Developing A Hydroelectric Power Plant

Prepared for

Mohammad Mussa

Instructor, ART 203

by

Md Abdur Rashid

ID # 07305012

BSEEE

08 July 2011

Letter of Transmittal

Mohammad Musa

Faculty, ART 203

IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

4, Embankment Drive Road, Uttara Model Town,

Sector 10, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh.

Subject: Request for the Proposal.

Dear Sir,

With due respect, I would like to submit this Report as partial fulfillment of the course

ART 203, the topic of “Developing A Hydro-electric Power Plant”. It was a great

opportunity for us to work on this topic to actualize our theoretical knowledge in the

Practical area and to have an real experience on Electricity Generation System.

Now I am looking forward for your kind assessment regarding this proposal. I would be

very grateful to you, if you please take the trouble of going through the proposal and

evaluate our performance regarding this proposal

Sincerely Yours

……………………..

Md. Abdur Rashid

2

Table of Contents

Title Page ………………………………………………………………1

Letter of Transmittal……………………………………………………2

Table of contents……………………………………………………….3

Executive Summary…………………………………………………….4

o Introduction………………………………………………………....5

o Background…………………………………………………………6

o Sources………………………………………………………………7

o Benefits of Hydropower…………………………………………….8

o Electrical System Benefits…………………………………………..9

o How Hydro Power Works………………………………………… 10

o The different parts of a hydroelectric power plant………………...11

o Turbines…………………………………………………………….13

o Low-head Hydropower…………………………………………….14

o A simple formula…………………………………………………..15

o Load factor, Load control governors………………………………16

o Environmental impacts…………………………………………….17

o Karnafuli Hydro Power Station……………………………………18

o Conclusion………………………………………………………….20

o Work Cited………………………………………………………….21

Figure : Hydro-electric Power Station………………………………….7

Figure : Hydro-electric Dam………..………………………………….11

Figure : Turbine……………………..………………………………….13

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Hydroelectric power plants are the most efficient means of producing electric energy.

Since water is the most abundant resource in the world, the most efficient way to harness

the power of water is to collect the potential energy. This is done by damming up a body

of flowing water. A dam is an object that restricts the flow of water. In today’s

hydroelectric dams, the restricted water is diverted to a turbine using a penstock and exits

the turbine through the tailrace. The turbine is made up of a shaft with blades attached.

As a fluid flows through the blades a rotational force is created. This force causes a

torque on the shaft. The turbine shaft is coupled to a generator, where electricity is

produced. The backbone of most power generation system is the generator. An electric

generator is “any machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity for

transmission and distribution.” The generator works by spinning a rotor that is turned by

a turbine. The rotor is a shaft that has field windings. These windings are supplied with

an excitation current or voltage. As the rotor turns, the excitation current creates a

magnetically induced current onto a stator. The stator is a cylindrical ring made of iron

that is incased by another set of field windings and is separated from the rotor by a small

air gap. Hydroelectric generations can vary from 1 watt to 100’s mega-watts. With

today’s technology it is possible to generate power with small scale parameters with low

flow.

Introduction

Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or

energy of moving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Prior to the

development of electric power, hydropower was used for irrigation, and operation of

various machines, such as watermills, textile machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and

domestic lifts.Another method used a trompe to produce compressed air from falling

water, which could then be used to power other machinery at a distance from the water.

4

In hydrology, hydropower is manifested in the force of the water on the riverbed and

banks of a river. It is particularly powerful when the river is in flood. The force of the

water results in the removal of sediment and other materials from the riverbed and banks

of the river, causing erosion and other alterations.

Water power can be harnessed in many ways; tidal flows can be utilised to produce

power by building a barrage across an estuary and releasing water in a controlled manner

through a turbine; large dams hold water which can be used to provide large quantities of

electricity; wave power is also harnessed in various ways. It is a technology that has been

utilised throughout the world, by a diverse range of societies and cultures, for many

centuries. Water can be harnessed on a large or a small scale - Table 1, below outlines the

categories used to define the power output form hydropower. Micro-hydro power is the

small-scale harnessing of energy from falling water; for example, harnessing enough

water from a local river to power a small factory or village. This fact sheet will

concentrate mainly at micro-hydro power.

Large- hydro More than 100 MW and usually feeding into a large electricity grid

Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW - usually feeding a grid

Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW; either stand alone schemes or

more often feeding into the grid

Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW; usually provided power for a small

community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid.

Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW

5

(kW (kilowatt) - 1000 Watts; MW (megawatt) - 1 000 000 Watts or 1000 kW)

Background

In the UK, water mills are known to have been in use 900 years ago. Their numbers grew

steadily and by the 19th century, there were over 20,000 in operation in England alone. In

Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, water wheels were used to drive a variety of industrial

machinery, such as mills and pumps. The first effective water turbines appeared in the

mid 19th century and it was not long before they were replacing water wheels in many

applications. In contrast to water wheels and the early turbines, modern turbines are

compact, highly efficient and capable of turning at very high speed. Hydropower is a

well-proven technology, relying on a non-polluting, renewable and indigenous resource,

which can integrate easily with irrigation and water supply projects. China alone has

more than 85,000 small-scale, electricity producing, hydropower plants.

Over the last few decades, there has been a growing realisation in developing countries

that micro-hydro schemes have an important role to play in the economic development of

remote rural areas, especially mountainous ones. Micro-hydro schemes can provide

power for industrial, agricultural and domestic uses through direct mechanical power or

by the coupling of the turbine to a generator to produce electricity.

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Sources

In 2005, more than 3/4 of total world energy consumption was through the use of fossil

fuels.” With the current state of the environment, it is essential to explore all the

possibilities for renewable energy. The main forms of renewable energy are wind, solar,

biomass, and hydroelectric . “Hydroelectric power plants are the most efficient means

of producing electric energy.”

Since water is the most abundant resource in the world, it is important to utilize the

power of flowing water. The most efficient way to harness the power of water is to

collect the potential energy. This is done by damming up a body of flowing water. A dam

is an object that restricts the flow of water. In today’s hydroelectric dams, the restricted

water is diverted to a turbine using a penstock and exits the turbine through the tailrace.

The turbine is made up of a shaft with blades attached. As a fluid flows through the

blades a rotational force is created. This force causes a torque on the shaft. The turbine

shaft is coupled to a generator, where electricity is produced.

The backbone of most power generation system is the generator. An electric generator is

“any machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity for transmission and

7

distribution.” The generator works by spinning a rotor that is turned by a turbine. The

rotor is a shaft that has field windings. These windings are supplied with an excitation

current or voltage. As the rotor turns, the excitation current creates a magnetically

induced current onto a stator. The stator is a cylindrical ring made of iron that is incased

by another set of field windings and is separated from the rotor by a small air gap.

Hydroelectric generations can vary from 1 watt to 100’s mega-watts. With today’s

technology it is possible to generate power with small scale parameters. With low flow

and low head parameters a micro generator can be used to produce electric power. From

the source of the flowing water, a weir, small scale dam, can be used to restrict the flow

of water. From this the water can be piped to a turbine. Since the turbine is coupled to the

generator, a micro generator can generate about 1 watt to 100 kilowatts. This

generator can be used to power residential loads

Benefits of Hydropower

Hydropower is one of the three principal sources of energy used to generate electricity,

the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Hydroelectricity has certain advantages

over these other sources: it is continually renewable thanks to the recurring nature of the

water cycle, and causes no pollution. Also, it is one of the cheapest sources of electrical

energy. Hydropower provides unique benefits, rarely found in other sources of energy.

These benefits can be attributed to the electricity itself, or to side-benefits, often

associated with reservoir development. Despite the recent debates, few would disclaim

that the net environmental benefits of hydropower are far superior to fossil-based

generation. In 1997, for example, it has been calculated that hydropower saved GHG

emissions equivalent to all the cars on the planet (in terms of avoided fossil fuel

generation). While development of all the remaining hydroelectric potential could not

hope to cover total future world demand for electricity, implementation of even half of

this potential could thus have enormous environmental benefits in terms of avoided

generation by fossil fuels.

Carefully planned hydropower development can also make a vast contribution to

improving living stands in the developing world (Asia, Africa, Latin America), where the

greatest potential still exists. Approximately 2 billion people in rural areas of developing

8

countries are still without an electricity supply. As the most important of the clean,

renewable energy options, hydropower is often one of a number of benefits of a

multipurpose water resources development project. As hydro schemes are generally

integrated within multipurpose development schemes, they can often help to subsidize

other vital functions of a project. Typically, construction of a dam and its associated

reservoir results in a number of benefits

associated with human well-being, such as secure water supply, irrigation for food

production and flood control, and societal benefits such as increased recreational

opportunities, improved navigation, the development of fisheries, cottage industries, etc.

This is not the case for any other source of energy.

Electrical System Benefits

Hydropower, as an energy supply, also provides unique benefits to an electrical system.

First, when stored in large quantities in the reservoir behind a dam, it is immediately

available for use when required. Second, the energy source can be rapidly adjusted to

meet demand instantaneously. These benefits are part of a large family of benefits,

known as ancillary services. They include:

Spinning reserve - the ability to run at a zero load while synchronized to the electric

system. When loadsincrease, additional power can be loaded rapidly into the

system to meet demand. Hydropower canprovide this service while not

consuming additional fuel, thereby assuring minimal emissions.

Non-spinning reserve - the ability to enter load into an electrical system from a source

not on line. While other energy sources can also provide non-spinning reserve,

hydropower's quick start capability is unparalleled, taking just a few minutes,

compared with as much as 30 minutes for other turbines and

hours for steam generation.

Regulation and frequency response - the ability to meet moment-to-moment

fluctuations in system power requirements. When a system is unable to respond

properly to load changes its frequency changes, resulting not just in a loss of

power, but potential damage to electrical equipment connected to the system,

9

especially computer systems. Hydropower's fast response characteristic makes it

especially valuable in providing regulation and frequency response.

Voltage support - the ability to control reactive power, thereby assuring that power

will flow from generation to load.

Black start capability - the ability to start generation without an outside source of

power. This service allows system operators to provide auxiliary power to more

complex generation sources that could take hours or even days to restart. Systems

having available hydroelectric generation are able to restore service more rapidly

than those dependent solely on thermal generation.

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into

electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available.

The layout covered in this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts

of hydroelectric plant.

Most hydroelectric stations use either the natural drop of a river, such as a waterfall or

rapids, or a dam is built across a river to raise the water level, and provide the drop

needed to create a driving force.

Water at the higher level is collected in the forebay. It flows through the station's intake

into a pipe, called a penstock, which carries it down to a turbine. The turbine is a type of

water wheel that is connected to a generator. As the water flows down the penstock the

water pressure increases. It is this pressure and flow that causes the turbine to revolve

which in turn spins a generator.

Inside the generator are large electromagnets attached to a rotor that is located within a

coil of copper wires called the stator. As the generator rotor spins the magnets a flow of

electrons is created in the coils of the stator.

10

This produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage through the station’s

transformers and sent across transmissions lines. The falling water, having served its

purpose, exits the generating station through what is called the tailrace, where it rejoins

the main stream of the river.

The different parts of a hydroelectric power plant

(1) Dam

Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The

reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in

power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus

allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used

for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able

to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams

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such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is

called head race.

(2) Spillway

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams.

It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over

toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be

controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon

water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow

is possible.

(3) Penstock and Tunnel

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power

station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under

high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a

penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station

such as a mountain.

(4) Surge Tank

Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of

reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges

of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements

increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside

the penstock.

(5) Power Station

Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power

station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft.

This rotational torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into electricity. The

used water is released through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail

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race is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head

available to the turbine for generation of electricity.

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Turbines

A turbine converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of

turbine which can be categorised in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will

depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed

hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into

three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.

Head pressure

Turbine Runner High Medium Low

Impulse Pelton Turgo Multi-

jet Pelton

Crossflow

Turgo

Multi-jet Pelton

Crossflow

Reaction Francis

Pump-as-turbine

(PAT)

Propeller

Kaplan

Table 1: Classification of turbine types.

Source: Micro-hydro Design Manual, IT Publications, 1993

The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the

impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by

striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is

atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a reaction turbine, on the other

hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear

momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the

runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.

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Low-head Hydropower

A low-head dam is one with a water drop of less than 65 feet and a generating capacity

less than 15,000 kW. Large, high-head dams can produce more power at lower costs than

low-head dams, but construction of large dams may be limited by lack of suitable sites,

by environmental considerations, or by economic conditions. In contrast, there are many

existing small dams and drops in elevation along canals where small generating plants

could be installed. New low-head dams could be built to increase output as well. The key

to the usefulness of such units is their ability to generate power near where it is needed,

reducing the power inevitably lost during transmission.

Calculating the amount of available power

A hydropower resource can be measured according to the amount of available power, or

energy per unit time. In large reservoirs, the available power is generally only a function

of the hydraulic head and rate of fluid flow. In a reservoir, the head is the height of water

in the reservoir relative to its height after discharge. Each unit of water can do an amount

of work equal to its weight times the head.

The amount of energy, E, released when an object of mass m drops a height h in a

gravitational field of strength g is given by The energy available to hydroelectric dams is

the energy that can be liberated by lowering water in a controlled way. In these situations,

the power is related to the mass flow rate. Substituting P for E⁄t and expressing m⁄t in

terms of the volume of liquid moved per unit time (the rate of fluid flow, φ) and the

density of water, we arrive at the usual form of this expression:

A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric

plant is:

P = hrgk

where P is Power in kilowatts,

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h is height in meters,

r is flow rate in cubic meters per second,

g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and

k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1.

Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern turbines.

Some hydropower systems such as water wheels can draw power from the flow of a body

of water without necessarily changing its height. In this case, the available power is the

kinetic energy of the flowing water.

where v is the speed of the water, or with

where A is the area through which the water passes, also

Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture both types of energy.

Load factor

The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is

available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on

costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant

becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only

used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the

turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during

the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor

will be high.

It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and

this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump'

load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a

low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced

e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers.

Load control governors

Water turbines, like petrol or diesel engines, will vary in speed as load is applied or

relieved. Although not such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft

16

power, this speed variation will seriously affect both frequency and voltage output from a

generator. Traditionally, complex hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow

as the load varied, but more recently an electronic load controller (ELC) has been

developed which has increased the simplicity and reliability of modern micro-hydro sets.

The ELC prevents speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial

load, so that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load. A further

benefit is that the ELC has no moving parts, is very reliable and virtually maintenance

free. The advent of electronic load control has allowed the introduction of simple and

efficient, multi-jet turbines, no longer burdened by expensive hydraulic governors.

Environmental impacts

While small, well-sited run-of-the-river projects can be developed with minimal

environmental impacts, many modern run-of-river projects are larger, with much more

significant environmental concerns. For example, Plutonic Power Corp.’s Bute Inlet

Hydroelectric Project in BC will see three clusters of run-of-river projects with 17 river

diversions; as proposed, this run-of-river project will divert over 90 kilometers of streams

and rivers into tunnels and pipelines, requiring 443 km of new transmission line, 267 km

of permanent roads, and 142 bridges, to be built in wilderness areas.

British Columbia’s mountainous terrain and wealth of big rivers have made it a global

testing ground for run-of-river technology. As of March 2010, there were 628

applications pending for new water licenses solely for the purposes of power generation –

representing more than 750 potential points of river diversion.

Many of the impacts of this technology are still not understood or well-considered,

including the following:

Diverting large amounts of river water reduces river flows, affecting water velocity and

depth, minimizing habitat quality for fish and aquatic organisms; reduced flows can lead

to excessively warm water for salmon and other fish in summer. As planned, the Bute

Inlet project in BC could divert 95 percent of the mean annual flow in at least three of the

rivers. New access roads and transmission lines can cause extensive habitat fragmentation

17

for many species, making inevitable the introduction of invasive species and increases in

undesirable human activities, like illegal hunting.

Cumulative impacts – the sum of impacts caused not only by the project, but by roads,

transmission lines and all other nearby developments – are difficult to measure.

Cumulative impacts are an especially important consideration in areas where projects are

clustered in high densities close to sources of electricity demand: for example, of the 628

pending water license applications for hydropower development in British Columbia,

roughly one third are located in the southwestern quarter of the province, where human

population density and associated environmental impacts are highest.

Water licenses issued by the BC Ministry of Environment, enabling developers to legally

divert rivers, have not included clauses that specify changing water entitlements in

response to altered conditions; this means that conflicts will arise over the water needed

to sustain aquatic life and generate power when river flow becomes more variable or

decreases in the future. However, it should also be noted that under section 101 of the BC

Water Act, regulations regarding a water licenses can be changed by the government at

any time, including the amount of water that a power plant is required to release to

protect aquatic life.

Karnafuli Hydro Power Station

• 230 MW generation capacity

• reservoir size is 777 sq. km

• Economic development

• Social disruption

Tipaimukh dam

• located on the Barak River in Manipur State of India

• multi-purpose - electricity generation and flood control

• electricity generation capacity - 1500 MWs

• risk of dam failure

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• impact on haor eco-system

The government is contemplating to produce 200MW of electricity by using renewable

energy sources in Chittagong as the gas-fired power plants are forced to close down due

to gas crisis. Of the proposed electricity, 100MW wind-based power plant will be

installed at Anwara Parky beach in Chittagong while another two units will be set up in

Karnafuli Hydro Power Plant in Kaptai.

Besides, the Power Development Board (PDB) has plans to install a dozen of micro

hydro power plants having generation capacity of 225.5kilowatts (KW) in greater

Chittagong.

The Karnafuli Hydro Power Station authority has placed a development project proposal

(DPP) in 2008 to install two units in the existing power plant site which was pending for

planning commission decision.

In 1998, Tokyo Electric Power Services Company limited carried out detail field study

for the feasibility of the 6th and 7th units and submitted a report in March, 1999. The

report recommended that the Kaptai extension of unit no 6 and 7 would provide a

significant and economically attractive contribution to the power generation of

Bangladesh.Later, a social impact assessment (SIA) was also conducted which favoured

the implementation of the project in consultation with the local people. The committee

recently recommended the Power Division to conduct further feasibility study to install

another two units in Kaptai Power Plant.

‘The prospective sites to install the micro hydro plants are: Nunchari (3KW) in

Khagrachari, Chang-oo-Para (30KW), Liragaon (25KW), Bangchari (20), Kamal Chari

(20KW), Monjai Para (7.5KW), Monjaipara (10KW) in Banderban, Thang Khrue Chara

Mukh (30KW), Manikchari (2KW), Mitingachara (10KW) in Rangamati and Bamerchara

(3KW) and Mohamaya Char (65KW) in Chittagong.

19

Conclusions

As robust global economic expansion continues, the question of where a growing world

population will continue to get the electricity to drive the economic engine remains.

While most of the new generation supply will come from thermal resources, conventional

thinking on the development of new resources and supplies should provide greater

emphasis on using sustainable, renewable resources. Hydroelectric power has an

important role to play in the future, and provides considerable benefits to an integrated

electric system. This paper has demonstrated an awareness within the industry of the

social and environmental impacts of hydropower which need to be addressed for any

project; the expertise which exists to avoid or mitigate negative impacts; and the ongoing

research. The world's remaining hydroelectric potential needs to be considered in the new

energy mix, with planned projects taking into consideration social and environmental

impacts, so that necessary mitigation and compensation measures can be taken. Clearly,

the population affected by a project should enjoy a better quality of life as a result of the

project. Hydro development should go hand in hand with further research and

development in the field of other renewable options such as solar and wind power.

Energy conservation measures should also be optimized and encouraged. Any

development involves change and some degree of compromise, and it is a question of

assessing benefits and impacts at an early enough stage, and in adequate detail, with the

full involvement of those people affected, so that the right balance can be achieved.

Two billion people in developing countries have no reliable electricity supply, and

especially in these countries for the foreseeable future, hydropower offers a renewable

energy source on a realistic scale. Impacts of hydro projects are well understood today.

Appropriate mitigation and compensation measures must be identified and taken to

ensure that any project represents a net gain for affected populations. Systems exist to

provide improved planning processes and better quality decisions, and in turn these

ensure that social and environmental concerns are integrated with issues of economic and

technical feasibility. The hydropower industry must collaborate with interested

stakeholders including regulatory bodies, global financial leaders, and competent interest

groups, to develop future standards to ensure balanced and reasonable planning,

construction and operation of hydroelectric powerplants.

20

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