surv
eilla
nce,
inv
esti
gat
ion,
and
oth
er
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ices
D.
Dev
elo
pa
ndm
anag
ein
form
atio
nsy
stem
sto
im
pro
vee
ffec
tive
ness
of
surv
eilla
nce,
inv
esti
gat
ion,
and
oth
er
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ices
1.
N/A
1.
N
/A
1.
Eng
age
and
con
sult
with
in
form
atio
nte
chno
log
yp
rofe
ssio
nals
with
nec
essa
ry
exp
ertis
efo
rd
evel
opin
g
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
tos
upp
ort
epid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
s
1.
N/A
II. S
kill
Do
mai
n—B
asic
Pub
lic H
ealt
h Sc
ienc
es (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
N/A
2.
N
/A
2.
Art
icul
ate
the
need
sof
the
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mt
oth
ein
form
atio
nte
chno
log
ysp
ecia
lists
2.
N/A
3.
N/A
3.
N
/A
3.
Ensu
ret
hat
allm
emb
ers
ofs
yste
ms
dev
elop
men
tte
ams,
incl
udin
g
epid
emio
log
ists
and
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gy
spec
ialis
ts,
fillr
oles
co
nsis
tent
with
the
irex
per
tise
3.
Com
pos
ean
dm
anag
esy
stem
sd
evel
opm
ent
team
sin
am
anne
rth
atd
emon
stra
tes
reco
gni
tion
oft
hea
pp
rop
riate
rol
esa
nd
dom
ains
for
com
put
ers
cien
tists
,ep
idem
iolo
gis
ts,
pol
icy
mak
ers,
and
pro
gra
mm
ers
and
ot
her
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gy
spec
ialis
tsin
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
dev
elop
men
t
4.
N/A
4.
N
/A
4.
Lead
the
dev
elop
men
tof
in
teg
rate
d,
cost
-effe
ctiv
ep
ublic
he
alth
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
that
are
co
nsis
tent
with
ala
rger
(ent
erp
rise-
leve
l)in
form
atio
nar
chite
ctur
e
4.
Lead
and
ad
voca
tef
or,
or
othe
rwis
eac
tivel
yp
artic
ipat
ein
,th
ed
evel
opm
ent
ofin
teg
rate
d,
cost
-effe
ctiv
ep
ublic
hea
lth
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
with
in
the
pub
lich
ealth
ent
erp
rise,
en
surin
gt
hat
new
ap
plic
atio
ns
and
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
are
bui
ltin
con
form
ance
with
ala
rger
(e
nter
pris
e-le
vel)
info
rmat
ion
arch
itect
ure
5.
N/A
5.
N
/A
5.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opm
ent
ofc
onfid
entia
lity
and
priv
acy
pol
icie
sfo
rth
een
terp
rise
and
se
curit
ysy
stem
sto
sup
por
tth
eim
ple
men
tatio
nof
tho
sep
olic
ies
5.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opm
ent
of
confi
den
tialit
yan
dp
rivac
yp
olic
ies
for
the
ente
rpris
e,a
nde
nsur
eth
ed
evel
opm
ent
ofs
ecur
itys
yste
ms
tos
upp
ort
the
imp
lem
enta
tion
of
thos
ep
olic
ies
6.
N/A
6.
N
/A
6.
Ensu
ret
hat
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
dev
elop
edf
ore
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
sfu
llys
upp
ort
the
obje
ctiv
es,
func
tions
,an
db
usin
ess
pro
cess
eso
fth
ep
ublic
hea
lth
syst
em
6.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
dev
elop
edf
ore
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
sfu
llys
upp
ort
the
obje
ctiv
es,
func
tions
,an
db
usin
ess
pro
cess
eso
fth
ep
ublic
hea
lth
syst
em
II. S
kill
Do
mai
n—B
asic
Pub
lic H
ealt
h Sc
ienc
es (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Pre
par
ew
ritt
ena
ndo
ral
rep
ort
san
dp
rese
ntat
ions
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
nece
ssar
yin
form
atio
nto
ag
ency
st
aff
A.
Pre
par
ew
ritt
ena
ndo
ral
rep
ort
san
dp
rese
ntat
ions
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
nece
ssar
yin
form
atio
nto
pro
fess
iona
lau
die
nces
,p
olic
ym
aker
s,a
ndt
heg
ener
alp
ublic
A.
Ens
ure
pre
par
atio
no
fw
ritt
ena
nd
ora
lre
po
rts
and
pre
sent
atio
nst
hat
com
mun
icat
ene
cess
ary
info
rmat
ion
top
rofe
ssio
nal
aud
ienc
es,
po
licy
mak
ers,
and
the
gen
eral
pub
lic
A.
Org
aniz
ep
rep
arat
ion
of
wri
tten
and
o
ral
rep
ort
san
dp
rese
ntat
ions
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
nece
ssar
yin
form
atio
nto
pro
fess
iona
lau
die
nces
,p
olic
ym
aker
s,a
ndt
heg
ener
alp
ublic
1.
Iden
tify
met
hod
san
dc
onte
ntf
or
com
mun
icat
ion
ofe
pid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
s
1.
Iden
tify
aud
ienc
e,m
etho
ds,
and
co
nten
tfo
rco
mm
unic
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
find
ing
s
1.
Ap
pro
ves
elec
tion
ofa
udie
nce,
m
etho
ds,
and
con
tent
for
co
mm
unic
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
fin
din
gs
1.
Verif
yse
lect
ion
ofa
udie
nce,
m
etho
ds,
and
con
tent
for
co
mm
unic
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
fin
din
gs
a.
N/A
b
.Id
entif
yre
leva
ntd
ata
tor
epor
tc.
A
sses
sne
eds
and
inte
rest
sof
ta
rget
aud
ienc
efo
rm
ater
ials
th
ata
reu
sed
inc
omm
unic
atio
nd
.U
sec
omm
unic
atio
nm
etho
ds
that
mee
tth
ene
eds
oft
he
targ
eta
udie
nce,
as
dire
cted
a.
Iden
tify
targ
eta
udie
nce
for
com
mun
icat
ion
b.
Iden
tify
rele
vant
dat
ato
rep
ort
c.
Ass
ess
need
san
din
tere
sts
of
targ
eta
udie
nce
for
mat
eria
ls
that
are
use
din
com
mun
icat
ion
d.
Iden
tify
com
mun
icat
ion
met
hod
sth
atm
eet
the
need
sof
the
tar
get
aud
ienc
e
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
a.
Dec
ide
ont
arg
eta
udie
nce
for
com
mun
icat
ion
b.
Det
erm
ine
rele
vanc
eof
dat
ato
re
por
tc.
Re
view
ass
essm
ent
ofn
eed
san
din
tere
sts
oft
arg
eta
udie
nce
for
mat
eria
lst
hat
are
used
in
com
mun
icat
ion
d.
Verif
ym
etho
ds
of
com
mun
icat
ion
sele
cted
for
ta
rget
aud
ienc
e
2.
Com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
wor
kto
ag
ency
sta
ffth
roug
hw
ritte
nre
por
tsa
ndo
ralp
rese
ntat
ions
2.
Com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
wor
kto
pro
fess
iona
laud
ienc
esa
nd
agen
cys
taff
thro
ugh
writ
ten
rep
orts
an
do
ralp
rese
ntat
ions
2.
Revi
eww
ritte
nre
por
tsa
nd
oral
pre
sent
atio
nst
oen
sure
th
atc
onte
ntc
omm
unic
ates
ep
idem
iolo
gic
wor
kto
pro
fess
iona
lau
die
nces
and
ag
ency
sta
ff
2.
Cre
ate
writ
ten
rep
orts
and
ora
lp
rese
ntat
ions
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
icw
ork
top
rofe
ssio
nal
aud
ienc
esa
nda
gen
cys
taff
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
Prep
are
sum
mar
yre
por
tsa
nd
mem
oran
da
for
use
with
int
he
agen
cy
d.
N/A
e.
U
sec
urre
nta
udio
visu
alt
ools
to
max
imiz
eco
mm
unic
atio
nf.
Cre
ate
char
ts,
tab
les,
and
fig
ures
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
tot
he
targ
eta
udie
nce
a.
Prep
are
abst
ract
sei
ther
for
p
ublic
atio
nor
for
pre
sent
atio
nat
sci
entifi
cm
eetin
gs
b.
Prep
are
man
uscr
ipts
for
sc
ient
ific
pub
licat
ion
c.
Prep
are
sum
mar
yre
por
tsa
nd
mem
oran
da
for
use
with
int
he
agen
cy
d.
N/A
e.
U
sec
urre
nta
udio
visu
alt
ools
to
max
imiz
eco
mm
unic
atio
nf.
Cre
ate
char
ts,
tab
les,
and
fig
ures
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
tot
he
targ
eta
udie
nce
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
a.
Prep
are
abst
ract
sei
ther
for
p
ublic
atio
nor
for
pre
sent
atio
nat
sci
entifi
cm
eetin
gs
b.
Prep
are
man
uscr
ipts
for
sc
ient
ific
pub
licat
ion
c.
Prep
are
sum
mar
yre
por
tsa
nd
mem
oran
da
for
use
with
int
he
agen
cy
d.
Crit
ique
rep
orts
,m
anus
crip
ts,
and
oth
erd
ocum
ents
tha
tha
ve
bee
np
rep
ared
by
othe
rs
e.
Use
cur
rent
aud
iovi
sual
too
lst
om
axim
ize
com
mun
icat
ion
f.C
reat
ech
arts
,ta
ble
s,a
nd
figur
est
hat
com
mun
icat
eto
the
ta
rget
aud
ienc
e
III.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
icat
ion
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
III.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
icat
ion
(co
ntin
ued
)
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
3.
N/A
3.
C
omm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
ic
info
rmat
ion
tot
heg
ener
alp
ublic
,th
ene
ws
med
ia,
and
/or
top
olic
ym
aker
sth
roug
hg
ivin
go
ral
pre
sent
atio
nso
rco
ntrib
utin
gt
od
evel
opm
ent
ofw
ritte
nd
ocum
ents
3.
Cre
ate
pro
cess
est
og
uid
ep
rep
arat
ion
ofd
ocum
ents
or
oral
p
rese
ntat
ions
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
icin
form
atio
nto
the
g
ener
alp
ublic
,ne
ws
med
ia,
and
/or
pol
icy
mak
ers
3.
Cre
ate
doc
umen
ts(e
.g.,
brie
fs,
pre
ssr
elea
ses,
Web
pag
es)t
hat
com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
in
form
atio
nto
the
gen
eral
pub
lic,
pre
ss,
and
/or
top
olic
ym
aker
s
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
a.
Con
trib
ute
top
ress
rel
ease
sfo
rth
eg
ener
alp
ublic
b
.Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
the
dev
elop
men
tof
dis
ease
pre
vent
ion/
heal
th
pro
mot
ion
mat
eria
lsf
orla
yau
die
nces
c.
C
omm
unic
ate
scie
ntifi
cfin
din
gs
ina
lang
uag
eta
ilore
dt
oth
ene
eds
ofd
ecis
ion-
mak
ers,
ne
ws
med
ia,
and
oth
ert
arg
et
aud
ienc
es
a.
Ap
pro
vep
ress
rel
ease
son
an
as-n
eed
edb
asis
b
.N
/A
c.
Cre
ate
doc
umen
tst
hat
com
mun
icat
esc
ient
ific
find
ing
sin
ala
ngua
ge
tailo
red
to
the
need
sof
dec
isio
n-m
aker
s,
new
sm
edia
,an
do
ther
tar
get
au
die
nces
a.
Con
trib
ute
too
rd
evel
opp
ress
re
leas
esf
ort
heg
ener
alp
ublic
b
.D
evel
opd
isea
sep
reve
ntio
n/he
alth
pro
mot
ion
mat
eria
lsf
or
lay
aud
ienc
es
c.
Cre
ate
doc
umen
tst
hat
com
mun
icat
esc
ient
ific
find
ing
sin
ala
ngua
ge
tailo
red
to
the
need
sof
dec
isio
n-m
aker
s,
new
sm
edia
,an
do
ther
tar
get
au
die
nces
4.
N/A
4.
Ta
ilor
surv
eilla
nce
info
rmat
ion
cont
ent
and
per
iod
icity
of
dis
sem
inat
ion
for
spec
ific
aud
ienc
esa
ndt
heir
uses
4.
Ap
pro
ves
urve
illan
cein
form
atio
nco
nten
tan
dp
erio
dic
ityo
fd
isse
min
atio
nfo
rsp
ecifi
cau
die
nces
and
the
irus
es
4.
Det
erm
ine
cont
ent
for
surv
eilla
nce
info
rmat
ion
and
per
iod
icity
of
dis
sem
inat
ion
for
spec
ific
aud
ienc
esa
ndt
heir
uses
5.
Resp
ond
to
pub
licq
uerie
sab
out
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
5.
Resp
ond
to
pub
licq
uerie
sab
out
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
orr
elat
ed
issu
es
5.
Ove
rsee
res
pon
ses
top
ublic
q
uerie
sab
out
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
orr
elat
edis
sues
5.
Cre
ate
key
mes
sag
esf
or
resp
ond
ing
to
pub
licq
uerie
sab
out
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
orr
elat
ed
issu
es
6.
N/A
6.
D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oex
pla
in
ort
each
bas
ice
pid
emio
log
ic
prin
cip
les
ton
on-e
pid
emio
log
ists
an
dlo
wer
-leve
lep
idem
iolo
gis
ts
6.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
exp
lain
or
tea
chb
asic
ep
idem
iolo
gic
p
rinci
ple
sto
non
-ep
idem
iolo
gis
ts
and
low
er-le
vele
pid
emio
log
ists
6.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
exp
lain
or
tea
chb
asic
and
ad
vanc
ed
epid
emio
log
icp
rinci
ple
sto
non
-ep
idem
iolo
gis
tsa
ndlo
wer
-leve
lep
idem
iolo
gis
ts
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
III.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
icat
ion
(co
ntin
ued
)
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
B.
Rec
og
nize
the
bas
icp
rinc
iple
so
fri
sk
com
mun
icat
ion
B.
Dem
ons
trat
eth
eb
asic
pri
ncip
les
of
risk
co
mm
unic
atio
nB
.E
nsur
eth
att
heb
asic
pri
ncip
les
of
risk
co
mm
unic
atio
nar
efo
llow
edi
nal
lco
mm
unic
atio
no
fep
idem
iolo
gic
fi
ndin
gs
B.
Cre
ate
mes
sag
est
hat
follo
wt
he
pri
ncip
les
of
risk
co
mm
unic
atio
n
1.
Prov
ide
epid
emio
log
icin
form
atio
nto
sup
por
tth
ed
evel
opm
ent
ofr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
mes
sag
es
1.
Part
icip
ate
ind
evel
opin
gr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
mes
sag
est
hat
conv
eye
pid
emio
log
icin
form
atio
nto
par
ticul
arp
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
s
1.
Dev
elop
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nm
essa
ges
tha
tco
nvey
ep
idem
iolo
gic
info
rmat
ion
to
par
ticul
arp
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
s
1.
Dev
elop
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nm
essa
ges
tha
tco
nvey
ep
idem
iolo
gic
info
rmat
ion
to
par
ticul
arp
ublic
hea
lthp
rob
lem
s
a.
N/A
b
.Pr
ovid
eco
nten
tto
the
pub
lic
info
rmat
ion
offic
era
ndo
ther
re
leva
nta
gen
cys
taff
c.
N/A
a.
Ass
ist
ind
evel
opin
gc
onte
ntf
or
risk
com
mun
icat
ion
mes
sag
es
b.
Prov
ide
cont
ent
tot
hep
ublic
in
form
atio
nof
ficer
and
oth
er
rele
vant
ag
ency
sta
ffc.
Re
view
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nm
essa
ges
for
sci
entifi
cac
cura
cy
and
cla
rity
a.
Cre
ate
cont
ent
for
risk
com
mun
icat
ion
mes
sag
es
b.
Revi
ewt
hec
onte
ntp
rovi
ded
to
the
pub
licin
form
atio
nof
ficer
an
do
ther
rel
evan
tag
ency
sta
ffc.
Re
view
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nm
essa
ges
for
sci
entifi
cac
cura
cy
and
cla
rity
a.
Cre
ate
cont
ent
for
risk
com
mun
icat
ion
mes
sag
es
b.
Revi
ewa
ndp
rovi
de
cont
ent
to
the
pub
licin
form
atio
nof
ficer
an
do
ther
rel
evan
tag
ency
sta
ffc.
Re
view
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nm
essa
ges
for
sci
entifi
cac
cura
cy
and
cla
rity
2.
Use
bas
icr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
prin
cip
les
toc
omm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
icm
essa
ges
to
agen
cy
staf
f
2.
Use
bas
icr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
prin
cip
les
toc
omm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
icm
essa
ges
2.
Ove
rsee
com
mun
icat
ion
of
epid
emio
log
icm
essa
ges
2.
M
odel
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
np
rinci
ple
sw
hen
com
mun
icat
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
mes
sag
es
a.
Refe
rm
edia
inq
uirie
sto
the
co
rrec
tsp
okes
per
son
for
the
agen
cy
b.
N/A
c.
N
/A
d.
N/A
e.
A
dhe
ret
oth
eag
ency
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nst
rate
gy
a.
Refe
rm
edia
inq
uirie
sto
the
co
rrec
tsp
okes
per
son
for
the
agen
cy
b.
N/A
c.
Re
spon
dt
om
edia
inq
uirie
sas
re
que
sted
by
the
pub
lich
ealth
ag
ency
d
.N
/A
e.
Ad
here
to
the
agen
cyr
isk
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
teg
y
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
staf
fre
fer
med
ia
inq
uirie
sto
the
cor
rect
sp
okes
per
son
for
the
agen
cy
b.
Serv
eas
ag
ency
sp
okes
per
son
whe
nne
cess
ary
c.
Resp
ond
to
med
iain
qui
ries
d.
Ensu
ret
hat
staf
far
eus
ing
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nte
chni
que
ssu
itab
let
oth
eta
rget
aud
ienc
ee.
A
dhe
ret
oth
eag
ency
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nst
rate
gy
a.
Refe
rm
edia
inq
uirie
sto
the
co
rrec
tsp
okes
per
son
for
the
agen
cy
b.
Serv
eas
ag
ency
sp
okes
per
son
whe
nne
cess
ary
c.
Resp
ond
to
med
iain
qui
ries
d.
N/A
e.
A
dhe
ret
oth
eag
ency
ris
kco
mm
unic
atio
nst
rate
gy
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Inco
rpo
rate
int
erp
erso
nal
skill
sin
co
mm
unic
atio
nw
ith
agen
cy
per
sonn
el,
colle
ague
s,a
ndt
he
pub
lic
C.
Inco
rpo
rate
int
erp
erso
nal
skill
sin
co
mm
unic
atio
nw
ith
agen
cy
per
sonn
el,
colle
ague
s,a
ndt
he
pub
lic
C.
Mo
del
int
erp
erso
nal
skill
sin
co
mm
unic
atio
nw
ith
agen
cy
per
sonn
el,
colle
ague
s,a
ndt
he
pub
lic
C.
Mo
del
int
erp
erso
nal
skill
sin
co
mm
unic
atio
nw
ith
agen
cy
per
sonn
el,
colle
ague
s,a
ndt
he
pub
lic
1.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
liste
nef
fect
ivel
yw
hen
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
sar
ep
rese
nted
or
dis
cuss
ed
1.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
liste
nef
fect
ivel
yw
hen
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
sar
ep
rese
nted
or
dis
cuss
ed
1.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
liste
nef
fect
ivel
yw
hen
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
sar
ep
rese
nted
or
dis
cuss
ed
1.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
liste
nef
fect
ivel
yw
hen
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
sar
ep
rese
nted
or
dis
cuss
ed
2.
Dem
onst
rate
pro
fess
iona
lin
terp
erso
nal,
inte
rdis
cip
linar
y,
tran
sdis
cip
linar
y,a
nd
mul
tidis
cip
linar
yco
mm
unic
atio
n
2.
Dem
onst
rate
pro
fess
iona
lin
terp
erso
nal,
inte
rdis
cip
linar
y,
tran
sdis
cip
linar
y,a
nd
mul
tidis
cip
linar
yco
mm
unic
atio
n
2.
Mod
elp
rofe
ssio
nali
nter
per
sona
l,in
terd
isci
plin
ary,
tra
nsd
isci
plin
ary,
an
dm
ultid
isci
plin
ary
com
mun
icat
ion
2.
Mod
elp
rofe
ssio
nali
nter
per
sona
l,in
terd
isci
plin
ary,
tra
nsd
isci
plin
ary,
an
dm
ultid
isci
plin
ary
com
mun
icat
ion
a.
Part
icip
ate
ind
iscu
ssio
nsa
ndin
g
roup
set
ting
sb
.Sh
owr
esp
ect
for
othe
rsa
nd
pro
mot
ed
iver
seo
pin
ions
c.
D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oso
licit
inp
utf
rom
ind
ivid
uals
and
g
roup
sd
.D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oco
mm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
s,m
etho
dol
ogy,
and
p
rinci
ple
sw
hen
par
tof
a
mul
tidis
cip
linar
yte
am
e.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
inte
rvie
w
ind
ivid
uals
ass
ocia
ted
with
d
isea
sein
vest
igat
ions
f.
Use
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
sto
he
lpr
esol
vec
onfli
ct
g.
Sup
por
tco
mm
unic
atio
nof
fin
din
gs
toa
ffect
edin
div
idua
ls
orc
omm
uniti
esu
sing
m
echa
nism
sta
ilore
dt
oth
at
ind
ivid
ualo
rco
mm
unity
/sp
ecia
lp
opul
atio
n
a.
Lead
dis
cuss
ions
and
par
ticip
ate
ing
roup
set
ting
sb
.Sh
owr
esp
ect
for
othe
rsa
nd
pro
mot
ed
iver
seo
pin
ions
c.
D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oso
licit
inp
utf
rom
ind
ivid
uals
and
g
roup
sd
.D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oco
mm
unic
ate
epid
emio
log
ic
find
ing
s,m
etho
dol
ogy,
and
p
rinci
ple
sw
hen
par
tof
a
mul
tidis
cip
linar
yte
am
e.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
inte
rvie
w
ind
ivid
uals
ass
ocia
ted
with
d
isea
sein
vest
igat
ions
f.
Use
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
sto
he
lpr
esol
vec
onfli
ct
g.
Com
mun
icat
efin
din
gs
toa
ffect
edin
div
idua
lso
rco
mm
uniti
esu
sing
mec
hani
sms
tailo
red
to
that
ind
ivid
ualo
rco
mm
unity
/sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ion
a.
Prom
ote
gro
upd
iscu
ssio
nsa
nd
lead
suc
hd
iscu
ssio
nsw
hen
nece
ssar
yb
.Sh
owr
esp
ect
for
othe
rsa
nd
pro
mot
ed
iver
seo
pin
ions
c.
So
licit
inp
utf
rom
ind
ivid
uals
an
dg
roup
sd
.C
reat
em
essa
ges
to
com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
fin
din
gs,
met
hod
olog
y,a
nd
prin
cip
les
tom
ultid
isci
plin
ary
team
se.
N
/A
f.U
sec
omm
unic
atio
nsk
ills
to
help
res
olve
con
flict
g
.C
reat
em
essa
ges
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
find
ing
sto
af
fect
edin
div
idua
lso
rco
mm
uniti
esu
sing
mec
hani
sms
tailo
red
to
that
ind
ivid
ualo
rco
mm
unity
/sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ion
a.
Lead
dis
cuss
ions
and
par
ticip
ate
ing
roup
set
ting
sb
.Sh
owr
esp
ect
for
othe
rsa
nd
pro
mot
ed
iver
seo
pin
ions
c.
D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
oso
licit
inp
utf
rom
ind
ivid
uals
and
g
roup
sd
.C
reat
em
essa
ges
to
com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
fin
din
gs,
met
hod
olog
y,a
nd
prin
cip
les
tom
ultid
isci
plin
ary
team
se.
N
/A
f.U
sec
omm
unic
atio
nsk
ills
to
help
res
olve
con
flict
g
.C
reat
em
essa
ges
tha
tco
mm
unic
ate
find
ing
sto
af
fect
edin
div
idua
lso
rco
mm
uniti
esu
sing
mec
hani
sms
tailo
red
to
that
ind
ivid
ualo
rco
mm
unity
/sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ion
III.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
icat
ion
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
D.
Use
eff
ecti
vec
om
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gie
sD
.U
see
ffec
tive
co
mm
unic
atio
nte
chno
log
ies
D.
Ens
ure
utili
zati
on
of
effe
ctiv
eco
mm
unic
atio
nte
chno
log
ies
D.
Use
eff
ecti
vec
om
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gie
s
1.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
of
the
des
ign
and
con
tent
of
Web
-b
ased
com
mun
icat
ion
1.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
of
the
des
ign
and
con
tent
of
Web
-b
ased
com
mun
icat
ion
1.
Ap
pro
vet
hed
esig
nan
dc
onte
nto
fW
eb-b
ased
com
mun
icat
ion
1.
Cre
ate
cont
ent
for
Web
-bas
ed
com
mun
icat
ion
2.
Use
pol
icie
sth
ata
dd
ress
sec
urity
,p
rivac
y,a
ndle
gal
con
sid
erat
ions
w
hen
com
mun
icat
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
info
rmat
ion
thro
ugh
e-m
ail,
heal
tha
lert
net
wor
ks,
or
othe
rp
oten
tially
pub
licd
ocum
ents
2.
Use
pol
icie
sth
ata
dd
ress
sec
urity
,p
rivac
y,a
ndle
gal
con
sid
erat
ions
w
hen
com
mun
icat
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
info
rmat
ion
thro
ugh
e-m
ail,
heal
tha
lert
net
wor
ks,
or
othe
rp
oten
tially
pub
licd
ocum
ents
2.
Enfo
rce
pol
icie
sth
ata
dd
ress
se
curit
y,p
rivac
y,a
nd
leg
alc
onsi
der
atio
nsw
hen
com
mun
icat
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
form
atio
nth
roug
he-
mai
l,he
alth
al
ert
netw
orks
,or
oth
erp
oten
tially
p
ublic
doc
umen
ts
2.
Dev
elop
as-
need
edp
olic
ies
that
ad
dre
sss
ecur
ity,
priv
acy,
an
dle
gal
con
sid
erat
ions
whe
nco
mm
unic
atin
ge
pid
emio
log
ic
info
rmat
ion
thro
ugh
e-m
ail,
heal
th
aler
tne
twor
ks,
oro
ther
pot
entia
lly
pub
licd
ocum
ents
3.
N/A
3.
U
see
ffect
ive
educ
atio
nala
nd
beh
avio
ralt
echn
ique
san
d
tech
nolo
gic
alt
ools
to
pro
mot
ep
ublic
hea
lth(e
.g.,
thro
ugh
com
mun
itye
duc
atio
n,b
ehav
ior
mod
ifica
tion,
col
lab
orat
ive
pol
icy
dev
elop
men
t,is
sue
advo
cacy
,an
d
com
mun
itym
obili
zatio
n)
3.
Use
effe
ctiv
eed
ucat
iona
land
b
ehav
iora
ltec
hniq
ues
and
te
chno
log
ical
too
lst
op
rom
ote
pub
lich
ealth
(e.g
.,th
roug
hco
mm
unity
ed
ucat
ion,
beh
avio
rm
odifi
catio
n,c
olla
bor
ativ
ep
olic
yd
evel
opm
ent,
issu
ead
voca
cy,
and
co
mm
unity
mob
iliza
tion)
3.
Use
effe
ctiv
eed
ucat
iona
land
b
ehav
iora
ltec
hniq
ues
and
te
chno
log
ical
too
lst
op
rom
ote
pub
lich
ealth
(e.g
.,th
roug
hco
mm
unity
ed
ucat
ion,
beh
avio
rm
odifi
catio
n,c
olla
bor
ativ
ep
olic
yd
evel
opm
ent,
issu
ead
voca
cy,
and
co
mm
unity
mob
iliza
tion)
III.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
icat
ion
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Pro
vid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
inp
uti
nto
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,p
ublic
hea
lth
pro
gra
ms,
and
co
mm
unit
yp
ublic
he
alth
pla
nnin
gp
roce
sses
at
the
stat
e,l
oca
l,o
rtr
ibal
lev
el
A.
Pro
vid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
inp
uti
nto
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,p
ublic
hea
lth
pro
gra
ms,
and
co
mm
unit
yp
ublic
he
alth
pla
nnin
gp
roce
sses
at
the
stat
e,l
oca
l,o
rtr
ibal
lev
el
A.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,p
ublic
he
alth
pro
gra
ms,
and
co
mm
unit
yp
ublic
hea
lth
pla
nnin
gp
roce
sses
at
the
stat
e,l
oca
l,o
rtr
ibal
lev
el
A.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,p
ublic
he
alth
pro
gra
ms,
and
co
mm
unit
yp
ublic
hea
lth
pla
nnin
gp
roce
sses
at
the
stat
e,l
oca
l,o
rtr
ibal
lev
el
1.
Sup
ply
info
rmat
ion
from
hea
lth
stat
usa
sses
smen
tst
oai
din
the
d
esig
n,in
terp
reta
tion,
and
con
duc
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s
1.
Use
info
rmat
ion
from
the
co
mm
unity
and
fro
mh
ealth
sta
tus
asse
ssm
ents
to
aid
int
hed
esig
n,
inte
rpre
tatio
n,a
ndc
ond
uct
of
epid
emio
log
ics
tud
ies
1.
Synt
hesi
zein
form
atio
nfr
omt
he
com
mun
itya
ndf
rom
hea
lths
tatu
sas
sess
men
tst
oai
din
the
des
ign,
in
terp
reta
tion,
and
con
duc
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s
1.
Synt
hesi
zein
form
atio
nfr
omt
he
com
mun
itya
ndf
rom
hea
lths
tatu
sas
sess
men
tst
oai
din
the
des
ign,
in
terp
reta
tion,
and
con
duc
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
Prov
ide
com
mun
ities
with
dat
aas
dire
cted
to
aid
inid
entif
ying
he
alth
prio
ritie
sfo
rst
udy
d.
Prov
ide
tech
nica
lass
ista
nce
as
dire
cted
to
com
mun
ities
and
ou
tsid
ep
artn
ers
with
res
pec
tto
sur
veill
ance
,ep
idem
iolo
gic
d
ata,
and
eva
luat
ion
a.
Use
str
ateg
ies
for
eng
agin
g
com
mun
ities
ind
ialo
gue
on
heal
this
sues
req
uirin
gs
tud
yb
.U
ses
trat
egie
sfo
rre
achi
ng
pop
ulat
ions
and
ind
ivid
uals
who
tr
aditi
onal
lym
ayn
oth
ave
had
th
eop
por
tuni
tyt
op
artic
ipat
ein
p
riorit
y-se
ttin
gp
roce
sses
c.
A
ssis
tco
mm
uniti
esin
id
entif
ying
hea
lthp
riorit
ies
for
stud
yd
.Pr
ovid
ete
chni
cala
ssis
tanc
eto
com
mun
ities
and
out
sid
ep
artn
ers
with
res
pec
tto
su
rvei
llanc
e,e
pid
emio
log
ic
dat
a,a
nde
valu
atio
n
a.
Eng
age
com
mun
ities
in
dia
log
ueo
nhe
alth
issu
es
req
uirin
gs
tud
yb
.En
sure
out
reac
hto
pop
ulat
ions
an
din
div
idua
lsw
hot
rad
ition
ally
m
ayn
oth
ave
had
the
op
por
tuni
tyt
op
artic
ipat
ein
p
riorit
y-se
ttin
gp
roce
sses
c.
Pr
ovid
ele
ader
ship
to
com
mun
ities
inid
entif
ying
he
alth
prio
ritie
sfo
rst
udy
d.
Prov
ide
tech
nica
lass
ista
nce
toc
omm
uniti
esa
ndo
utsi
de
par
tner
sw
ithr
esp
ect
to
surv
eilla
nce,
ep
idem
iolo
gic
d
ata,
and
eva
luat
ion
a.
Eng
age
com
mun
ities
in
dia
log
ueo
nhe
alth
issu
es
req
uirin
gs
tud
yb
.En
sure
out
reac
hto
pop
ulat
ions
an
din
div
idua
lsw
hot
rad
ition
ally
m
ayn
oth
ave
had
the
op
por
tuni
tyt
op
artic
ipat
ein
p
riorit
y-se
ttin
gp
roce
sses
c.
Pr
ovid
ele
ader
ship
to
com
mun
ities
inid
entif
ying
he
alth
prio
ritie
sfo
rst
udy
d.
Prov
ide
tech
nica
lass
ista
nce
toc
omm
uniti
esa
ndo
utsi
de
par
tner
sw
ithr
esp
ect
to
surv
eilla
nce,
ep
idem
iolo
gic
d
ata,
and
eva
luat
ion
IV.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
ity
Dim
ensi
ons
of
Pra
ctic
e
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
Ass
ist
inp
rovi
din
ge
pid
emio
log
ic
inp
utin
toa
nas
sess
men
tof
the
lo
calp
ublic
hea
lths
yste
mt
oai
din
st
ate,
loca
l,or
trib
alp
ublic
hea
lth
pla
nnin
g
2.
Prov
ide
epid
emio
log
icin
put
into
an
ass
essm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
2.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
por
tion
of
asse
ssm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
2.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
por
tion
of
asse
ssm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.A
ssis
tin
iden
tifyi
ngt
he
spec
ific
pop
ulat
ions
with
int
he
com
mun
ityo
rre
gio
nth
ate
ach
pub
lich
ealth
pro
gra
ms
eeks
to
reac
he.
A
ssis
tin
iden
tifyi
ngt
he
epid
emio
log
icd
ata
colle
ctio
nan
da
naly
sis
need
sof
eac
hp
rog
ram
f.
N/A
g
.N
/A
h.
N/A
i.
N/A
j.
N/A
k.
N
/A
a.
Map
the
diff
eren
tle
vels
of
gov
ernm
ent
pub
lich
ealth
(tr
ibal
,lo
cal,
stat
e,a
nd
fed
eral
)and
the
irro
les
and
res
pon
sib
ilitie
sin
the
co
mm
unity
b
.C
hara
cter
ize
the
inte
ract
ions
b
etw
een
diff
eren
tle
vels
of
gov
ernm
ent
inr
elat
ion
to
com
mun
ityp
ublic
hea
lth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Ass
ess
the
fund
ing
str
eam
sfo
rp
ublic
hea
ltha
nde
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
sth
ata
ffect
the
co
mm
unity
d
.Id
entif
yth
esp
ecifi
cp
opul
atio
ns
with
int
hec
omm
unity
or
reg
ion
that
eac
hp
ublic
hea
lthp
rog
ram
se
eks
tor
each
e.
Id
entif
yth
eep
idem
iolo
gic
dat
aco
llect
ion
and
ana
lysi
sne
eds
of
each
pro
gra
m
f.N
/A
g.
Map
the
com
mun
itym
edic
al-
care
del
iver
ysy
stem
,in
clud
ing
fin
anci
nga
nds
truc
ture
and
m
ajor
pol
icy
issu
esa
ffect
ing
m
edic
alc
are
h.
Cha
ract
eriz
ere
latio
nshi
ps
amon
gp
ublic
and
priv
ate
org
aniz
atio
nsw
ithin
the
co
mm
unity
i.
Iden
tify
envi
ronm
enta
l,so
cial
,an
dc
ultu
ralf
acto
rst
hat
affe
ct
the
com
mun
ity’s
heal
th
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
diff
eren
tle
vels
of
gov
ernm
ent
pub
lic
heal
th(t
ribal
,lo
cal,
stat
e,a
nd
fed
eral
)and
the
irro
les
and
re
spon
sib
ilitie
sar
em
app
edo
ut
int
hec
omm
unity
b
.En
sure
tha
tth
ein
tera
ctio
ns
bet
wee
nd
iffer
ent
leve
lso
fg
over
nmen
tin
rel
atio
nto
co
mm
unity
pub
lich
ealth
p
rog
ram
sar
ech
arac
teriz
ed
c.
Ass
ess
the
fund
ing
str
eam
sfo
rp
ublic
hea
ltha
nde
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
sth
ata
ffect
the
co
mm
unity
d
.En
sure
tha
tth
esp
ecifi
cp
opul
atio
nsw
ithin
the
co
mm
unity
or
reg
ion
that
eac
hp
ublic
hea
lthp
rog
ram
see
kst
ore
ach
are
iden
tified
e.
En
sure
tha
tth
eep
idem
iolo
gic
d
ata
colle
ctio
nan
da
naly
sis
need
sof
eac
hp
rog
ram
are
id
entifi
ed
f.Id
entif
yco
mm
unity
the
mes
and
st
reng
ths
g.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
com
mun
ity
med
ical
-car
ed
eliv
ery
syst
emis
m
app
edo
ut,i
nclu
din
gfi
nanc
ing
an
ds
truc
ture
and
maj
orp
olic
yis
sues
affe
ctin
gm
edic
alc
are
h.
Ensu
ret
hat
rela
tions
hip
sam
ong
p
ublic
and
priv
ate
org
aniz
atio
ns
with
int
hec
omm
unity
are
ch
arac
teriz
ed
a.
Map
the
diff
eren
tle
vels
of
gov
ernm
ent
pub
lich
ealth
(tr
ibal
,lo
cal,
stat
e,a
nd
fed
eral
)and
the
irro
les
and
res
pon
sib
ilitie
sin
the
co
mm
unity
b
.C
hara
cter
ize
the
inte
ract
ions
b
etw
een
diff
eren
tle
vels
of
gov
ernm
ent
inr
elat
ion
to
com
mun
ityp
ublic
hea
lth
pro
gra
ms
c.
Ass
ess
the
fund
ing
str
eam
sfo
rp
ublic
hea
ltha
nde
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
sth
ata
ffect
the
co
mm
unity
d
.Id
entif
yth
esp
ecifi
cp
opul
atio
ns
with
int
hec
omm
unity
or
reg
ion
that
eac
hp
ublic
hea
lthp
rog
ram
se
eks
tor
each
e.
Id
entif
yth
eep
idem
iolo
gic
dat
aco
llect
ion
and
ana
lysi
sne
eds
of
each
pro
gra
m
f.Id
entif
yco
mm
unity
the
mes
and
st
reng
ths
g.
Map
the
com
mun
itym
edic
al-
care
del
iver
ysy
stem
,in
clud
ing
fin
anci
nga
nds
truc
ture
and
m
ajor
pol
icy
issu
esa
ffect
ing
m
edic
alc
are
h.
Cha
ract
eriz
ere
latio
nshi
ps
amon
gp
ublic
and
priv
ate
org
aniz
atio
nsw
ithin
the
co
mm
unity
i.
Eval
uate
env
ironm
enta
l,so
cial
,an
dc
ultu
ralf
acto
rst
hat
affe
ct
the
com
mun
ity’s
heal
th
IV.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
ity
Dim
ensi
ons
of
Pra
ctic
e (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
Prov
ide
epid
emio
log
icin
put
into
an
ass
essm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
(con
tinue
d)
2.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
por
tion
of
asse
ssm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
(con
tinue
d)
2.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
por
tion
of
asse
ssm
ent
oft
helo
calp
ublic
he
alth
sys
tem
to
aid
ins
tate
,lo
cal,
ort
ribal
pub
lich
ealth
pla
nnin
g
(con
tinue
d)
j.D
ocum
ent
chan
ges
tha
tar
eoc
curr
ing
or
are
exp
ecte
dt
ooc
cur
that
affe
ctt
hec
omm
unity
’she
alth
or
the
loca
lpub
lich
ealth
sys
tem
(e
.g.,
aM
obili
zing
for
Act
ion
thro
ugh
Plan
ning
and
Par
tner
ship
sfo
rces
of
chan
ge
asse
ssm
ent)
k.
Iden
tify
thre
ats
and
op
por
tuni
ties
that
aris
efr
omt
hese
cha
nges
i.En
sure
tha
ten
viro
nmen
tal,
soci
al,
and
cul
tura
lfac
tors
tha
taf
fect
the
co
mm
unity
’she
alth
are
ana
lyze
d
j.Ex
amin
ech
ang
est
hat
are
occu
rrin
g
ora
ree
xpec
ted
to
occu
rth
ata
ffect
th
eco
mm
unity
’she
alth
or
the
loca
lpub
lich
ealth
sys
tem
(e.g
.,a
Mob
ilizi
ngf
orA
ctio
nth
roug
hPl
anni
nga
ndP
artn
ersh
ips
forc
eso
fch
ang
eas
sess
men
t)k.
Ev
alua
tet
hrea
tsa
ndo
pp
ortu
nitie
sth
ata
rise
from
the
sec
hang
es
j.Ex
amin
ech
ang
est
hat
are
occu
rrin
g
ora
ree
xpec
ted
to
occu
rth
ata
ffect
th
eco
mm
unity
’she
alth
or
the
loca
lpub
lich
ealth
sys
tem
(e.g
.,a
Mob
ilizi
ngf
orA
ctio
nth
roug
hPl
anni
nga
ndP
artn
ersh
ips
forc
eso
fch
ang
eas
sess
men
t)k.
Ev
alua
tet
hrea
tsa
ndo
pp
ortu
nitie
sth
ata
rise
from
the
sec
hang
es
B.
Par
tici
pat
ein
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
com
mun
ity
par
tner
ship
sto
sup
po
rt
epid
emio
log
ici
nves
tig
atio
ns
B.
Par
tici
pat
ein
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
com
mun
ity
par
tner
ship
sto
sup
po
rt
epid
emio
log
ici
nves
tig
atio
ns
B.
Dev
elo
pc
om
mun
ity
par
tner
ship
sto
su
pp
ort
ep
idem
iolo
gic
inv
esti
gat
ions
B
.D
evel
op
co
mm
unit
yp
artn
ersh
ips
to
sup
po
rte
pid
emio
log
ici
nves
tig
atio
ns
1.
N/A
1.
Id
entif
yp
artn
ers
and
sta
keho
lder
sne
cess
ary
for
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
n
1.
Sust
ain
rela
tions
hip
sw
ithp
artn
ers
and
sta
keho
lder
sne
cess
ary
for
epid
emio
log
icin
vest
igat
ion
1.
Solic
itp
artn
ers
and
sta
keho
lder
sne
cess
ary
for
epid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
n
2.
Con
trib
ute
toc
omm
unity
-sp
ecifi
cp
artic
ipat
ion
stra
teg
ies
toe
ngag
eth
ep
ublic
int
hep
lann
ing
,im
ple
men
tatio
n,a
nde
valu
atio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
inve
stig
atio
nsw
hen
ind
icat
ed
2.
Use
com
mun
ity-s
pec
ific
par
ticip
atio
nst
rate
gie
sin
the
p
lann
ing
,im
ple
men
tatio
n,a
nd
eval
uatio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ions
whe
nin
dic
ated
2.
Ensu
ret
heu
seo
fco
mm
unity
-sp
ecifi
cp
artic
ipat
ion
stra
teg
ies
int
hep
lann
ing
,im
ple
men
tatio
n,
and
eva
luat
ion
ofe
pid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
nsw
hen
ind
icat
ed
2.
Dev
elop
com
mun
ity-s
pec
ific
par
ticip
atio
nst
rate
gie
sin
the
p
lann
ing
,im
ple
men
tatio
n,a
nd
eval
uatio
nof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ions
whe
nin
dic
ated
3.
N/A
3.
C
larif
yth
ero
les
ofp
artn
ers
and
st
akeh
old
ers
int
hee
pid
emio
log
ic
inve
stig
atio
n
3.
Cla
rify
the
role
sof
par
tner
san
d
stak
ehol
der
sin
the
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ion
3.
Cla
rify
the
role
sof
par
tner
san
d
stak
ehol
der
sin
the
ep
idem
iolo
gic
in
vest
igat
ion
4.
N/A
4.
Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
the
dev
elop
men
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,in
clud
ing
in
corp
orat
ing
inp
utf
rom
tas
kfo
rces
an
do
ther
tar
get
aud
ienc
es
4.
Lead
the
dev
elop
men
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,in
clud
ing
in
corp
orat
ing
inp
utf
rom
tas
kfo
rces
an
do
ther
tar
get
aud
ienc
es
4.
Lead
the
dev
elop
men
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
stu
die
s,in
clud
ing
in
corp
orat
ing
inp
utf
rom
tas
kfo
rces
an
do
ther
tar
get
aud
ienc
es
IV.
Skill
Do
mai
n—C
om
mun
ity
Dim
ensi
ons
of
Pra
ctic
e (c
ont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Des
crib
ep
op
ulat
ion
by
race
;et
hnic
ity;
cul
ture
;so
ciet
al,
educ
atio
nal,
and
pro
fess
iona
lb
ackg
roun
ds;
ag
e;g
end
er;
relig
ion;
d
isab
ility
;an
ds
exua
lo
rien
tati
on
A.
Des
crib
ep
op
ulat
ion
by
race
;et
hnic
ity;
cul
ture
;so
ciet
al,
educ
atio
nal,
and
pro
fess
iona
lb
ackg
roun
ds;
ag
e;g
end
er;
relig
ion;
d
isab
ility
;an
ds
exua
lo
rien
tati
on
A.
Dif
fere
ntia
tes
pec
ial
po
pul
atio
ns
by
race
;et
hnic
ity;
cul
ture
;so
ciet
al,
educ
atio
nal,
and
pro
fess
iona
lb
ackg
roun
ds;
ag
e;g
end
er;
relig
ion;
d
isab
ility
;an
ds
exua
lo
rien
tati
on
A.
Dif
fere
ntia
tes
pec
ial
po
pul
atio
ns
by
race
;et
hnic
ity;
cul
ture
;so
ciet
al,
educ
atio
nal,
and
pro
fess
iona
lb
ackg
roun
ds;
ag
e;g
end
er;
relig
ion;
d
isab
ility
;an
ds
exua
lo
rien
tati
on
1.
Iden
tify
spec
ialp
opul
atio
nsin
the
co
mm
unity
tha
tm
ayb
esi
gni
fican
tin
ad
dre
ssin
gp
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
ms
1.
Iden
tify
spec
ialp
opul
atio
nsin
the
co
mm
unity
tha
tm
ayb
esi
gni
fican
tin
ad
dre
ssin
gp
ublic
hea
lth
pro
ble
ms
1.
Ensu
ret
hat
each
sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ion
isc
hara
cter
ized
by
size
,lo
catio
n,
and
oth
erf
acto
rst
hat
may
be
sig
nific
ant
ina
dd
ress
ing
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
s
1.
Cha
ract
eriz
eea
chs
pec
ial
pop
ulat
ion
by
size
,lo
catio
n,
and
oth
erf
acto
rst
hat
may
be
sig
nific
ant
ina
dd
ress
ing
pub
lic
heal
thp
rob
lem
s
B.
Est
ablis
hre
lati
ons
hip
sw
ith
gro
ups
of
spec
ial
conc
ern
(e.g
.,
dis
adva
ntag
edo
rm
ino
rity
gro
ups,
g
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies,
hi
sto
rica
llyu
nder
rep
rese
nted
g
roup
s)
B.
Est
ablis
hre
lati
ons
hip
sw
ith
gro
ups
of
spec
ial
conc
ern
(e.g
.,
dis
adva
ntag
edo
rm
ino
rity
gro
ups,
g
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies,
hi
sto
rica
llyu
nder
rep
rese
nted
g
roup
s)
B.
Est
ablis
hre
lati
ons
hip
sw
ith
gro
ups
of
spec
ial
conc
ern
(e.g
.,
dis
adva
ntag
edo
rm
ino
rity
gro
ups,
g
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies,
hi
sto
rica
llyu
nder
rep
rese
nted
g
roup
s)
B.
Est
ablis
hre
lati
ons
hip
sw
ith
gro
ups
of
spec
ial
conc
ern
(e.g
.,
dis
adva
ntag
edo
rm
ino
rity
gro
ups,
g
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies,
hi
sto
rica
llyu
nder
rep
rese
nted
g
roup
s)
1.
N/A
1.
St
udy
pop
ulat
ions
’his
torie
san
d
pas
ttr
eatm
ent
by
pub
lich
ealth
sy
stem
1.
Eval
uate
pop
ulat
ions
’his
torie
san
d
pas
ttr
eatm
ent
by
pub
lich
ealth
sy
stem
1.
Eval
uate
his
toric
alc
onte
xto
fp
opul
atio
ns’h
isto
ries
and
pas
ttr
eatm
ent
by
pub
lich
ealth
sys
tem
2.
N/A
2.
N
/A
2.
Form
ulat
eco
mm
unic
atio
nst
rate
gie
sfo
rsp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ions
on
the
bas
iso
fkn
owle
dg
eof
hi
stor
ical
tre
atm
ent
2.
Form
ulat
eco
mm
unic
atio
nst
rate
gie
sfo
rsp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ions
on
the
bas
iso
fkn
owle
dg
eof
hi
stor
ical
tre
atm
ent
3.
N/A
3.
N
/A
3.
Org
aniz
eou
trea
che
ffort
sto
sp
ecia
lp
opul
atio
ns
3.
Org
aniz
eou
trea
che
ffort
sto
sp
ecia
lp
opul
atio
ns
4.
N/A
4.
D
evel
opm
echa
nism
sto
rec
eive
in
put
fro
mg
roup
sof
sp
ecia
lco
ncer
nin
tot
hed
esig
nan
d
cond
uct
ofe
pid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
4.
Ensu
ret
hat
inp
utf
rom
gro
ups
ofs
pec
ialc
once
rnis
use
din
th
ed
esig
nan
dc
ond
uct
of
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
4.
Ensu
ret
hat
inp
utf
rom
gro
ups
ofs
pec
ialc
once
rnis
use
din
th
ed
esig
nan
dc
ond
uct
of
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
V. S
kill
Do
mai
n—C
ultu
ral
Co
mp
eten
cy
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Des
crib
esu
rvei
llanc
esy
stem
sth
at
incl
ude
gro
ups
sub
ject
to
hea
lth
dis
par
itie
so
ro
ther
po
tent
ially
un
der
rep
rese
nted
gro
ups
(usi
ng
stan
dar
dc
ateg
ori
esw
here
ava
ilab
le)
C.
Des
ign
surv
eilla
nce
syst
ems
to
incl
ude
gro
ups
sub
ject
to
hea
lth
dis
par
itie
so
ro
ther
po
tent
ially
un
der
rep
rese
nted
gro
ups
(usi
ng
stan
dar
dc
ateg
ori
esw
here
ava
ilab
le)
C.
Ens
ure
that
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
sar
ed
esig
ned
to
inc
lud
eg
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies
or
oth
er
po
tent
ially
und
erre
pre
sent
edg
roup
s(u
sing
sta
ndar
dc
ateg
ori
esw
here
av
aila
ble
)
C.
Ens
ure
that
sur
veill
ance
sys
tem
sar
ed
esig
ned
to
inc
lud
eg
roup
ssu
bje
ctt
oh
ealt
hd
isp
arit
ies
or
oth
er
po
tent
ially
und
erre
pre
sent
edg
roup
s(u
sing
sta
ndar
dc
ateg
ori
esw
here
av
aila
ble
)
1.
Iden
tify
stan
dar
dc
ateg
orie
sus
ed
tod
efine
sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ions
1.
U
ses
tand
ard
cat
egor
ies
whe
nd
efini
ngs
pec
ialp
opul
atio
ns
1.
Ensu
ret
hat
stan
dar
dc
ateg
orie
sar
eus
edt
od
efine
sp
ecia
lpop
ulat
ions
,ta
king
into
acc
ount
his
toric
al,
soci
al,
and
pol
itica
lcon
text
sof
st
and
ard
cat
egor
ies
1.
Sele
cts
tand
ard
cat
egor
ies
used
to
defi
nes
pec
ialp
opul
atio
ns
2.
Iden
tify
hist
oric
al,
soci
al,
and
p
oliti
calc
onte
xts
ofs
tand
ard
ca
teg
orie
s
2.
Iden
tify
hist
oric
al,
soci
al,
and
p
oliti
calc
onte
xts
ofs
tand
ard
ca
teg
orie
s
2.
N/A
2.
Ex
amin
ehi
stor
ical
,so
cial
,an
d
pol
itica
lcon
text
sof
sta
ndar
d
cate
gor
ies
3.
Iden
tify
limita
tions
of
stan
dar
d
cate
gor
ies
3.
Iden
tify
limita
tions
of
stan
dar
d
cate
gor
ies
3.
N/A
3.
Ex
pla
inli
mita
tions
of
stan
dar
d
cate
gor
ies
4.
N/A
4.
W
ork
with
com
mun
itya
sne
cess
ary
tod
evel
opn
ewc
ateg
orie
sif
stan
dar
dc
ateg
orie
sar
eun
avai
lab
le
4.
Lead
col
lab
orat
ion
with
com
mun
ity
asn
eces
sary
to
dev
elop
new
ca
teg
orie
sif
stan
dar
dc
ateg
orie
sar
eun
avai
lab
le
4.
Wor
kw
ithc
omm
unity
as
nece
ssar
yto
dev
elop
new
cat
egor
ies
ifst
and
ard
cat
egor
ies
are
unav
aila
ble
5.
N/A
5.
D
esig
nd
ata
colle
ctio
nto
ols
to
cap
ture
info
rmat
ion
need
edt
oas
sess
hea
lthd
isp
ariti
es
5.
Ensu
ret
hat
dat
aco
llect
ion
tool
san
ds
amp
ling
pla
nca
ptu
re
info
rmat
ion
need
edt
oas
sess
he
alth
dis
par
ities
and
pro
vid
est
able
est
imat
esin
pop
ulat
ions
of
inte
rest
5.
Verif
yth
atd
ata
colle
ctio
nto
ols
will
cap
ture
info
rmat
ion
need
edt
oas
sess
hea
lthd
isp
ariti
es
6.
N/A
6.
D
esig
nsa
mp
ling
pla
nto
ens
ure
sam
ple
siz
ela
rge
enou
gh
to
pro
vid
est
able
est
imat
esin
p
opul
atio
nso
fin
tere
st
6.
N/A
6.
Ev
alua
tes
amp
ling
pla
nto
ens
ure
sam
ple
siz
ela
rge
enou
gh
to
pro
vid
est
able
est
imat
esin
p
opul
atio
nso
fin
tere
st
7.
Avo
idp
oten
tiala
dve
rse
imp
acts
of
dat
aco
llect
ion
ons
pec
ial
pop
ulat
ions
7.
Avo
idp
oten
tiala
dve
rse
imp
acts
of
dat
aco
llect
ion
ons
pec
ial
pop
ulat
ions
7.
Ensu
ret
hat
dat
aco
llect
ion
doe
sno
tad
vers
ely
imp
act
spec
ial
pop
ulat
ions
7.
Avo
idp
oten
tiala
dve
rse
imp
acts
of
dat
aco
llect
ion
ons
pec
ial
pop
ulat
ions
V. S
kill
Do
mai
n—C
ultu
ral
Co
mp
eten
cy (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
D.
Co
nduc
tin
vest
igat
ions
usi
ng
lang
uag
esa
nda
pp
roac
hes
tailo
red
to
po
pul
atio
n
D.
Co
nduc
tin
vest
igat
ions
usi
ng
lang
uag
esa
nda
pp
roac
hes
tailo
red
to
po
pul
atio
n
D.
Ens
ure
that
inv
esti
gat
ions
use
la
ngua
ges
and
ap
pro
ache
sta
ilore
d
top
op
ulat
ion
D.
Org
aniz
ein
vest
igat
ions
tha
tus
ela
ngua
ges
and
ap
pro
ache
sta
ilore
d
top
op
ulat
ion
1.
Iden
tify
prim
ary
lang
uag
eof
p
opul
atio
n1.
Id
entif
yp
rimar
yla
ngua
ge
of
pop
ulat
ion
1.
Iden
tify
prim
ary
lang
uag
eof
p
opul
atio
n1.
Id
entif
yp
rimar
yla
ngua
ge
of
pop
ulat
ion
2.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eof
sp
ecifi
cso
cioc
ultu
ralf
acto
rsin
the
p
opul
atio
n
2.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eof
sp
ecifi
cso
cioc
ultu
ralf
acto
rsin
the
p
opul
atio
n
2.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eof
sp
ecifi
cso
cioc
ultu
ralf
acto
rsin
the
p
opul
atio
n
2.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eof
sp
ecifi
cso
cioc
ultu
ralf
acto
rsin
the
p
opul
atio
n
3.
N/A
3.
N
/A
3.
Iden
tify
mec
hani
sms
for
cont
act
and
com
mun
icat
ion
with
p
opul
atio
n
3.
Iden
tify
mec
hani
sms
for
cont
act
and
com
mun
icat
ion
with
p
opul
atio
n
4.
N/A
4.
N
/A
4.
Ensu
ret
hat
inve
stig
ativ
em
etho
ds
will
acc
omm
odat
esp
ecia
lnee
ds
of
the
pop
ulat
ion
4.
Iden
tify
inve
stig
ativ
em
etho
ds
that
w
illa
ccom
mod
ate
spec
ialn
eed
sof
th
ep
opul
atio
n
5.
N/A
5.
N
/A
5.
Synt
hesi
zet
his
know
led
ge
into
an
inve
stig
atio
nst
rate
gy
5.
Synt
hesi
zet
his
know
led
ge
into
an
inve
stig
atio
nst
rate
gy
6.
N/A
6.
N
/A
6.
Faci
litat
est
aff
acce
sst
oid
entifi
ed
sup
por
tor
mec
hani
sms
need
edt
oco
mm
unic
ate
with
pop
ulat
ion
6.
N/A
E.
Use
sta
ndar
dp
op
ulat
ion
cate
go
ries
o
rsu
bca
teg
ori
esw
hen
per
form
ing
d
ata
anal
ysis
E.
Use
sta
ndar
dp
op
ulat
ion
cate
go
ries
o
rsu
bca
teg
ori
esw
hen
per
form
ing
d
ata
anal
ysis
E.
Ens
ure
that
sta
ndar
dp
op
ulat
ion
cate
go
ries
or
sub
cate
go
ries
are
use
d
for
dat
aan
alys
is
E.
Ens
ure
that
sta
ndar
dp
op
ulat
ion
cate
go
ries
or
sub
cate
go
ries
are
use
d
for
dat
aan
alys
es
F.
N/A
F.
U
sek
now
led
ge
of
spec
ific
soci
ocu
ltur
alf
acto
rsi
nth
ep
op
ulat
ion
toi
nter
pre
tfi
ndin
gs
F.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eo
fsp
ecifi
cso
cio
cult
ural
fac
tors
in
the
po
pul
atio
nto
int
erp
ret
find
ing
s
F.
Use
kno
wle
dg
eo
fsp
ecifi
cso
cio
cult
ural
fac
tors
in
the
po
pul
atio
nto
int
erp
ret
find
ing
s
1.
N/A
1.
Id
entif
ycu
ltura
lfac
tors
tha
tm
ay
have
influ
ence
do
utco
me
of
inve
stig
atio
n
1.
Eval
uate
cul
tura
lfac
tors
tha
tm
ayh
ave
influ
ence
do
utco
me
of
inve
stig
atio
n
1.
Eval
uate
cul
tura
lfac
tors
tha
tm
ayh
ave
influ
ence
do
utco
me
of
inve
stig
atio
n
2.
N/A
2.
N
/A
2.
Ass
ess
imp
act
ofin
vest
igat
ion
find
ing
son
the
pop
ulat
ion
2.
Ass
ess
imp
act
ofin
vest
igat
ion
find
ing
son
the
pop
ulat
ion
V. S
kill
Do
mai
n—C
ultu
ral
Co
mp
eten
cy (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
G.
Sup
po
rtp
ublic
hea
lth
acti
ons
th
ata
rer
elev
ant
tot
hea
ffec
ted
co
mm
unit
y
G.
Rec
om
men
dp
ublic
hea
lth
acti
ons
th
atw
oul
db
ere
leva
ntt
ot
he
affe
cted
co
mm
unit
y
G.
Ens
ure
that
act
ions
are
rel
evan
tto
th
eaf
fect
edc
om
mun
ity
G.
Rec
om
men
da
ctio
nst
hat
will
be
rele
vant
to
the
aff
ecte
dc
om
mun
ity
1.
Use
alte
rnat
ive
actio
nst
hat
have
b
een
show
nto
be
effe
ctiv
ein
si
mila
rp
opul
atio
ns
1.
Use
alte
rnat
ive
actio
nst
hat
have
b
een
show
nto
be
effe
ctiv
ein
si
mila
rp
opul
atio
ns
1.
Ensu
reu
seo
fal
tern
ativ
eac
tions
th
ath
ave
bee
nsh
own
tob
eef
fect
ive
ins
imila
rp
opul
atio
ns
1.
Eval
uate
alte
rnat
ive
actio
nst
hat
have
bee
nsh
own
tob
eef
fect
ive
in
sim
ilar
pop
ulat
ions
2.
Use
act
ion
stra
teg
ies
that
will
ad
dre
sst
heis
sues
iden
tified
int
he
inve
stig
atio
nw
hile
mee
ting
the
ne
eds
oft
hec
omm
unity
2.
Use
act
ion
stra
teg
ies
that
will
ad
dre
sst
heis
sues
iden
tified
int
he
inve
stig
atio
nw
hile
mee
ting
the
ne
eds
oft
hec
omm
unity
2.
Cre
ate
actio
nst
rate
gie
sth
atw
ill
add
ress
the
issu
esid
entifi
edin
the
in
vest
igat
ion
whi
lem
eetin
gt
he
need
sof
the
com
mun
ity
2.
Cre
ate
actio
nst
rate
gie
sth
atw
ill
add
ress
the
issu
esid
entifi
edin
the
in
vest
igat
ion
whi
lem
eetin
gt
he
need
sof
the
com
mun
ity
3.
N/A
3.
N
/A
3.
Valid
ate
the
choi
ceo
fac
tion
stra
teg
yth
roug
hco
nsul
tatio
nw
ith
the
affe
cted
com
mun
ity
3.
Valid
ate
the
choi
ceo
fac
tion
stra
teg
yth
roug
hco
nsul
tatio
nw
ith
the
affe
cted
com
mun
ity
V. S
kill
Do
mai
n—C
ultu
ral
Co
mp
eten
cy (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Co
nduc
tep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivit
ies
wit
hin
the
fina
ncia
lan
do
per
atio
nal
pla
no
fth
eag
ency
A.
Co
nduc
tep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivit
ies
wit
hin
the
fina
ncia
lan
do
per
atio
nal
pla
no
fth
eag
ency
A.
Cre
ate
op
erat
iona
lan
dfi
nanc
ial
pla
nsf
or
futu
ree
pid
emio
log
ic
acti
viti
es
A.
Co
nduc
tep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivit
ies
wit
hin
the
fina
ncia
lan
do
per
atio
nal
pla
no
fth
eag
ency
1.
N/A
1.
Se
tg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
for
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
m
1.
Set
goa
lsa
ndo
bje
ctiv
esf
or
epid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
1.
Pr
ovid
ein
put
into
goa
lsa
nd
obje
ctiv
esf
ore
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
2.
N/A
2.
Fo
rmul
ate
task
sto
mee
tg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
2.
Fo
rmul
ate
task
sto
mee
tg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
2.
Fo
rmul
ate
task
sto
mee
tg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
3.
Con
stru
cta
tim
elin
efo
rca
rryi
ng
out
the
task
s3.
C
onst
ruct
at
imel
ine
for
carr
ying
ou
tth
eta
sks
3.
Con
stru
cta
tim
elin
efo
rca
rryi
ng
out
the
task
s3.
C
onst
ruct
at
imel
ine
for
carr
ying
ou
tth
eta
sks
4.
Con
duc
tep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es,
incl
udin
gt
rave
l,w
ithin
sp
ecifi
ed
bud
get
4.
Des
crib
ep
erso
nnel
,st
affin
g,
trav
el,
and
oth
ern
eed
sfo
rep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tiviti
es
4.
N/A
4.
D
escr
ibe
per
sonn
el,
staf
fing
,tr
avel
,an
do
ther
nee
ds
for
epid
emio
log
ic
activ
ities
5.
Mai
ntai
nac
cura
ter
ecor
ds
5.
Mai
ntai
nac
cura
ter
ecor
ds
5.
N/A
5.
M
aint
ain
accu
rate
rec
ord
s
B.
Des
crib
eth
efi
nanc
ial
pla
nnin
g
and
bud
get
ary
pro
cess
of
the
epid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
B.
Ass
ist
ind
evel
op
ing
afi
scal
ly
soun
db
udg
ett
hat
will
sup
po
rtt
he
acti
viti
esd
efine
di
nth
eo
per
atio
nal
pla
nan
di
sco
nsis
tent
wit
hth
efi
nanc
ial
rule
so
fth
eag
ency
B.
Form
ulat
ea
fisc
ally
so
und
bud
get
th
atw
ills
upp
ort
the
act
ivit
ies
defi
ned
in
the
op
erat
iona
lp
lan
and
is
co
nsis
tent
wit
hth
efi
nanc
ial
rule
so
fth
eag
ency
B.
Des
crib
eth
efi
nanc
ial
pla
nnin
ga
nd
bud
get
ary
pro
cess
of
the
agen
cy
1.
N/A
1.
A
sses
sth
efin
anci
alr
ules
of
the
agen
cya
nda
vaila
ble
res
ourc
es
toe
stab
lish
bou
ndar
ies
for
the
bud
get
1.
Ass
ess
the
finan
cial
rul
eso
fth
eag
ency
and
ava
ilab
ler
esou
rces
to
est
ablis
hb
ound
arie
sfo
rth
eb
udg
et
1.
Ass
ess
the
finan
cial
rul
eso
fth
eag
ency
and
ava
ilab
ler
esou
rces
to
est
ablis
hb
ound
arie
sfo
rth
eb
udg
et
2.
List
res
ourc
esn
eces
sary
to
carr
you
tta
sks
int
heo
per
atio
nalp
lan,
in
clud
ing
per
sonn
el,
equi
pm
ent,
su
pp
lies,
and
tra
velc
osts
2.
Estim
ate
reso
urce
sne
cess
ary
to
carr
you
tta
sks
int
heo
per
atio
nal
pla
n,in
clud
ing
per
sonn
el,
equi
pm
ent,
sup
plie
s,a
ndt
rave
lco
sts
2.
Just
ifyr
esou
rces
nec
essa
ryt
oca
rry
out
task
sin
the
op
erat
iona
lpla
n,
incl
udin
gp
erso
nnel
,eq
uip
men
t,
sup
plie
s,a
ndt
rave
lcos
ts
2.
Estim
ate
reso
urce
sne
cess
ary
to
carr
you
tta
sks
int
heo
per
atio
nal
pla
n,in
clud
ing
per
sonn
el,
equi
pm
ent,
sup
plie
s,a
ndt
rave
lco
sts
3.
N/A
3.
Es
timat
eex
pen
ditu
res
that
m
aya
rise
from
une
xpec
ted
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es,
such
as
rap
idin
vest
igat
ions
and
em
erg
ency
re
spon
se
3.
Estim
ate
exp
end
iture
sth
at
may
aris
efr
omu
nexp
ecte
d
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
,su
cha
sra
pid
inve
stig
atio
nsa
nde
mer
gen
cy
resp
onse
3.
N/A
VI.
Skill
Do
mai
n—Fi
nanc
ial
and
Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
and
Man
agem
ent
(Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
, Fi
nanc
ial
Pla
nnin
g,
and
Man
agem
ent
Skill
s)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Imp
lem
ent
op
erat
iona
lan
dfi
nanc
ial
pla
ns
C.
Imp
lem
ent
op
erat
iona
lan
dfi
nanc
ial
pla
ns
C.
Ove
rsee
im
ple
men
tati
on
of
op
erat
iona
lan
dfi
nanc
ial
pla
ns
C.
Imp
lem
ent
op
erat
iona
lan
dfi
nanc
ial
pla
nsf
or
assi
gne
dp
roje
cts
1.
N/A
1.
A
ssig
nta
sks
tos
taff
mem
ber
s1.
A
ssig
nta
sks
tos
taff
mem
ber
s1.
N
/A
2.
Com
par
ep
rog
ress
to
exp
ecta
tions
es
tab
lishe
din
pla
n2.
C
omp
are
pro
gre
sst
oex
pec
tatio
ns
esta
blis
hed
inp
lan
2.
Com
par
ep
rog
ress
to
exp
ecta
tions
es
tab
lishe
din
pla
n2.
C
omp
are
pro
gre
sst
oex
pec
tatio
ns
esta
blis
hed
inp
lan
3.
N/A
3.
Tr
ack
fisca
lexp
end
iture
sag
ains
tfin
anci
alp
lan
3.
Eval
uate
fisc
ale
xpen
ditu
res
agai
nst
finan
cial
pla
n3.
Ev
alua
tefi
scal
exp
end
iture
sag
ains
tfin
anci
alp
lan
4.
Ad
just
act
iviti
esa
sne
cess
ary
to
stay
with
ind
efine
db
udg
et
4.
Ad
just
act
iviti
esa
sne
cess
ary
to
stay
with
ind
efine
db
udg
et
4.
Ad
just
act
iviti
esa
sne
cess
ary
to
stay
with
ind
efine
db
udg
et
4.
Ad
just
act
iviti
esa
sne
cess
ary
to
stay
with
ind
efine
db
udg
et
5.
Seek
ad
diti
onal
res
ourc
esa
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
unex
pec
ted
ac
tiviti
es
5.
Seek
ad
diti
onal
res
ourc
esa
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
unex
pec
ted
ac
tiviti
es
5.
Seek
ad
diti
onal
res
ourc
esa
sne
cess
ary
tos
upp
ort
unex
pec
ted
ac
tiviti
es
5.
N/A
6.
Follo
wc
hain
of
com
man
d
6.
Follo
wc
hain
of
com
man
d
6.
Follo
wc
hain
of
com
man
da
nd
agen
cyfi
nanc
ialr
ules
6.
Fo
llow
cha
ino
fco
mm
and
D.
N/A
D
.A
ssis
tin
pre
par
atio
no
fp
rop
osa
ls
for
extr
amur
alf
und
ing
D
.D
evel
op
req
uest
sfo
rp
rop
osa
ls
for
extr
amur
alf
und
ing
to
sup
po
rt
add
itio
nal
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
itie
san
ds
pec
ial
pro
ject
s
D.
Pre
par
ep
rop
osa
lsf
or
extr
amur
al
fund
ing
fo
rre
view
and
inp
utf
rom
m
anag
ers
1.
N/A
1.
Id
entif
yfu
ndin
gn
eed
sfo
rep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
1.
Iden
tify
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
th
atn
eed
ext
ram
ural
fun
din
g
1.
Iden
tify
fund
ing
nee
ds
for
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
2.
N/A
2.
Id
entif
yfu
ndin
go
pp
ortu
nitie
sfo
rep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
2.
Eval
uate
fun
din
go
pp
ortu
nitie
sto
su
pp
ort
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
2.
Id
entif
yfu
ndin
go
pp
ortu
nitie
sfo
rep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
3.
N/A
3.
Pr
epar
ep
rop
osal
s,in
who
leo
rin
par
t,t
oob
tain
fun
din
gf
or
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
3.
Cre
ate
scie
ntifi
cally
sou
nd
pro
pos
als
that
will
sup
por
tep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
esa
ndm
eet
the
req
uire
men
tso
fth
efu
ndin
g
agen
cy
3.
Prep
are
pro
pos
als,
inw
hole
or
inp
art,
to
obta
inf
und
ing
for
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
E.
N/A
E
.U
sem
anag
emen
tsk
ills
E.
Use
man
agem
ent
skill
sE
.N
/A
1.
N/A
1.
Es
tab
lish
role
san
dr
esp
onsi
bili
ties
ofa
llp
artic
ipan
tsin
ep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tiviti
es
1.
Esta
blis
hro
les
and
res
pon
sib
ilitie
sof
all
par
ticip
ants
ine
pid
emio
log
ic
activ
ities
1.
N/A
VI.
Skill
Do
mai
n—Fi
nanc
ial
and
Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
and
Man
agem
ent
(Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
, Fi
nanc
ial
Pla
nnin
g,
and
Man
agem
ent
Skill
s) (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
N/A
2.
C
omm
unic
ate
role
/res
pon
sib
ility
ex
pec
tatio
nsc
lear
lyt
oal
ltea
m
mem
ber
s
2.
Com
mun
icat
ero
le/r
esp
onsi
bili
ty
exp
ecta
tions
cle
arly
to
alls
taff
2.
N/A
3.
N/A
3.
A
sses
sp
erfo
rman
ceo
fte
am
mem
ber
sas
the
yca
rry
out
thei
rre
spon
sib
ilitie
s
3.
Ass
ess
per
form
ance
of
team
m
emb
ers
ast
hey
carr
you
tth
eir
resp
onsi
bili
ties
3.
N/A
4.
N/A
4.
C
oach
tea
mm
emb
ers
asn
eed
ed
int
hep
erfo
rman
ceo
fth
eir
resp
onsi
bili
ties
4.
Coa
cht
eam
mem
ber
sas
nee
ded
in
the
per
form
ance
of
thei
rre
spon
sib
ilitie
s
4.
N/A
5.
N/A
5.
N
/A
5.
Rep
rese
nte
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
on
the
pub
lich
ealth
ag
ency
m
anag
emen
tte
am
5.
N/A
F.
Use
ski
llst
hat
fost
erc
olla
bo
rati
ons
,st
rong
par
tner
ship
s,a
ndt
eam
b
uild
ing
to
acc
om
plis
hep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mo
bje
ctiv
es
F.
Use
ski
llst
hat
fost
erc
olla
bo
rati
ons
,st
rong
par
tner
ship
s,a
ndt
eam
b
uild
ing
to
acc
om
plis
hep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mo
bje
ctiv
es
F.
Pro
mo
tec
olla
bo
rati
ons
,st
rong
p
artn
ersh
ips,
and
tea
mb
uild
ing
to
ac
com
plis
hep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
m
ob
ject
ives
F.
Use
ski
llst
hat
fost
erc
olla
bo
rati
ons
,st
rong
par
tner
ship
s,a
ndt
eam
b
uild
ing
to
acc
om
plis
hep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mo
bje
ctiv
es
1.
Sup
por
tco
llab
orat
ive
rela
tions
hip
sw
ithk
eyp
erso
nnel
of
othe
rag
enci
esr
elev
ant
tot
hep
artic
ular
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ivity
1.
Bui
ldc
olla
bor
ativ
ere
latio
nshi
ps
with
key
per
sonn
elo
fot
her
agen
cies
rel
evan
tto
the
par
ticul
ar
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ity
1.
Ensu
red
evel
opm
ent
of
colla
bor
ativ
ere
latio
nshi
ps
with
key
p
erso
nnel
of
othe
rp
rog
ram
san
d
agen
cies
rel
evan
tto
the
par
ticul
ar
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ity
1.
Bui
ldc
olla
bor
ativ
ere
latio
nshi
ps
with
key
per
sonn
elo
fot
her
agen
cies
rel
evan
tto
the
par
ticul
ar
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ity
2.
Wor
kw
ellw
itho
ther
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
ject
tea
mm
emb
ers
ofv
arie
d
bac
kgro
und
san
de
duc
atio
n
2.
Wor
kw
ellw
itho
ther
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
ject
tea
mm
emb
ers
ofv
arie
d
bac
kgro
und
san
de
duc
atio
n
2.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
ject
tea
m
mem
ber
sof
var
ied
bac
kgro
und
san
de
duc
atio
nin
wor
king
co
llab
orat
ivel
yan
de
ffect
ivel
yto
get
her
2.
Wor
kw
ellw
itho
ther
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
ject
tea
mm
emb
ers
ofv
arie
d
bac
kgro
und
san
de
duc
atio
n
3.
N/A
3.
C
larif
yro
les
and
res
pon
sib
ilitie
sof
al
lpar
ticip
ants
ine
pid
emio
log
ic
activ
ities
3.
Ove
rsee
dev
elop
men
tof
cle
ar
role
san
dr
esp
onsi
bili
ties
ofa
llp
artic
ipan
tsin
ep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tiviti
es
3.
Cla
rify
role
san
dr
esp
onsi
bili
ties
of
allp
artic
ipan
tsin
ep
idem
iolo
gic
ac
tiviti
es
VI.
Skill
Do
mai
n—Fi
nanc
ial
and
Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
and
Man
agem
ent
(Op
erat
iona
l P
lann
ing
, Fi
nanc
ial
Pla
nnin
g,
and
Man
agem
ent
Skill
s) (
cont
inue
d)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
N/A
A
.Su
pp
ort
the
ep
idem
iolo
gic
p
ersp
ecti
vei
nth
eag
ency
str
ateg
ic
pla
nnin
gp
roce
ss
A.
Pro
mo
tet
hee
pid
emio
log
ic
per
spec
tive
in
the
agen
cys
trat
egic
p
lann
ing
pro
cess
A.
Pro
mo
tet
hee
pid
emio
log
ic
per
spec
tive
in
the
agen
cys
trat
egic
p
lann
ing
pro
cess
B.
Sup
po
rtt
heo
rgan
izat
ion’
svi
sio
nin
al
lp
rog
ram
san
da
ctiv
itie
sB
.P
rom
ote
the
org
aniz
atio
n’s
visi
on
in
all
pro
gra
ms
and
act
ivit
ies
B.
Lead
the
cre
atio
no
fep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
m’s
vis
ion
int
hec
ont
ext
of
the
agen
cy’s
pla
n
B.
Pro
mo
tet
heo
rgan
izat
ion’
svi
sio
nin
al
lp
rog
ram
san
da
ctiv
itie
s
1.
Sup
por
tst
rate
gic
pla
n1.
A
ssis
tin
str
ateg
icp
lann
ing
1.
D
evel
ops
trat
egic
pla
n1.
A
ssis
tin
str
ateg
icp
lann
ing
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
a.
Des
crib
ep
roce
ssf
or
org
aniz
atio
nals
trat
egic
pla
nnin
g
b.
Iden
tify
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
lis
sues
tha
tm
ayim
pac
td
eliv
ery
ofe
ssen
tialp
ublic
hea
lth
serv
ices
(com
pet
ency
fro
m
Cou
ncil
onL
inka
ges
)c.
Fa
cilit
ate
colla
bor
atio
nw
ith
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
lgro
ups
toe
nsur
ep
artic
ipat
ion
ofk
ey
stak
ehol
der
s(c
omp
eten
cyf
rom
C
ounc
ilon
Lin
kag
es)
d.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofs
trat
egic
prio
ritie
san
d
asso
ciat
eda
ctio
np
lans
e.
N
/A
a.
Dev
elop
pro
cess
for
ep
idem
iolo
gic
str
ateg
icp
lann
ing
w
ithin
ag
ency
vis
ion
b.
Eval
uate
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
lis
sues
tha
tm
ayim
pac
td
eliv
ery
ofe
ssen
tialp
ublic
hea
lth
serv
ices
c.
D
irect
col
lab
orat
ion
with
inte
rnal
an
de
xter
nalg
roup
sto
ens
ure
par
ticip
atio
nof
key
sta
keho
lder
sd
.D
evel
ops
trat
egic
prio
ritie
san
d
asso
ciat
eda
ctio
np
lans
e.
En
sure
tha
tre
sear
cha
gen
da
is
cons
iste
ntw
ithb
udg
etr
esou
rces
an
dw
iths
trat
egic
pla
n
a.
Des
crib
ep
roce
ssf
or
org
aniz
atio
nals
trat
egic
pla
nnin
g
b.
Iden
tify
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
lis
sues
tha
tm
ayim
pac
td
eliv
ery
ofe
ssen
tialp
ublic
hea
lth
serv
ices
(com
pet
ency
fro
m
Cou
ncil
onL
inka
ges
)c.
Fa
cilit
ate
colla
bor
atio
nw
ith
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
lgro
ups
toe
nsur
ep
artic
ipat
ion
ofk
ey
stak
ehol
der
s(c
omp
eten
cyf
rom
C
ounc
ilon
Lin
kag
es)
d.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofs
trat
egic
prio
ritie
san
d
asso
ciat
eda
ctio
np
lans
e.
C
reat
ere
sear
cha
gen
da
for
pro
gra
ma
reas
of
resp
onsi
bili
ty
for
inco
rpor
atio
nin
tos
trat
egic
p
lan
2.
Sup
por
tch
ang
e2.
Im
ple
men
tch
ang
e2.
Im
ple
men
tch
ang
e2.
Im
ple
men
tch
ang
e
a.
Dem
onst
rate
ind
ivid
uals
kills
ne
cess
ary
toim
ple
men
tch
ang
e,
incl
udin
ga
bili
tyt
osu
pp
ort
chan
ge
b.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
func
tion
asm
emb
ero
fa
team
dur
ing
ch
ang
ep
roce
sses
c.
N
/A
a.
Dem
onst
rate
ind
ivid
uals
kills
ne
cess
ary
toim
ple
men
tch
ang
e,
incl
udin
ga
bili
tyt
osu
pp
ort
chan
ge
b.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
func
tion
asm
emb
ero
fa
team
dur
ing
ch
ang
ep
roce
sses
c.
Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
mon
itorin
ga
nd
sust
aini
ngo
rgan
izat
iona
lcha
nge
a.
Dem
onst
rate
ind
ivid
uals
kills
ne
cess
ary
toim
ple
men
tch
ang
e,
incl
udin
ga
bili
tyt
osu
pp
ort
chan
ge
b.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
lead
te
ams
dur
ing
cha
nge
pro
cess
es
c.
Mon
itor
and
sus
tain
or
gan
izat
iona
lcha
nge
a.
Dem
onst
rate
ind
ivid
uals
kills
ne
cess
ary
toim
ple
men
tch
ang
e,
incl
udin
ga
bili
tyt
osu
pp
ort
chan
ge
b.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
func
tion
asm
emb
ero
fa
team
dur
ing
ch
ang
ep
roce
sses
c.
Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
mon
itorin
ga
nd
sust
aini
ngo
rgan
izat
iona
lcha
nge
VII.
Ski
ll D
om
ain—
Lead
ersh
ip a
nd S
yste
ms
Thin
king
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
C.
Use
per
form
ance
mea
sure
sto
im
pro
vee
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
ef
fect
iven
ess
C.
Use
per
form
ance
mea
sure
sto
ev
alua
tea
ndi
mp
rove
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
me
ffec
tive
ness
C.
Use
per
form
ance
mea
sure
sto
ev
alua
tea
ndi
mp
rove
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
me
ffec
tive
ness
C.
Use
per
form
ance
mea
sure
sto
ev
alua
tea
ndi
mp
rove
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
me
ffec
tive
ness
1.
Con
trib
ute
toim
ple
men
tatio
nan
dm
onito
ring
of
org
aniz
atio
nal
per
form
ance
mea
sure
sth
at
dem
onst
rate
pro
gra
me
ffect
iven
ess
1.
Con
trib
ute
tod
evel
opm
ent,
im
ple
men
tatio
n,a
ndm
onito
ring
of
org
aniz
atio
nalp
erfo
rman
ce
mea
sure
sth
atd
emon
stra
te
pro
gra
me
ffect
iven
ess
1.
Dev
elop
,im
ple
men
t,a
ndm
onito
ror
gan
izat
iona
lper
form
ance
m
easu
res
that
dem
onst
rate
pro
gra
m
effe
ctiv
enes
s
1.
Con
trib
ute
tod
evel
opm
ent,
im
ple
men
tatio
n,a
ndm
onito
ring
of
org
aniz
atio
nalp
erfo
rman
ce
mea
sure
sth
atd
emon
stra
te
pro
gra
me
ffect
iven
ess
a.
Dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dg
eof
p
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
b.
N/A
c.
N
/A
d.
Ad
opt
and
imp
lem
ent
per
form
ance
mea
sure
se.
N
/A
f.Ta
kea
ctio
nto
imp
rove
pro
gra
m
per
form
ance
a.
Dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dg
eof
p
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
b.
Lead
pro
cess
to
dev
elop
ne
wp
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
ifne
cess
ary
c.
Ass
ist
inc
reat
ing
pla
nfo
rim
ple
men
ting
per
form
ance
m
easu
res
d.
Ad
opt
and
imp
lem
ent
per
form
ance
mea
sure
se.
Ev
alua
ter
esul
tso
fp
erfo
rman
ce
mea
sure
s’im
ple
men
tatio
nf.
Take
act
ion
toim
pro
vep
rog
ram
p
erfo
rman
ce
a.
Syst
emat
ize
exis
ting
or
gan
izat
iona
lper
form
ance
m
easu
res
b.
Lead
pro
cess
to
dev
elop
ne
wp
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
ifne
cess
ary
c.
Cre
ate
pla
nfo
rim
ple
men
ting
p
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
d.
Lead
tea
min
imp
lem
entin
g
per
form
ance
mea
sure
se.
Ev
alua
ter
esul
tso
fp
erfo
rman
ce
mea
sure
s’im
ple
men
tatio
nf.
Take
act
ion
toim
pro
vep
rog
ram
p
erfo
rman
ce
a.
Dem
onst
rate
kno
wle
dg
eof
p
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
b.
N/A
c.
A
ssis
tin
cre
atin
gp
lan
for
imp
lem
entin
gp
erfo
rman
ce
mea
sure
sd
.A
dop
tan
dim
ple
men
tp
erfo
rman
cem
easu
res
e.
N/A
f.
Take
act
ion
toim
pro
vep
rog
ram
p
erfo
rman
ce
D.
Pro
mo
tee
thic
alc
ond
uct
in
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
D.
Pro
mo
tee
thic
alc
ond
uct
in
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
D.
Pro
mo
tee
thic
alc
ond
uct
in
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
D.
Pro
mo
tee
thic
alc
ond
uct
in
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
1.
Dem
onst
rate
eth
ical
con
duc
tin
per
sona
lbeh
avio
ran
d
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
1.
Dem
onst
rate
eth
ical
con
duc
tin
per
sona
lbeh
avio
ran
d
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
1.
Dem
onst
rate
eth
ical
con
duc
tin
per
sona
lbeh
avio
ran
d
epid
emio
log
icp
ract
ice
1.
Dem
onst
rate
eth
ical
con
duc
tin
p
erso
nalb
ehav
ior
2.
Prom
ote
ethi
calc
ond
uct
in
org
aniz
atio
n’s
pol
icie
san
d
pra
ctic
es,
incl
udin
ge
mp
hasi
son
ad
dre
ssin
gh
ealth
dis
par
ities
2.
Prom
ote
ethi
calc
ond
uct
in
org
aniz
atio
n’s
pol
icie
san
d
pra
ctic
es,
incl
udin
ge
mp
hasi
son
ad
dre
ssin
gh
ealth
dis
par
ities
2.
Prom
ote
ethi
calc
ond
uct
in
org
aniz
atio
n’s
pol
icie
san
dp
ract
ices
,in
clud
ing
em
pha
sis
ona
dd
ress
ing
he
alth
dis
par
ities
2.
Prom
ote
ethi
calc
ond
uct
in
org
aniz
atio
n’s
pol
icie
san
d
pra
ctic
es,
incl
udin
ge
mp
hasi
son
ad
dre
ssin
gh
ealth
dis
par
ities
3.
N/A
3.
M
ake
exp
ecta
tions
of
ethi
cal
cond
uct
clea
rto
tea
mm
emb
ers
3.
Mak
eex
pec
tatio
nso
fet
hica
lco
nduc
tcl
ear
tot
eam
mem
ber
s3.
M
ake
exp
ecta
tions
of
ethi
cal
cond
uct
clea
rto
tea
mm
emb
ers
4.
Follo
wo
rgan
izat
ion’
sp
olic
ies
and
p
ract
ices
rel
ated
to
ethi
calc
ond
uct
4.
Follo
wo
rgan
izat
ion’
sp
olic
ies
and
p
ract
ices
rel
ated
to
ethi
calc
ond
uct
4.
Enfo
rce
org
aniz
atio
n’s
pol
icie
san
d
pra
ctic
esr
elat
edt
oet
hica
lcon
duc
t4.
N
/A
VII.
Ski
ll D
om
ain—
Lead
ersh
ip a
nd S
yste
ms
Thin
king
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
E.
Pra
ctic
ep
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elo
pm
ent
E.
Pro
mo
tew
ork
forc
ed
evel
op
men
tE
.E
nsur
ep
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
epid
emio
log
yw
ork
forc
eE
.P
rom
ote
wo
rkfo
rce
dev
elo
pm
ent
1.
N/A
1.
O
rgan
ize
team
with
ski
lls
nece
ssar
yto
con
duc
thi
gh-
leve
lep
idem
iolo
gic
ana
lyse
s
1.
Ass
emb
let
eam
sw
ithn
eces
sary
sk
ills
toc
ond
uct
ara
nge
of
epid
emio
log
icf
unct
ions
1.
Org
aniz
ete
amw
iths
kills
ne
cess
ary
toc
ond
uct
hig
h-le
vel
epid
emio
log
ica
naly
ses
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
f.
N/A
g
.N
/A
h.
N/A
a.
Ass
ess
skill
san
da
bili
ties
need
edt
op
erfo
rmh
igh-
leve
lep
idem
iolo
gic
ana
lyse
sb
.Ev
alua
tec
urre
nta
gen
cys
taff
to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
ind
ivid
uals
w
ithn
eed
eds
kills
and
ab
ilitie
sar
ep
rese
nt
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
Coo
rdin
ate
with
ag
ency
m
anag
emen
tto
rec
ruit
ind
ivid
uals
with
nee
ded
ski
llsif
ne
cess
ary
f.C
olla
bor
ate
with
ext
erna
lor
gan
izat
ions
to
obta
in
assi
stan
cew
ithn
eed
ed
anal
ytic
als
upp
ort
ifne
cess
ary
g.
Ensu
ret
hat
team
sw
ith
nece
ssar
ysk
ills
toc
ond
uct
ara
nge
ofe
pid
emio
log
ic
func
tions
are
inco
rpor
ated
into
w
ork
pla
nsa
ndt
hew
orkf
orce
h.
Pr
ovid
eco
achi
ngt
ost
aff
per
form
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
an
alys
es
a.
Ass
ess
skill
san
da
bili
ties
need
edt
op
erfo
rmh
igh-
leve
lep
idem
iolo
gic
ana
lyse
sb
.Ev
alua
tec
urre
nta
gen
cys
taff
to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
ind
ivid
uals
w
ithn
eed
eds
kills
and
ab
ilitie
sar
ep
rese
nt
c.
Ass
ess
wor
kfor
ce,
wor
kpla
ce,
and
oth
eris
sues
tha
tim
pac
tre
crui
tmen
td
.D
evel
opr
ecru
itmen
tp
lans
tha
tad
dre
ssid
entifi
edis
sues
e.
C
oord
inat
ew
itha
gen
cy
man
agem
ent
tor
ecru
itin
div
idua
lsw
ithn
eed
eds
kills
if
nece
ssar
yf.
Col
lab
orat
ew
ithe
xter
nal
org
aniz
atio
nst
oob
tain
as
sist
ance
with
nee
ded
ana
lytic
al
sup
por
tif
nece
ssar
yg
.En
sure
tha
tte
ams
with
ne
cess
ary
skill
sto
con
duc
ta
rang
eof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
fun
ctio
ns
are
inco
rpor
ated
into
wor
kp
lans
an
dt
hew
orkf
orce
h.
Pr
ovid
eco
achi
ngt
ost
aff
per
form
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
an
alys
es
a.
Ass
ess
skill
san
da
bili
ties
need
edt
op
erfo
rmh
igh-
leve
lep
idem
iolo
gic
ana
lyse
sb
.Ev
alua
tec
urre
nta
gen
cys
taff
to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
ind
ivid
uals
w
ithn
eed
eds
kills
and
ab
ilitie
sar
ep
rese
nt
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
Coo
rdin
ate
with
ag
ency
m
anag
emen
tto
rec
ruit
ind
ivid
uals
with
nee
ded
ski
llsif
ne
cess
ary
f.C
olla
bor
ate
with
ext
erna
lor
gan
izat
ions
to
obta
in
assi
stan
cew
ithn
eed
ed
anal
ytic
als
upp
ort
ifne
cess
ary
g.
N/A
h.
Pr
ovid
eco
achi
ngt
ost
aff
per
form
ing
ep
idem
iolo
gic
an
alys
es
VII.
Ski
ll D
om
ain—
Lead
ersh
ip a
nd S
yste
ms
Thin
king
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
Part
icip
ate
ino
ngoi
ngt
eam
le
arni
ng
2.
Prom
ote
ong
oing
tea
mle
arni
ng
2.
Enab
leo
ngoi
ngt
eam
lear
ning
2.
Pr
omot
eon
goi
ngt
eam
lear
ning
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
Ass
ess
per
sona
led
ucat
iona
lan
dt
rain
ing
nee
ds,
and
see
kad
diti
onal
ed
ucat
ion
and
tr
aini
nga
sne
cess
ary
a.
Ass
ess
the
pro
ficie
ncy
oft
eam
m
emb
ers’
ski
llsa
gai
nst
stan
dar
d
com
pet
ency
set
sb
.Id
entif
yp
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elop
men
top
por
tuni
ties
for
team
mem
ber
sc.
A
dju
stw
orkl
oad
of
team
m
emb
ers
asn
eces
sary
to
ena
ble
par
ticip
atio
nin
p
rofe
ssio
nald
evel
opm
ent
opp
ortu
nitie
sd
.En
cour
age
team
mem
ber
sto
ta
kea
dva
ntag
eof
dev
elop
men
top
por
tuni
ties
e.
Ass
ess
per
sona
led
ucat
iona
lan
dt
rain
ing
nee
ds,
and
see
kad
diti
onal
ed
ucat
ion
and
tr
aini
nga
sne
cess
ary
a.
Ass
ess
the
pro
ficie
ncy
oft
eam
m
emb
ers’
ski
llsa
gai
nst
stan
dar
d
com
pet
ency
set
sb
.Id
entif
yp
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elop
men
top
por
tuni
ties
for
team
mem
ber
sc.
A
dju
stw
orkl
oad
of
team
m
emb
ers
asn
eces
sary
to
enab
le
par
ticip
atio
nin
pro
fess
iona
ld
evel
opm
ent
opp
ortu
nitie
sd
.Pr
ovid
ere
sour
ces
for
team
m
emb
ers
tot
ake
adva
ntag
eof
d
evel
opm
ent
opp
ortu
nitie
se.
A
sses
sp
erso
nale
duc
atio
nal
and
tra
inin
gn
eed
s,a
nds
eek
add
ition
ale
duc
atio
nan
d
trai
ning
as
nece
ssar
y
a.
Ass
ess
the
pro
ficie
ncy
oft
eam
m
emb
ers’
ski
llsa
gai
nst
stan
dar
d
com
pet
ency
set
sb
.Id
entif
yp
rofe
ssio
nal
dev
elop
men
top
por
tuni
ties
for
team
mem
ber
sc.
N
/A
d.
Enco
urag
ete
amm
emb
ers
to
take
ad
vant
age
ofd
evel
opm
ent
opp
ortu
nitie
se.
A
sses
sp
erso
nale
duc
atio
nal
and
tra
inin
gn
eed
s,a
nds
eek
add
ition
ale
duc
atio
nan
d
trai
ning
as
nece
ssar
y
3.
N/A
3.
Re
tain
ep
idem
iolo
gy
staf
f3.
Re
tain
ep
idem
iolo
gy
staf
f3.
N
/A
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
a.
Ass
ess
issu
esa
ffect
ing
w
orkf
orce
ret
entio
nb
.Ev
alua
tes
trat
egie
sto
imp
rove
w
orkf
orce
ret
entio
nc.
D
evel
ops
trat
egie
sto
ret
ain
staf
fco
nsis
tent
with
ag
ency
hu
man
res
ourc
ere
tent
ion
stra
teg
ies
a.
Ass
ess
issu
esa
ffect
ing
wor
kfor
ce
rete
ntio
nb
.Ev
alua
tes
trat
egie
sto
imp
rove
w
orkf
orce
ret
entio
nc.
D
evel
ops
trat
egie
sto
ret
ain
staf
fco
nsis
tent
with
ag
ency
hum
an
reso
urce
ret
entio
nst
rate
gie
s
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
VII.
Ski
ll D
om
ain—
Lead
ersh
ip a
nd S
yste
ms
Thin
king
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
F.
Pre
par
efo
rem
erg
ency
res
po
nse
F.
Pre
par
efo
rem
erg
ency
res
po
nse
F.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gy
unit
in
pre
par
ing
fo
rem
erg
ency
res
po
nse
F.
Pre
par
efo
rem
erg
ency
res
po
nse
1.
N/A
1.
Pr
esen
tep
idem
iolo
gic
per
spec
tive
ind
evel
opm
ent
ofa
gen
cy
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
pla
n
1.
Pres
ent
epid
emio
log
icp
ersp
ectiv
ein
dev
elop
men
tof
ag
ency
em
erg
ency
res
pon
sep
lan
1.
N/A
2.
N/A
2.
Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
pla
nnin
gf
ore
pid
emio
log
yun
it2.
Le
ade
mer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
pla
nnin
g
for
epid
emio
log
yun
it2.
Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
pla
nnin
gf
ore
pid
emio
log
yun
it
a.
Be
fam
iliar
with
the
ep
idem
iolo
gy
sect
ion
of
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
pla
nb
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
reg
ular
exe
rcis
es
and
/or
dril
lso
fal
lpar
tso
fem
erg
ency
res
pon
se
e.
N/A
f.
Ob
tain
nec
essa
ryc
ontin
uing
ed
ucat
ion
tor
esp
ond
to
emer
gen
cies
a.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofa
writ
ten
epid
emio
log
yse
ctio
nin
the
ag
ency
’sor
ag
ency
uni
t’se
mer
gen
cy
resp
onse
pla
n,in
clud
ing
co
ntin
uity
of
agen
cyo
per
atio
ns
b.
Com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
in
form
atio
n,r
oles
,ca
pac
ities
,an
dle
gal
aut
horit
yto
all
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
par
tner
sc.
M
aint
ain
reg
ular
com
mun
icat
ion
with
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
par
tner
sd
.Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
reg
ular
exe
rcis
es
and
/or
dril
lso
fal
lpar
tso
fem
erg
ency
res
pon
se
e.
Part
icip
ate
int
hee
valu
atio
nof
em
erg
ency
res
pon
see
xerc
ises
an
d/o
rd
rills
(or
actu
alr
esp
onse
)f.
Ensu
ret
hat
staf
fre
ceiv
ene
cess
ary
cont
inui
nge
duc
atio
nto
res
pon
dt
oem
erg
enci
es
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
the
agen
cy(o
rag
ency
uni
t)ha
sa
writ
ten
epid
emio
log
yse
ctio
nin
the
ag
ency
’sor
ag
ency
uni
t’s
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
pla
n,
incl
udin
gc
ontin
uity
of
agen
cy
oper
atio
ns
b.
Ensu
rec
omm
unic
atio
nof
ep
i-d
emio
log
icin
form
atio
n,r
oles
,ca
pac
ities
,an
dle
gal
aut
horit
yto
al
lem
erg
ency
res
pon
sep
artn
ers
c.
Ensu
rer
egul
arc
omm
unic
atio
nw
ithe
mer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
p
artn
ers
d.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gy
unit’
sp
artic
ipat
ion
inr
egul
are
xerc
ises
an
d/o
rd
rills
of
allp
arts
of
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
e.
Ev
alua
tet
hep
artic
ipat
ion
oft
he
epid
emio
log
yun
itin
em
erg
ency
re
spon
see
xerc
ises
and
/or
dril
ls
(or
actu
alr
esp
onse
)f.
Ensu
ret
hat
staf
fre
ceiv
ene
cess
ary
cont
inui
nge
duc
atio
nto
res
pon
dt
oem
erg
enci
es
a.
Part
icip
ate
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofa
writ
ten
epid
emio
log
yse
ctio
nin
the
ag
ency
’sor
ag
ency
uni
t’se
mer
gen
cy
resp
onse
pla
n,in
clud
ing
co
ntin
uity
of
agen
cyo
per
atio
ns
b.
Com
mun
icat
eep
idem
iolo
gic
in
form
atio
n,r
oles
,ca
pac
ities
,an
dle
gal
aut
horit
yto
all
emer
gen
cyr
esp
onse
par
tner
sc.
M
aint
ain
reg
ular
com
mun
icat
ion
with
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
par
tner
sd
.Pa
rtic
ipat
ein
reg
ular
exe
rcis
es
and
/or
dril
lso
fal
lpar
tso
fem
erg
ency
res
pon
se
e.
Part
icip
ate
int
hee
valu
atio
nof
em
erg
ency
res
pon
see
xerc
ises
an
d/o
rd
rills
(or
actu
alr
esp
onse
)f.
Ob
tain
nec
essa
ryc
ontin
uing
ed
ucat
ion
tor
esp
ond
to
emer
gen
cies
3.
Resp
ond
to
pub
lich
ealth
em
erg
enci
es
3.
Resp
ond
to
pub
lich
ealth
em
erg
enci
es
3.
Lead
ep
idem
iolo
gic
res
pon
set
op
ublic
hea
lthe
mer
gen
cies
3.
Re
spon
dt
op
ublic
hea
lth
emer
gen
cies
a.
Ad
here
to
ind
ivid
ual’s
rol
ein
in
cid
ent
com
man
da
ndin
cid
ent
man
agem
ent
b.
Mai
ntai
nre
gul
arc
omm
unic
atio
nw
ithp
artn
erp
rofe
ssio
nals
in
othe
rag
enci
esin
volv
edin
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
a.
Ad
here
to
ind
ivid
ual’s
rol
ein
in
cid
ent
com
man
da
ndin
cid
ent
man
agem
ent
b.
Mai
ntai
nre
gul
arc
omm
unic
atio
nw
ithp
artn
erp
rofe
ssio
nals
in
othe
rag
enci
esin
volv
edin
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
a.
Ensu
ret
hat
epid
emio
log
yst
aff
adhe
ret
oth
eir
role
sin
in
cid
ent
com
man
da
ndin
cid
ent
man
agem
ent
b.
Ensu
ret
hat
reg
ular
co
mm
unic
atio
nis
mai
ntai
ned
w
ithp
artn
erp
rofe
ssio
nals
in
othe
rag
enci
esin
volv
edin
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
a.
Ad
here
to
ind
ivid
ual’s
rol
ein
in
cid
ent
com
man
da
ndin
cid
ent
man
agem
ent
b.
Mai
ntai
nre
gul
arc
omm
unic
atio
nw
ithp
artn
erp
rofe
ssio
nals
in
othe
rag
enci
esin
volv
edin
em
erg
ency
res
pon
se
VII.
Ski
ll D
om
ain—
Lead
ersh
ip a
nd S
yste
ms
Thin
king
(co
ntin
ued
)
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
A.
Sup
po
rtt
hea
pp
licat
ion
of
epid
emio
log
ick
now
led
ge
tot
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
and
ana
lysi
so
fp
ublic
he
alth
po
licie
s
A.
Bri
nge
pid
emio
log
icp
ersp
ecti
vei
nth
ed
evel
op
men
tan
da
naly
sis
of
pub
lich
ealt
hp
olic
ies
A.
Bri
nge
pid
emio
log
icp
ersp
ecti
vei
nth
ed
evel
op
men
tan
da
naly
sis
of
pub
lich
ealt
hp
olic
ies
A.
Bri
nge
pid
emio
log
icp
ersp
ecti
vei
nth
ed
evel
op
men
tan
da
naly
sis
of
pub
lich
ealt
hp
olic
ies
1.
Des
crib
eho
wp
olic
yd
ecis
ions
are
m
ade
with
int
hea
gen
cy
1.
Dem
onst
rate
und
erst
and
ing
of
pub
lich
ealth
pol
icie
san
d
pol
icy
dev
elop
men
tfr
oma
nep
idem
iolo
gic
per
spec
tive
1.
Eval
uate
pub
lich
ealth
pol
icie
san
dp
olic
yd
evel
opm
ent
from
an
epid
emio
log
icp
ersp
ectiv
e
1.
Dem
onst
rate
und
erst
and
ing
of
pub
lich
ealth
pol
icie
san
d
pol
icy
dev
elop
men
tfr
oma
nep
idem
iolo
gic
per
spec
tive
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
Prov
ide
epid
emio
log
ica
nd
evid
ence
-bas
edin
form
atio
nan
dd
ata
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
ofn
ewp
olic
ies,
incl
udin
gd
ata
that
dem
onst
rate
the
nee
df
or
chan
ge
ine
xist
ing
pol
icie
sd
.A
ssis
tin
cre
atin
gd
ecis
ion
mem
ost
hat
outli
nep
olic
yal
tern
ativ
esa
ndf
acili
tate
sc
ient
ifica
llys
ound
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g
a.
Des
crib
eb
read
tha
ndli
mita
tions
of
exi
stin
gr
egul
atio
nsa
nd
law
sat
ag
ency
,lo
cal,
stat
e,
and
fed
eral
leve
lst
hat
affe
ct
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
b
.D
emon
stra
tet
od
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
the
valu
eof
ep
idem
iolo
gy
and
oth
ere
vid
ence
-bas
ed
info
rmat
ion
ind
evel
opin
gp
olic
yc.
Pr
ovid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
and
ev
iden
ce-b
ased
info
rmat
ion
and
dat
ain
the
dev
elop
men
tof
new
pol
icie
s,in
clud
ing
dat
ath
atd
emon
stra
tet
hen
eed
for
ch
ang
ein
exi
stin
gp
olic
ies
d.
Part
icip
ate
inc
reat
ing
dec
isio
nm
emos
tha
tou
tline
pol
icy
alte
rnat
ives
and
fac
ilita
te
scie
ntifi
cally
sou
ndd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
a.
Exam
ine
bre
adth
and
lim
itatio
ns
ofe
xist
ing
reg
ulat
ions
and
la
ws
ata
gen
cy,
loca
l,st
ate,
an
df
eder
alle
vels
tha
taf
fect
ep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
b.
Just
ifyt
heu
seo
fep
idem
iolo
gy
and
oth
ere
vid
ence
-bas
ed
info
rmat
ion
ind
evel
opin
gp
olic
yc.
Sy
nthe
size
ep
idem
iolo
gic
and
ev
iden
ce-b
ased
info
rmat
ion
and
d
ata
for
pre
sent
atio
nto
pol
icy
mak
ers
d.
Cre
ate
dec
isio
nm
emos
tha
tou
tline
pol
icy
alte
rnat
ives
and
fa
cilit
ate
scie
ntifi
cally
sou
nd
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g
a.
Des
crib
eb
read
tha
ndli
mita
tions
of
exi
stin
gr
egul
atio
nsa
nd
law
sat
ag
ency
,lo
cal,
stat
e,
and
fed
eral
leve
lst
hat
affe
ct
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
b
.D
emon
stra
tet
od
ecis
ion-
mak
ers
the
valu
eof
ep
idem
iolo
gy
and
oth
ere
vid
ence
-bas
ed
info
rmat
ion
ind
evel
opin
gp
olic
yc.
Pr
ovid
eep
idem
iolo
gic
and
ev
iden
ce-b
ased
info
rmat
ion
and
dat
ain
the
dev
elop
men
tof
new
pol
icie
s,in
clud
ing
dat
ath
atd
emon
stra
tet
hen
eed
for
ch
ang
ein
exi
stin
gp
olic
ies
d.
Part
icip
ate
inc
reat
ing
dec
isio
nm
emos
tha
tou
tline
pol
icy
alte
rnat
ives
and
fac
ilita
te
scie
ntifi
cally
sou
ndd
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
VIII
. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Po
licy
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Public Health Reports / 2008 Supplement 1 / Volume 123
Tier
1:
Ent
ry-L
evel
or
Bas
ic
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 2
: M
id-L
evel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
tTi
er 3
a: S
enio
r-Le
vel
Ep
idem
iolo
gis
t:
Sup
ervi
sor
and
/or
Man
ager
Tier
3b
: Se
nio
r Sc
ient
ist/
Su
bje
ct A
rea
Exp
ert
2.
N/A
2.
Su
pp
ort
dev
elop
men
tof
pol
icie
sre
latin
gt
oep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
2.
Lead
dev
elop
men
tof
pol
icie
sre
latin
gt
oep
idem
iolo
gic
act
iviti
es
2.
Sup
por
td
evel
opm
ent
ofp
olic
ies
rela
ting
to
epid
emio
log
ica
ctiv
ities
a.
N/A
b
.N
/A
c.
N/A
d
.N
/A
e.
N/A
a.
Prov
ide
inp
utin
tot
he
dev
elop
men
tof
new
pol
icie
sb
.N
/A
c.
Ad
vise
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
of
dra
ftp
olic
yla
ngua
ge
tos
upp
ort
nece
ssar
yep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ions
an
da
ctiv
ities
d
.N
/A
e.
Exam
ine
the
imp
act
ofp
olic
ies
ona
chie
ving
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
a.
Cre
ate
opp
ortu
nitie
sfo
rst
aff
top
rovi
de
inp
utin
tot
he
dev
elop
men
tof
new
pol
icie
sb
.In
corp
orat
ep
ublic
inp
utin
to
dev
elop
men
tof
ep
idem
iolo
gic
p
olic
ies
c.
Cre
ate
dra
ftp
olic
yla
ngua
ge
tos
upp
ort
nece
ssar
yep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ions
and
ac
tiviti
es
d.
Follo
wa
gen
cyp
roce
dur
esf
or
adop
ting
and
imp
lem
entin
g
new
pol
icie
se.
Ev
alua
tet
heim
pac
tof
pol
icie
son
ach
ievi
nge
pid
emio
log
yp
rog
ram
goa
lsa
ndo
bje
ctiv
es
a.
Prov
ide
inp
utin
tot
he
dev
elop
men
tof
new
pol
icie
sb
.N
/A
c.
Ad
vise
int
hed
evel
opm
ent
of
dra
ftp
olic
yla
ngua
ge
tos
upp
ort
nece
ssar
yep
idem
iolo
gic
act
ions
an
da
ctiv
ities
d
.N
/A
e.
Exam
ine
the
imp
act
ofp
olic
ies
ona
chie
ving
ep
idem
iolo
gy
pro
gra
mg
oals
and
ob
ject
ives
3.
Sup
por
tep
idem
iolo
gy
role
sin
p
rog
ram
sor
pla
nst
hat
der
ive
from
p
ublic
hea
lthp
olic
ies
3.
Part
icip
ate
int
rans
latio
nof
pub
lic
heal
thp
olic
ies
into
ep
idem
iolo
gy
role
sin
pro
gra
ms
orp
lans
3.
Tran
slat
ep
ublic
hea
lthp
olic
ies
into
ep
idem
iolo
gy
role
sin
pro
gra
ms
or
pla
ns
3.
Part
icip
ate
int
rans
latio
nof
pub
lic
heal
thp
olic
ies
into
ep
idem
iolo
gy
role
sin
pro
gra
ms
orp
lans
4.
N/A
4.
D
emon
stra
tea
bili
tyt
ous
ed
esig
nate
dc
hann
els
toin
fluen
ce
pol
icy
dec
isio
nsm
ade
by
entit
ies
othe
rth
ant
hep
ublic
hea
ltha
gen
cy
(e.g
.,el
ecte
do
ffici
als
ort
heir
staf
fs)
4.
Use
des
igna
ted
cha
nnel
sto
in
fluen
cep
olic
yd
ecis
ions
mad
eb
yen
titie
sot
her
than
the
pub
lich
ealth
ag
ency
(e.g
.,el
ecte
do
ffici
als
or
thei
rst
affs
)
4.
Dem
onst
rate
ab
ility
to
use
des
igna
ted
cha
nnel
sto
influ
ence
p
olic
yd
ecis
ions
mad
eb
yen
titie
sot
her
than
the
pub
lich
ealth
ag
ency
(e
.g.,
elec
ted
offi
cial
sor
the
irst
affs
)
5.
Ad
here
to
rule
san
dla
ws
app
lyin
g
tog
over
nmen
tem
plo
yees
and
fu
ndin
gs
ourc
esr
egar
din
glo
bb
ying
5.
Ad
here
to
rule
san
dla
ws
app
lyin
g
tog
over
nmen
tem
plo
yees
and
fu
ndin
gs
ourc
esr
egar
din
glo
bb
ying
5.
Ad
here
to
rule
san
dla
ws
app
lyin
g
tog
over
nmen
tem
plo
yees
and
fu
ndin
gs
ourc
esr
egar
din
glo
bb
ying
5.
Ad
here
to
rule
san
dla
ws
app
lyin
g
tog
over
nmen
tem
plo
yees
and
fu
ndin
gs
ourc
esr
egar
din
glo
bb
ying
VIII
. Sk
ill D
om
ain—
Po
licy
Dev
elo
pm
ent
(co
ntin
ued
)
CD
C5
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
CST
E5
Cou
ncil
ofS
tate
and
Ter
ritor
ialE
pid
emio
log
ists
N/A
5 n
ota
pp
licab
le