Determining Plant Nutrients, Fertility and the Influence of Temperature on Plants.
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Transcript of Determining Plant Nutrients, Fertility and the Influence of Temperature on Plants.
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Determining Plant Nutrients, Fertility and the Influence of
Temperature on Plants.
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Identify the essential nutrients for plant growth.
• Nutrients – are substances that are essential for growth and production.
• There are 16 nutrients that are required by growing plants.
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Identify the essential nutrients for plant growth
• Nutrients are supplied to the plant from the air while others are found in the soil
• Elements that are obtained from the air and water vapor by way of stomata include CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN.
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Identify the essential nutrients for plant growth
• Stomata- are tiny pores on the underside of plants leaves that aid the plant in nutrient uptake and cooling process.
• Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, and magnesium are supplied by the soil.
• Plants absorb these nutrients using roots to pull in nutrients that have been dissolved in water.
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Identify the essential nutrients for plant growth
• Mnemonics –is the art of improving the memory using a formula
• A mnemonics has been developed to aid in recalling all sixteen elements.
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Identify the essential nutrients for plant growth
• C. B. HOPKiNS CaFé Mighty good Closed Monday Morning See You Zen.
• Carbon (C) Boron (B) Hydrogen(H) Oxygen(O) Phosphorus (P) Potassium(K) Nitrogen(N) Sulfur(S) Calcium (Ca) Iron(Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Chlorine (Cl) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn)
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Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients
• Plants nutrients are classified in two major categories.
• 1. Mineral or non-mineral nutrients
A. Four of the 16 essential nutrients are non- minerals. The 4 are
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN and NITROGEN are all non-mineral nutrients.
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Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients
• B. Mineral nutrients include: boron, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, iron, magnesium, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, copper, and zinc.
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Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients
• 2. Macronutrients and micronutrients
• Macronutrients are needed in large quantities by plants.
• Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium are the three primary Macronutrients. These nutrients are the main components of fertilizers.
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Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients
• Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur are secondary macronutrients
• Nutrients that are needed by plants in small quantities are called micronutrients. They are the remaining 10 nutrients
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Nitrogen is a major requirement for plants to grow rapidly and maintain a healthy green color.
• The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen gas, it is the most common nutrients deficiency seen in plants.
• Plant can not utilize nitrogen in gas form; it must be converted to the nitrate or ammonium forms.
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Nitrogen cycle- is the process that converts nitrogen gas to forms that are usable to plants.
• A symbiotic relationship that exists between bacteria and legume plants utilized to convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium ions (NH4+)
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Bacteria decompose plant material, nitrogen is formed
• Nitrogen becomes available to plants in the form of ammonium ions when the bacteria die.
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Most of the ammonium ions are converted to nitrite ions by Nitrosomas bacteria
• Nitrite ions undergo another reaction with Nitribacter bacteria to covert the nitrite to nitrate. This process is called Nitrification.
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• To complete the nitrogen cycle , a process called Denitrification occurs.
• This process involves the loss of nitrogen from the soil.
• Nitrogen is remove from soil by; plants, leaching, or denitrification
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Denitrification occurs in soil that have no oxygen because of saturation from water.
• When soils are saturated with water, bacteria will convert the nitrate to nitrogen gas which is then lost to the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen can also be added to the soil by lightning or commercial fertilizers
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Define pH and discuss its role in plant nutrition.
• pH- measure of alkalinity or acidity of a substance
• pH scale runs from 0 to 14, 0 being extremely acidic, 7 as neutral, and 14 as extremely basic.
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Changes in pH can be made by adding sulfur or gypsum to lower pH ( make more acidic)
• By adding limestone to increase pH ( make more basic)
• Plants grow best with pH range of 5.5-8.0
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Discuss the nitrogen cycle and its affect on plant nutrition.
• Soil pH is important to agriculturists because certain nutrients become unavailable to plants if pH value is too high or too low
• The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that are available is dependent upon soil pH.
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Explain the use of fertilizers
• Fertilizers are materials that are added to growing media to provide the plant with the necessary nutrients.
• Adding fertilizer to plants can increase their productivity.
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Explain the use of fertilizers
• Fertilizers can be grouped into two major categories
• Complete fertilizers contain all three macronutrients, Ex. 12-12-12
• Incomplete fertilizers lack at least one macronutrient, Ex 18-46-0
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Explain the use of fertilizers
• Fertilizer analysis contain three numbers ex. 12-4-8.
• First number is percentage of pure nitrogen
• Second number is percentage of pure phosphorus
• Final number is percentage of pure potassium
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Explain the use of fertilizers
• When the numbers from analysis do not add up to 100% the remaining weight is comprised of filler, made up of the remaining essential plant nutrients.
• Fillers- are used to ensure a more even application of the fertilizers.
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Explain the use of fertilizers
• Producers can determine nutrient deficiencies by three ways
• Deficiency symptoms- pales leaves mean lack of nitrogen or stunted growth and reddish-purplish is phosphorous deficiency
• Soil testing
• Tissue testing
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• All chemical reactions in a plant, including photosynthesis and respiration fall under a term Metabolism
• Temperature affect the speed of metabolism
• This is because enzymes that drive the reactions are sensitive to temperature.
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Cool or cold temperature slow metabolic process
• Warmer temperature speed metabolic process
• Most plant show optimum growth when night temperature are 10 to 15 degrees cooler than day temperature.
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Under ideal conditions photosynthesis occurs at a high rate during the day.
• Cooler temperature at night slow respiration
• For growth, the rate of photosynthesis must exceed that of respiration.
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• High temperature can speed rate of respiration beyond that of photosynthesis
• As a result, the product of photosynthesis are used more rapidly than they are produced.
• In many plants, photosynthesis shuts down at temperature above 86F.
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Describe plant responses to temperature.
• The change of daily temperature is called Thermoperiod.
• When daily change, it influence plant response such as flowing, the plant are said to be Thermoperiodic.
• Poinsettias and chrysanthemums are thermoperiodic plants.
• They initiate flowers when temperature become cooler and days grow shorter.
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Cool season crops-meaning they prefer cooler growing temperature and are tolerant of frost.
• Ex. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, spinach, and lettuce
• When temperature rise in combination with longer days, spinach and lettuce initiate flower production.
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Warm season crops require warmer temperature for best growth.
• Ex. Cotton, corn, soybean, tomatoes, and sorghum
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Vernalization- require a cold treatment for physiological processes to occur
• Tulips and narcissus require vernalization to flower.
• Some grains including winter wheat, also require vernalization.
• Apples require 1,000 to 1,200 hours of temperature between 32Fand 45F to break their rest period
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Discuss the effect of temperature on plant growth.
• Seeds of some plants have a dormancy mechanism that is broken by a cold period.
• Seeds do not germinate until the seed undergone a cold period.
• This cold requirement for seeds id know as Stratification.
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Explain Hardiness
• Hardiness –is a plant ability to tolerate cold temperatures
• Plants can be classified as hardy or non-hardy
• USDA established a plant hardiness zone map for the Untied States
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Explain Hardiness
• The map shows eleven zones of temperatures.
• It is valuable in selecting plants adapted for growing in those areas.
• Heat also plays a role in the performance of plant species.
• Some plants are more sensitive to heat than others
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Explain Hardiness
• Plant heat zone map- developed by the American Horticultural Society to help identify areas in which landscape plants can flourish.
• The map shows 12 zones
• Each zone reflects a rating of summer heat based on the average number of days above 86F
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Explain Hardiness
• Eighty-six is a temperature at which plants are unable to process water fast enough to maintain normal functions.
• Plants also experience damage to cellular proteins.
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Explain growing degree days
• Growing degree days (GDD)- is a measure of temperature requirements for plants and can be used to estimate growth and development.
• The basic concept of growing degree days is that plant development will occur when temperatures exceed a base temperature.
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Explain growing degree days
• Maximum temperature plus the minimum temperature in a day divided by 2 minus 50.
• Fifty is selected as the constant because corn grow very little at temperature of 50F or below.
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Explain growing degree days
• Growth is also checked when temperature rise above 86F, so all temperatures recorded above 86F are counted as 86 in the formula.
• Most corn hybirds have fairly specific GDD specifications.
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Explain growing degree days
• Example- low 60 and high was 90F
GDD- is 60 + 86= 146/ 2 =73-50=23
GDD are adding during the growing season.
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