Detectors for Particle Physics · W.R. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments...
Transcript of Detectors for Particle Physics · W.R. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments...
Detectors for Particle Physics
DESY Summer Student Lectures
2007
Carsten Niebuhr
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1
Einführung
Introduction
2
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1
Einführung
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1
Einführung
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[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Topics of the Lecture
3
[email protected] 5 Par ticle Detectors 1
Topics of the Lecture
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Common Lecture by Robert KlannerFriday, Aug 11th, Sem 4
[email protected] 6 Par ticle Detectors 1
What are the Objects ?
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[email protected] 7 Par ticle Detectors 1
Fundamental Interactions
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[email protected] 8 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example for a Resonance observed at HERA
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Common lecture on Fr, 17.8.by Georg Steinbrück
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Text books:
K.Kleinknecht: Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung
Teubner, 1992
W.R. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments
Springer 1994
G.F.Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement Wiley, 3rd edition
C.Grupen: Teilchendetektoren
BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1993
W.Blum, L.Rolandi: Particle Detection with Driftchambers
Springer, 1994
Review articles:
T.Ferbel: Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics
Addison-Wesley 1987
Other sources:
Particle Data Group: Review of Particle Physics
Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1-878 (2000)
R.K.Bock, A.Vasilescu: The Particle Detector BriefBook
Springer, 1998 and //physics.web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/
Literatur
4
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What are the Objects?
5
and many more ...
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Fundamental Interactions
6
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1
Fundamentale Wechselwirkungen
[email protected] 5 Par ticle Detectors 1
Topics of the Lecture
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Common Lecture by Robert KlannerFriday, Aug 11th, Sem 4
[email protected] 6 Par ticle Detectors 1
What are the Objects ?
#')!/#';!/($2!LLL
[email protected] 7 Par ticle Detectors 1
Fundamental Interactions
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[email protected] 8 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example for a Resonance observed at HERA
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[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Example for Resonance at HERA
7
Pentaquark candidate:
minimal quark content:
so far only „seen“ by H1 ...
• is this a real signal ??
• or just a statistical fluctuation ?
• or a detector effect ?
=> very good understanding of detector
response is required
• significance: signal/background
• resolution
• efficiency / acceptance
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[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Detection of Particles and Radiation
8
[email protected] 9 Par ticle Detectors 1
Detection of Particles and Radiation
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Criteria for Ideal Detector
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[email protected] 11 Par ticle Detectors 1
Modern Collider Detectors
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[email protected] 12 Par ticle Detectors 1
Some Particle Physics Experiments
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT)BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE
Beijing IHEP ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma
Brookhaven BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , E877 , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , E923 , E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , High Gain Harmonic Generation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , Zero Degree Calorimeter
CERN ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , CosmoLEP , CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 , Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL ,
OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP , PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 , WA92 (Beatrice) , WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102
DESY H1 , HERA-B , Hermes , TESLA , ZEUS
Fermilab Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , BooNE/E898 , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , CEX/E853 , Charmonium/E835 , CMS (US Server) , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/E781 , Zero Degrees/C0
Gran Sasso BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO , DAMA , EASTOP, GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Criteria for an ideal Detector
[email protected] 9 Par ticle Detectors 1
Detection of Particles and Radiation
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Criteria for Ideal Detector
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[email protected] 11 Par ticle Detectors 1
Modern Collider Detectors
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[email protected] 12 Par ticle Detectors 1
Some Particle Physics Experiments
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT)BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE
Beijing IHEP ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma
Brookhaven BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , E877 , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , E923 , E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , High Gain Harmonic Generation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , Zero Degree Calorimeter
CERN ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , CosmoLEP , CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 , Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL ,
OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP , PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 , WA92 (Beatrice) , WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102
DESY H1 , HERA-B , Hermes , TESLA , ZEUS
Fermilab Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , BooNE/E898 , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , CEX/E853 , Charmonium/E835 , CMS (US Server) , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/E781 , Zero Degrees/C0
Gran Sasso BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO , DAMA , EASTOP, GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Modern Collider Detectors
10
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1
Moderne Collider-Detektoren
!"#
in operation: HERA/Tevatron
under construction:
LHC
design phase: ILC
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Example of Particle Physics Experiments
11
[email protected] 9 Par ticle Detectors 1
Detection of Particles and Radiation
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Criteria for Ideal Detector
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• "#,.#0-1-02
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• "-%"$,#(-'6-(-02
• %&&:$'11#33-6-(-02$7)&,$,#+'-,38
• (&E$1&30
[email protected] 11 Par ticle Detectors 1
Modern Collider Detectors
-/$&+#,'0-&/
:#0#10&,$)&,$FG?4$5/:#,$HIJ
5/:#,$1&/30,510-&/4
GK?$:#0#10&,3
[email protected] 12 Par ticle Detectors 1
Some Particle Physics Experiments
A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html
Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT)BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE
Beijing IHEP ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma
Brookhaven BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , E877 , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , E923 , E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , High Gain Harmonic Generation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , Zero Degree Calorimeter
CERN ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , CosmoLEP , CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 , Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL ,
OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP , PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 , WA92 (Beatrice) , WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102
DESY H1 , HERA-B , Hermes , TESLA , ZEUS
Fermilab Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , BooNE/E898 , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , CEX/E853 , Charmonium/E835 , CMS (US Server) , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/E781 , Zero Degrees/C0
Gran Sasso BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO , DAMA , EASTOP, GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
12
[email protected] 13 Par ticle Detectors 1
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*
• 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E*
• ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()
• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
1m
e+
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
?
Drift Chamber
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
e+
?
Timing Counter
Stopping TargetThin Superconducting Coil
Muon Beam
Drift Chamber
[email protected] 14 Par ticle Detectors 1
ALICE at LHC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
[email protected] 15 Par ticle Detectors 1
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
!*GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$()
[email protected] 16 Par ticle Detectors 1
Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*,41&//+)&,(4
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
N$+1)&,(4*;
•
*******O2$%$(F,?
•
*****42,7$%
#µN µN!
#eN eN!
!!
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
ALICE @ LHC
13
[email protected] 13 Par ticle Detectors 1
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*
• 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E*
• ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()
• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
1m
e+
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
?
Drift Chamber
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
e+
?
Timing Counter
Stopping TargetThin Superconducting Coil
Muon Beam
Drift Chamber
[email protected] 14 Par ticle Detectors 1
ALICE at LHC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
[email protected] 15 Par ticle Detectors 1
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
!*GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$()
[email protected] 16 Par ticle Detectors 1
Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*,41&//+)&,(4
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
N$+1)&,(4*;
•
*******O2$%$(F,?
•
*****42,7$%
#µN µN!
#eN eN!
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
14
! 2000 tracks per event
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Super Kamiokande (Japan)
15
[email protected] 13 Par ticle Detectors 1
Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*
• 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E*
• ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()
• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
1m
e+
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
?
Drift Chamber
Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector
e+
?
Timing Counter
Stopping TargetThin Superconducting Coil
Muon Beam
Drift Chamber
[email protected] 14 Par ticle Detectors 1
ALICE at LHC
I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+*)A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(*%$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K
[email protected] 15 Par ticle Detectors 1
Real Event in STAR at RHIC
!*GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$()
[email protected] 16 Par ticle Detectors 1
Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,*,41&//+)&,(4
• MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$%
• BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
N$+1)&,(4*;
•
*******O2$%$(F,?
•
*****42,7$%
#µN µN!
#eN eN!
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Satellite based Detectors
16
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Applications in Medicine
17
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
18
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
19
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] 17 Par ticle Detectors 1
Satellite based Detectors
!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45
• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5
• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055
• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#
• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/
>-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBCD>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/),-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H)'")IJBB)D&H
@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(
• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%
• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(
• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(
• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/
[email protected] 18 Par ticle Detectors 1
Applications in Medicine
:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M
N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O
K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%
K:QR8
[email protected] 19 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interplay between Physics and Technology
@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)&0&6'/"#1.9%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)-%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S
;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)$&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%
• ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&
• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/
• 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=')&0&6'/"%-6(
• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(
V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?
• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(
• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3
• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(
• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(
• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%
• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#(
[email protected] 20 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(
&0&6'/"%(
%&='/"%(
.1##1)/1+-1'-"%
%&='/-%"(
!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(
!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',
&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#
G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z
/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"
6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
absorber (mostly Fe)
flux return yoke
Cross Section of a typical Collider Detector
20
heavy medium
(Fe, Cu, U) + active
material
• hadronic
Track detectors for charged particles
Calorimeter for energy meas. (neutral & charged)
high Zmaterial (Pb)
• electromagneticmagnet coil(solenoid, field || beam axis)
beam pipe
vacuum
• gas detectors
• solid state detectors
Particle type:neutrinos (missing energy)
muons µ
hadrons: p, !, K ... [quarks, gluons " jets]
electrons, photons
charged particles
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Example 1: HERA ep Event with 3 Jets
21
ep
side view
920 GeV27.5 GeV
hadronic calorimeter
electromagn. calorimeter
?
track detector
transverse view:e
e’
p
Jet 1
Jet 2
Jet 3
almost hermetic detector
! detection of nearly all produced particles
exploit energy- and momentum conservation
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Example 2: Muon Detection
22
Because muons do not interact strongly and because of their large mass (compared to electrons) they don’t shower so easily and thus can penetrate calorimeter and iron yoke
µ
e
µ
e
µ
µ
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Example 3: Neutrinos
23
!
Missing transverse energy and transverse momentum:
carried away by neutrino ?
ptransi! 43GeV=
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Example 4: Secondary Vertices
24
Some mesons containing heavy quarks (charm or beauty) only decay via the weak interaction.
example: D– ! K+ "
– "
–
Resulting lifetimes are relatively long:
# ! O(10-12s) or
c# ! 100 - 500 µm
With the help of high precision track detec-tors one can distinguish if particles originate from secondary or primary vertex:
$ vertex detectors[in most cases based on silicon]
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Interaction of Charged Particles
25
[email protected] 29 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example 3: Neutrinos
!
!"##"$%&'()$#*+(#+&+$+(%,&)$-&'()$#*+(#+&./.+$'0.1
2)(("+-&)3),&4,&$+0'("$/&5
ptransi" 43GeV=
[email protected] 30 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example 4: Secondary Vertices
6/.+&.+#/$#&2/$')"$"$%&7+)*,&80)(9#&:27)(.&/(&4+)0',;&/$<,&-+2),&*")&'7+&3+)9&"$'+()2'"/$=
+>).?<+1&D– # K+ $– $–
@+#0<'"$%&<"A+'".+#&)(+&(+<)'"*+<,&</$%1
• &&&%&!&B:CDECF#;&&&/(&&
• &&&2% !&CDD&E&GDD µ.
H"'7&'7+&7+<?&/A&7"%7&?(+2"#"/$&'()29&-+'+2E'/(#&/$+&2)$&-"#'"$%0"#7&"A&?)('"2<+#&/("%"$)'+&A(/.&#+2/$-)(,&/(&?(".)(,&*+('+>1
&&*+('+>&-+'+2'/(#I"$&./#'&2)#+#&4)#+-&/$&#"<"2/$J
[email protected] 31 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Charged Particles
&
K7+(+&)(+&'3/&?("$2"?)<&+AA+2'#&37"27&27)()2'+("L+&'7+&?)##)%+&/A&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&'7(/0%7&.)''+(1
-
&
+$+(%,&</##
-
&
27)$%+&/A&-"(+2'"/$
&
4/'7&+AA+2'#&(+#0<'&A(/.&'7+&A/<</3"$%&+<+2'(/.)%$+'"2&?(/2+##+#1
-
&
&"$+<)#'"2&2/<<"#"/$#&3"'7+<<&+<+2'(/$#&/A&.+-"0.
-
&
&+<)#'"2)''+("$%&/AA&$02<+"
&
(+<+*)$'&"#&'7+&#')'"#'"2)<�.&/A&.)$,&"$'+()2'"/$#=
M$&)--"'"/$&'7+(+&)(+&'7+&A/<</3"$%&?(/2+##+#1
-
&
&4(+.##'()7<0$%
-
&
&+."##"/$&/A&N7+(+$9/*&()-")'"/$
-
&
&$02<+)(&(+)2'"/$#
-
&
&+."##"/$&/A&'()$#"'"/$&()-")'"/$
&
37"27&7/3+*+(&"$&%+$+()<&/220(&.027&<+##&A(+80+$'&'7)$&)'/."2&2/<<"#"/$#=&
O/(&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&/$+&.0#'&-"#'"$%0"#7&<"%7'&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&+
&
P
&
Q&+
&
R
&
;)$-&7+)*,&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&)<<&'7+&(+#'1&
µ, $ ,
&
?&, ' Q&<"%7'&$02<+"Q&===;
[email protected] 32 Par ticle Detectors 1
Bethe-Bloch Formula
S$+(%,&</##&4,&"/$"#)'"/$1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&I!+TU2.J&
• "$2"-+$'&?)('"2<+
- &*+</2"',&/A&?)('"2<+
- &27)(%+&/A&?)('"2<+
• .+-"0.
- &&/A&.+-"0.
- & &)*+()%+&"/$"#)'"/$&?/'+$'")<&"$&I+TJ
- &-+#2("4+#&-+$#"',&+AA+2'&-0+&'/&?/<)("#)'"/$&&&&&/A&.+-"0.&:&&#)'0()'"/$&/A&(+<)'"*"#'"2&("#+;
• /'7+(&2/$#')$'#
- & &V*/%)-(/W#&$0.4+(
- & &2<)##"2)<&+<+2'(/$&()-"0#
- & &+<+2'(/$&.)##&
dE
dx-------– 4$NA re
2mec2z2Z
A---
1
(2-----)
2mec2(2* 2
I---------------------------ln (2 +
2---––)=
( v c⁄=
z
Z A,
I 16 Z0.9
),
+
NA
re 2.8 fm=
me
X(/?+('"+#1
• -+?+$-+$2+&/$<,&/$&?)('"2<+&*+</2"',&$/'&/$&?)('"2<+&.)##
• )'&#.)<<&+$+(%"+#
- -(/?#&<"9+&
• )'&(+<)'"*"#'"2&+$+(%"+#&"=+=&
- </%)("'7."2&("#+&&
• )??(/>".)'+&()$%+&/A&*)<"-"',1&
1 (2⁄-
(* 1»
(ln *- Eln=
10MeV/c p 50GeV/c. .
S&A"+<-
)'&(+#' *&Y&C
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Bethe-Bloch Formula
26
[email protected] 29 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example 3: Neutrinos
!
!"##"$%&'()$#*+(#+&+$+(%,&)$-&'()$#*+(#+&./.+$'0.1
2)(("+-&)3),&4,&$+0'("$/&5
ptransi" 43GeV=
[email protected] 30 Par ticle Detectors 1
Example 4: Secondary Vertices
6/.+&.+#/$#&2/$')"$"$%&7+)*,&80)(9#&:27)(.&/(&4+)0',;&/$<,&-+2),&*")&'7+&3+)9&"$'+()2'"/$=
+>).?<+1&D– # K+ $– $–
@+#0<'"$%&<"A+'".+#&)(+&(+<)'"*+<,&</$%1
• &&&%&!&B:CDECF#;&&&/(&&
• &&&2% !&CDD&E&GDD µ.
H"'7&'7+&7+<?&/A&7"%7&?(+2"#"/$&'()29&-+'+2E'/(#&/$+&2)$&-"#'"$%0"#7&"A&?)('"2<+#&/("%"$)'+&A(/.&#+2/$-)(,&/(&?(".)(,&*+('+>1
&&*+('+>&-+'+2'/(#I"$&./#'&2)#+#&4)#+-&/$&#"<"2/$J
[email protected] 31 Par ticle Detectors 1
Interaction of Charged Particles
&
K7+(+&)(+&'3/&?("$2"?)<&+AA+2'#&37"27&27)()2'+("L+&'7+&?)##)%+&/A&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&'7(/0%7&.)''+(1
-
&
+$+(%,&</##
-
&
27)$%+&/A&-"(+2'"/$
&
4/'7&+AA+2'#&(+#0<'&A(/.&'7+&A/<</3"$%&+<+2'(/.)%$+'"2&?(/2+##+#1
-
&
&"$+<)#'"2&2/<<"#"/$#&3"'7+<<&+<+2'(/$#&/A&.+-"0.
-
&
&+<)#'"2)''+("$%&/AA&$02<+"
&
(+<+*)$'&"#&'7+&#')'"#'"2)<�.&/A&.)$,&"$'+()2'"/$#=
M$&)--"'"/$&'7+(+&)(+&'7+&A/<</3"$%&?(/2+##+#1
-
&
&4(+.##'()7<0$%
-
&
&+."##"/$&/A&N7+(+$9/*&()-")'"/$
-
&
&$02<+)(&(+)2'"/$#
-
&
&+."##"/$&/A&'()$#"'"/$&()-")'"/$
&
37"27&7/3+*+(&"$&%+$+()<&/220(&.027&<+##&A(+80+$'&'7)$&)'/."2&2/<<"#"/$#=&
O/(&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&/$+&.0#'&-"#'"$%0"#7&<"%7'&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&+
&
P
&
Q&+
&
R
&
;)$-&7+)*,&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&)<<&'7+&(+#'1&
µ, $ ,
&
?&, ' Q&<"%7'&$02<+"Q&===;
[email protected] 32 Par ticle Detectors 1
Bethe-Bloch Formula
S$+(%,&</##&4,&"/$"#)'"/$1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&I!+TU2.J&
• "$2"-+$'&?)('"2<+
- &*+</2"',&/A&?)('"2<+
- &27)(%+&/A&?)('"2<+
• .+-"0.
- &&/A&.+-"0.
- & &)*+()%+&"/$"#)'"/$&?/'+$'")<&"$&I+TJ
- &-+#2("4+#&-+$#"',&+AA+2'&-0+&'/&?/<)("#)'"/$&&&&&/A&.+-"0.&:&&#)'0()'"/$&/A&(+<)'"*"#'"2&("#+;
• /'7+(&2/$#')$'#
- & &V*/%)-(/W#&$0.4+(
- & &2<)##"2)<&+<+2'(/$&()-"0#
- & &+<+2'(/$&.)##&
dE
dx-------– 4$NA re
2mec2z2Z
A---
1
(2-----)
2mec2(2* 2
I---------------------------ln (2 +
2---––)=
( v c⁄=
z
Z A,
I 16 Z0.9
),
+
NA
re 2.8 fm=
me
X(/?+('"+#1
• -+?+$-+$2+&/$<,&/$&?)('"2<+&*+</2"',&$/'&/$&?)('"2<+&.)##
• )'&#.)<<&+$+(%"+#
- -(/?#&<"9+&
• )'&(+<)'"*"#'"2&+$+(%"+#&"=+=&
- </%)("'7."2&("#+&&
• )??(/>".)'+&()$%+&/A&*)<"-"',1&
1 (2⁄-
(* 1»
(ln *- Eln=
10MeV/c p 50GeV/c. .
S&A"+<-
)'&(+#' *&Y&C
! ln(!") = lnp
m
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Material Dependence
27
[email protected] 33 Par ticle Detectors 1
Material Dependence
!"#$%%&'()*$+,-!
.',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3)6789):9)2';)#<,);,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)?
))) ) "))) ))))@A,B)(C)D5EFG=)
");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)678)
X x !#=dE
dX-------
1
!---
dE
dx-------#=
• 0$(2-&#<E&5)-&1,)E$-,)%-$'$4'5,;)3$-)(21,1)I>,J
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
!dE
/dx
(M
eV
g!1
cm
2)
"# = p/Mc
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
H2 liquid
He gas
CAl
FeSn
Pb
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
$–d
E/d
x% m
in (
Me
V g
–1cm
2)
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Z
H He Li Be B CNO Ne SnFe
SolidsGases
H2 gas: 4.10H2 liquid: 3.97
2.35 – 0.64 log10(Z)
[email protected] 34 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss of Electrons
:')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$)&'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)'450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'(
N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J?
•
• &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)
• ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)
• 2%%-$O=?))
• 5-&#&520),',-(/) ?)
)))))))))))))
• 2%%-$O&E2#,0/?) )
dE dx⁄– Z2 E m2
⁄#$
X0
E E0
x–
X0
------% &' (exp=
X0716g cm 2– A
Z Z 1+( ) 287 Z⁄( )ln-------------------------------------------------------=
Ec
dEBrems
dx--------------------
dEcollision
dx-------------------------=
Ec
610MeV
Z 1.24+---------------------=
.O2E%0,?)L4
)0'.
.5
[email protected] 35 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss for Muons
A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1)
-,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1,
. * 5 3/–$
[email protected] 36 Par ticle Detectors 1
dE/dx Applications in different Detector Types
R21
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-
S&T4&;
• 0$520)<,2#&'())))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J
"$0&;
• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1+)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))")))15&'#&002#$-1
• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1)))))")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Energy Loss of Electrons
28
[email protected] 33 Par ticle Detectors 1
Material Dependence
!"#$%%&'()*$+,-!
.',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3)6789):9)2';)#<,);,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)?
))) ) "))) ))))@A,B)(C)D5EFG=)
");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)678)
X x !#=dE
dX-------
1
!---
dE
dx-------#=
• 0$(2-&#<E&5)-&1,)E$-,)%-$'$4'5,;)3$-)(21,1)I>,J
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
!dE
/dx
(M
eV
g!1
cm
2)
"# = p/Mc
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
H2 liquid
He gas
CAl
FeSn
Pb
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
$–dE
/dx
% min
(M
eV
g–1cm
2)
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Z
H He Li Be B CNO Ne SnFe
SolidsGases
H2 gas: 4.10H2 liquid: 3.97
2.35 – 0.64 log10(Z)
[email protected] 34 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss of Electrons
:')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$)&'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)'450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'(
N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J?
•
• &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)
• ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)
• 2%%-$O=?))
• 5-&#&520),',-(/) ?)
)))))))))))))
• 2%%-$O&E2#,0/?) )
dE dx⁄– Z2 E m2
⁄#$
X0
E E0
x–
X0
------% &' (exp=
X0716g cm 2– A
Z Z 1+( ) 287 Z⁄( )ln-------------------------------------------------------=
Ec
dEBrems
dx--------------------
dEcollision
dx-------------------------=
Ec
610MeV
Z 1.24+---------------------=
.O2E%0,?)L4
)0'.
.5
[email protected] 35 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss for Muons
A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1)
-,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1,
. * 5 3/–$
[email protected] 36 Par ticle Detectors 1
dE/dx Applications in different Detector Types
R21
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-
S&T4&;
• 0$520)<,2#&'())))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J
"$0&;
• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1+)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))")))15&'#&002#$-1
• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1)))))")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1
Example: Cu
!lnE
Ec
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Energy Loss of Muons
29
MIP = minimum-ionising particles
relativistic rise
. ! 5 3/–"
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
dE/dx Applications for different Detector Types
30
[email protected] 33 Par ticle Detectors 1
Material Dependence
!"#$%%&'()*$+,-!
.',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3)6789):9)2';)#<,);,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)?
))) ) "))) ))))@A,B)(C)D5EFG=)
");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)678)
X x !#=dE
dX-------
1
!---
dE
dx-------#=
• 0$(2-&#<E&5)-&1,)E$-,)%-$'$4'5,;)3$-)(21,1)I>,J
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 10000.1
1.0 10 100 1000 10 0000.1
!dE
/dx
(M
eV
g!1
cm
2)
"# = p/Mc
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
H2 liquid
He gas
CAl
FeSn
Pb
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
$–d
E/d
x% m
in (
Me
V g
–1cm
2)
1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Z
H He Li Be B CNO Ne SnFe
SolidsGases
H2 gas: 4.10H2 liquid: 3.97
2.35 – 0.64 log10(Z)
[email protected] 34 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss of Electrons
:')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$)&'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)'450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'(
N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J?
•
• &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)
• ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)
• 2%%-$O=?))
• 5-&#&520),',-(/) ?)
)))))))))))))
• 2%%-$O&E2#,0/?) )
dE dx⁄– Z2 E m2
⁄#$
X0
E E0
x–
X0
------% &' (exp=
X0716g cm 2– A
Z Z 1+( ) 287 Z⁄( )ln-------------------------------------------------------=
Ec
dEBrems
dx--------------------
dEcollision
dx-------------------------=
Ec
610MeV
Z 1.24+---------------------=
.O2E%0,?)L4
)0'.
.5
[email protected] 35 Par ticle Detectors 1
Energy Loss for Muons
A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1)
-,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1,
. * 5 3/–$
[email protected] 36 Par ticle Detectors 1
dE/dx Applications in different Detector Types
R21
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-
S&T4&;
• 0$520)<,2#&'())))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J
"$0&;
• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1+)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))")))15&'#&002#$-1
• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1)))))")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
dE/dx in a TPC
31
If dE/dx is plotted versus momentum of particle the curves are shifted horizon-tally for different masses
Application: if also the momentum of the particle is known the measurement of the specific ionisation can be used for particle identification
In this example each dot represents !185 single measurementsin a drift chamber
Measurements in PEP4/9-TPC (Ar-CH4 = 80:20 @ 8.5atm)
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Properties of some Materials (PDG)
32
[email protected] 37 Par ticle Detectors 1
dE/dx in a TPC for different Particle Species
• !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)#2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.#510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38-4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)
• :**+(54-(,3;#("#4+),#-6.#2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.#()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-#,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3#543#>.#1).$#",0#*40-(5+.#($.3-("(54-(,3
• !3#-6()#.'42*+.#.456#$,-#0.*0.).3-)#?@A#)(3B+.#2.4)10.2.3-)#(3#4#CDE
F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJG#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P
[email protected] 38 Par ticle Detectors 1
Properties of some Materials (PDG)
Material Z A !Z/A" Nuclear a
collisionlength !T
{g/cm2}
Nuclear a
interactionlength !I
{g/cm2}
dE/dx|minb
!
MeVg/cm2
"
Radiation length c
X0
{g/cm2} {cm}
Density{g/cm3}({g/"}for gas)
Liquidboilingpoint at1 atm(K)
Refractiveindex n
((n # 1)$106
for gas)
H2 gas 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 (4.103) 61.28 d (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899] [139.2]H2 liquid 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 4.034 61.28 d 866 0.0708 20.39 1.112D2 1 2.0140 0.49652 45.7 54.7 (2.052) 122.4 724 0.169[0.179] 23.65 1.128 [138]He 2 4.002602 0.49968 49.9 65.1 (1.937) 94.32 756 0.1249[0.1786] 4.224 1.024 [34.9]Li 3 6.941 0.43221 54.6 73.4 1.639 82.76 155 0.534 —Be 4 9.012182 0.44384 55.8 75.2 1.594 65.19 35.28 1.848 —
C 6 12.011 0.49954 60.2 86.3 1.745 42.70 18.8 2.265 e —N2 7 14.00674 0.49976 61.4 87.8 (1.825) 37.99 47.1 0.8073[1.250] 77.36 1.205 [298]O2 8 15.9994 0.50002 63.2 91.0 (1.801) 34.24 30.0 1.141[1.428] 90.18 1.22 [296]F2 9 18.9984032 0.47372 65.5 95.3 (1.675) 32.93 21.85 1.507[1.696] 85.24 [195]Ne 10 20.1797 0.49555 66.1 96.6 (1.724) 28.94 24.0 1.204[0.9005] 27.09 1.092 [67.1]Al 13 26.981539 0.48181 70.6 106.4 1.615 24.01 8.9 2.70 —Si 14 28.0855 0.49848 70.6 106.0 1.664 21.82 9.36 2.33 3.95Ar 18 39.948 0.45059 76.4 117.2 (1.519) 19.55 14.0 1.396[1.782] 87.28 1.233 [283]Ti 22 47.867 0.45948 79.9 124.9 1.476 16.17 3.56 4.54 —
Fe 26 55.845 0.46556 82.8 131.9 1.451 13.84 1.76 7.87 —Cu 29 63.546 0.45636 85.6 134.9 1.403 12.86 1.43 8.96 —Ge 32 72.61 0.44071 88.3 140.5 1.371 12.25 2.30 5.323 —Sn 50 118.710 0.42120 100.2 163 1.264 8.82 1.21 7.31 —Xe 54 131.29 0.41130 102.8 169 (1.255) 8.48 2.87 2.953[5.858] 165.1 [701]W 74 183.84 0.40250 110.3 185 1.145 6.76 0.35 19.3 —Pt 78 195.08 0.39984 113.3 189.7 1.129 6.54 0.305 21.45 —Pb 82 207.2 0.39575 116.2 194 1.123 6.37 0.56 11.35 —U 92 238.0289 0.38651 117.0 199 1.082 6.00 %0.32 %18.95 —
Air, (20!C, 1 atm.), [STP] 0.49919 62.0 90.0 (1.815) 36.66 [30420] (1.205)[1.2931] 78.8 (273) [293]H2O 0.55509 60.1 83.6 1.991 36.08 36.1 1.00 373.15 1.33CO2 gas 0.49989 62.4 89.7 (1.819) 36.2 [18310] [1.977] [410]
[email protected] 39 Par ticle Detectors 1
Multiple Scattering
Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)#(3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3;
• -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.#)54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;#######
• .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULLµ2#Q(T#VLKHOG52! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()#5,00.)*,3$)#-,#@Lµ2T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9#+40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*#$.-.5-,0O
• -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(#541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4#$./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.#43B+.)
"0
13.6MeV
#pc-----------------------z
x
X0
------ 1 0.038x
X0
------$ %& '
ln+=
7,#
+,B#)54+.X
"
[email protected] 40 Par ticle Detectors 1
Summary of Part I
• *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0)
• 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3
- -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!
- 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!!
• >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,3
• $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OP
• .3.0B9#+,))#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3
- #(#W.02(*+4-.41
- 2(3(212#4-# ;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B528M#
- 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9#
>0.2))-046+13B;#
• 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B
- B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;###
- $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(P
z2 #2⁄ Eln(
#) 3*
dE dx⁄– Z2 E m2⁄+,
"0
1
p---
x
X0
-------
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Multiple Scattering
33
z,!
log scale!
"
Scattering of charged particles off the atoms in the medium causes a change of direction:
the statistical sum of many such small angle scatterings results in a gaussian angular distribution with a width given by:
example: p = 1 GeV/c, d = 300µm Si, X0=9.4cm! "0 ! 0.8 mrad. For 10cm distance this corresponds to 80µm, which is significantly larger than typical resolution of Si-strip detector
the less likely scattering off the atomic nuclei causes large scattering angles resulting in a deviation from a gaussian distribution at large angles
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 2
Anwendung von Channeling
!"#$%&%#'$"'(#)'#$#*#+()",-%#'$.#*/#)$#)*012#'$32*#'+1'4$5&'$%&-%#'#)4#(",-%#'$6#"*-%#',()0%*#'$&%'#$/"#$7#)8#'/1'4$5&'$904'#(#':$"'/#;$/#)$<()0%*$/1)-%$#"'#'$4#2&4#'#'$=)",(0**$4#,-%"-+($8")/>$!"#,$",($"'(#)#,,0'($?>@>$AB)$/"#$<()0%*#C()0+("&'>
• @#",D"#*$EFGH$<I<$JKL$M#7$I)&(&'#'N
• G&1("'#;O,,"4$5#)8#'/#($AB)$H3PQ$R32*#'+1'4$K;)0/S
• .#);"*02N$TLL$M#7$I)&(&'#'$$;"($FAA"?"#'?#'$5&'$-0>$ULV$$$
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 2
Coulomb Streuung
• FCD#)";#'(#**$8"-%("4#$=&',#W1#'?N$$/"#$7"#*A0-%,()#11'4$,(#**($&A($#"'#$#)',(#$@#4)#'?1'4$/#)$9#,,01A*X,1'4$/0)$RG"-%(1'4YZ;D1*,S
d!d"-------
z2Z2re2
4-------------------
mec
#p----------$ %& '
21
( 2!sin4---------------------=
G1(%#)A&)/$.&);#*
F"'?#*,()#11'4$0;$=#)'N
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 2
Vielfachstreuung
!"#$<()#11'4$/#)$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#'$0'$/#'$3(&;#'$5#)1),0-%($#"'#$['/#)1'4$/#)$G"-%(1'4>
• !"#$<1;;#$5"#*#)$<()#11'4#'$;"($+*#"'#'$\"'+#*'$#)4"2($#"'#$M01]^7#)(#"*1'4$;"($/#)$@)#"(#$$R."($0'$#"'#$9&*"#)#$7#)(#"*1'4SN
$$$$$$$
• !"#$D)&_"?"#)(#$<()#18"'+#*5#)(#"*1'4$",($#(80$$401]AX);"4N$
• !#)$;"((*#)#$/)#"/";#',"&'0*#$<()#18"'+#*$",($
4#4#2#'$/1)-%N$
• @#"$+*#"'#'$Z;D1*,#':$41(#)$̀ )(,01A*X,1'4$1'/$5"#*#'$9#,,D1'+(#'$R?>@>$F;1*,"&'#'S$+0''$#D$2#,(";;($8#)/#'>$\#''$Z;D1*,$2#+0''($",($)$6#"*-%#';0,,#$R;!:$;*S
• M)X]#)#$\"'+#*'$()#(#'$01A$0*,$.&*4#$5&'$#"'?#*'#'$<()#1D)&?#,,#'$0;$3(&;+#)'>
(013.6MeV
#pc-----------------------z
x
X0------ 1 0.038
x
X0------$ %& 'ln+=
P (plane" #d(plane1
2*(0----------------
(plane2
2(02
---------------–+ ,- ./ 0
exp d(plane=
(space 2(plane 2(0= =
?$#
*&4a
C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 2
Reichweite schwerer geladener Teilchen
!"#$G#"-%8#"(#$#"'#,$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#',$"'$90(#)"#$#)4"2($,"-%$";$I)"'?"D$/1)-%$Z'(#4)0("&'$/#)$@#(%#^@*&-%$.&);#*N$
>$
F"'#$4#'01#)#$@#,-%)#"21'4$",($;X4*"-%$/1)-%$@#)B-+,"-%("41'4$/#,$H"#/#)#'#)4"#^7#)%0*(#',$/#,$F'#)4"#5#)*1,(#,N
$$$$$$$$$
H"-%($2#)B-+,"-%("4($,"'/$%"#)2#"
• 328#"-%1'4#'$/#)$6#"*-%#'20%'$5&'$#"'#)$4#)0/#'$b"'"#$/1)-%$7"#*A0-%^E&1*&;2^$<()#11'4$2#"$+*#"'#'$F'#)4"#'
• @)#;,,()0%*1'4$AB)$F*#+()&'#'$1'/$91&'#'$2#"$%&%#'$F'#)4"#'
S T0" #xd
dE$ %& '
1–
Ed
0
T0
1=
R T0" # R0 Tmin" #xd
dE$ %& '
1–
EdTmin
T0
1+=
0.05 0.10.02 0.50.2 1.0 5.02.0 10.0
Pion momentum (GeV/ c)
0.1 0.50.2 1.0 5.02.0 10.0 50.020.0
Proton momentum (GeV/ c)
0.050.02 0.1 0.50.2 1.0 5.02.0 10.0
Muon momentum (GeV/ c)
#2 = p/Mc
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
R/M
(g c
m32 G
eV31)
0.1 2 5 1.0 2 5 10.0 2 5 100.0
H2 liquid
He gas
Pb
FeC
Re
ich
we
ite
/ T
eilch
en
ma
sse
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Summary Part I
34
[email protected] 37 Par ticle Detectors 1
dE/dx in a TPC for different Particle Species
• !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)#2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.#510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38-4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)
• :**+(54-(,3;#("#4+),#-6.#2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.#()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-#,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3#543#>.#1).$#",0#*40-(5+.#($.3-("(54-(,3
• !3#-6()#.'42*+.#.456#$,-#0.*0.).3-)#?@A#)(3B+.#2.4)10.2.3-)#(3#4#CDE
F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJG#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P
[email protected] 38 Par ticle Detectors 1
Properties of some Materials (PDG)
Material Z A 〈Z/A〉 Nuclear a
collisionlength !T
{g/cm2}
Nuclear a
interactionlength !I
{g/cm2}
dE/dx|minb
!
MeVg/cm2
"
Radiation length c
X0
{g/cm2} {cm}
Density{g/cm3}({g/"}for gas)
Liquidboilingpoint at1 atm(K)
Refractiveindex n
((n − 1)×106
for gas)
H2 gas 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 (4.103) 61.28 d (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899] [139.2]H2 liquid 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 4.034 61.28 d 866 0.0708 20.39 1.112D2 1 2.0140 0.49652 45.7 54.7 (2.052) 122.4 724 0.169[0.179] 23.65 1.128 [138]He 2 4.002602 0.49968 49.9 65.1 (1.937) 94.32 756 0.1249[0.1786] 4.224 1.024 [34.9]Li 3 6.941 0.43221 54.6 73.4 1.639 82.76 155 0.534 —Be 4 9.012182 0.44384 55.8 75.2 1.594 65.19 35.28 1.848 —
C 6 12.011 0.49954 60.2 86.3 1.745 42.70 18.8 2.265 e —N2 7 14.00674 0.49976 61.4 87.8 (1.825) 37.99 47.1 0.8073[1.250] 77.36 1.205 [298]O2 8 15.9994 0.50002 63.2 91.0 (1.801) 34.24 30.0 1.141[1.428] 90.18 1.22 [296]F2 9 18.9984032 0.47372 65.5 95.3 (1.675) 32.93 21.85 1.507[1.696] 85.24 [195]Ne 10 20.1797 0.49555 66.1 96.6 (1.724) 28.94 24.0 1.204[0.9005] 27.09 1.092 [67.1]Al 13 26.981539 0.48181 70.6 106.4 1.615 24.01 8.9 2.70 —Si 14 28.0855 0.49848 70.6 106.0 1.664 21.82 9.36 2.33 3.95Ar 18 39.948 0.45059 76.4 117.2 (1.519) 19.55 14.0 1.396[1.782] 87.28 1.233 [283]Ti 22 47.867 0.45948 79.9 124.9 1.476 16.17 3.56 4.54 —
Fe 26 55.845 0.46556 82.8 131.9 1.451 13.84 1.76 7.87 —Cu 29 63.546 0.45636 85.6 134.9 1.403 12.86 1.43 8.96 —Ge 32 72.61 0.44071 88.3 140.5 1.371 12.25 2.30 5.323 —Sn 50 118.710 0.42120 100.2 163 1.264 8.82 1.21 7.31 —Xe 54 131.29 0.41130 102.8 169 (1.255) 8.48 2.87 2.953[5.858] 165.1 [701]W 74 183.84 0.40250 110.3 185 1.145 6.76 0.35 19.3 —Pt 78 195.08 0.39984 113.3 189.7 1.129 6.54 0.305 21.45 —Pb 82 207.2 0.39575 116.2 194 1.123 6.37 0.56 11.35 —U 92 238.0289 0.38651 117.0 199 1.082 6.00 ≈0.32 ≈18.95 —
Air, (20!C, 1 atm.), [STP] 0.49919 62.0 90.0 (1.815) 36.66 [30420] (1.205)[1.2931] 78.8 (273) [293]H2O 0.55509 60.1 83.6 1.991 36.08 36.1 1.00 373.15 1.33CO2 gas 0.49989 62.4 89.7 (1.819) 36.2 [18310] [1.977] [410]
[email protected] 39 Par ticle Detectors 1
Multiple Scattering
Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)#(3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3;
• -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.#)54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;#######
• .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULLµ2#Q(T#VLKHOG52! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()#5,00.)*,3$)#-,#@Lµ2T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9#+40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*#$.-.5-,0O
• -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(#541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4#$./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.#43B+.)
"0
13.6MeV
#pc-----------------------z
x
X0
------ 1 0.038x
X0
------$ %& '
ln+=
7,#
+,B#)54+.X
"
[email protected] 40 Par ticle Detectors 1
Summary of Part I
• *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0)
• 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3
- -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!
- 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!!
• >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,3
• $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OP
• .3.0B9#+,))#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3
- #(#W.02(*+4-.41
- 2(3(212#4-# ;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B528M#
- 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9#
>0.2))-046+13B;#
• 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B
- B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;###
- $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(P
z2 #2⁄ Eln(
#) 3*
dE dx⁄– Z2 E m2⁄+,
"0
1
p---
x
X0
-------
[email protected] for Particle Physics: 1
Part II
35
[email protected] 1 Par ticle Detectors 2
Part II
• !"#$%&$'()*+$,#-#*-%("$&%($.%/#0-1/$.#)"1(#/#0-$
• 2)"$,#-#*-%("
- 3(%4%(-5%0)6$78)/9#(
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- :-(54$,#-#*-%("
- 35?#6$,#-#*-%("
<@$A6)00#(
B(5>)C;$:#/$D
[email protected] 2 Par ticle Detectors 2
Momentum Measurement in B Field
$
.%/#0-1/$5"$>#-#(/50#>$9C$/#)"1(#/#0-$%&$-()*+$*1(E)-1(#$ $50$F$&5#6>G
.#)"1(#$")H5--)$ $%&$-8#$-()*+@$B%($-8#$/%/#0-1/$*%/4%0#0-$-()0"E#("#$-%$F$&5#6>G$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $
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$I&%($"/)66$
) !
$
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/#)"1(#/#0-G
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" 1 #⁄=
s
pT qB#=
pT GeV[ ] 0.3B T[ ]# m[ ]=
L 2⁄
#----------
$2---sin
$2---%= $ $
L
#---%
0.3B L&pT
-------------------=
s # 1$2---cos–' (
) * # 1 11
2---$2
4-----–' (
) *–' () *% #
$2
8-----
0.3
8-------
L2B
pT----------%= =
s x2 x1 x3+( ) 2⁄–= ds dx2 dx1 2⁄– dx3 2⁄–=
+x dxi%
+s2 +x
2+x
2
4------ 2&+
3
2---+x
2= =
$
?
$
K
$
?
$
L
$
?
$
M
[email protected] 3 Par ticle Detectors 2
Relative Momentum Error
$
B%($M$4%50-"$-8#$(#6)-5E#$/%/#0-1/$(#"%61-5%0$5"$H5E#0$9CG$
•
$
>#H()>#"$650#)(6C$J5-8$-()0"E#("#$/%/#0-1/$
•
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5/4(%E#"$650#)(6C$J5-8$50*(#)"50H$F$&5#6>
•
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5/4(%E#"$N1)>()-5*)66C$J5-8$()>5)6$#?-#0"5%0$%&$>#-#*-%(
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$$$$$$$$ $$$$$I&%($ $;$*1(E)-1(#$$ T
=?)/46#G$$B%($ ;$$ ;$$ ;$$ $)0>$ $%0#$%9-)50"G
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$&%($$)$")H5--)$$
O/4%(-)0-$-()*+$>#-#*-%($4)()/#-#(G$
+ pT( )
pT---------------
+ss
-----3
2---+x
8pT
0.3BL2-----------------&= =
N
+ pT( )
pT---------------
+ "( )
"------------
+x pT&
0.3BL2-----------------
720
N 4+( )------------------= = N 10, " 1 #⁄=
pT 1GeV= L 1m= B 1T= +x 200µm= N 10=
+ pT( )
pT--------------- 0.5%% s 3.8cm%
+ pT( )
pT2
--------------- %/GeV( )
N=100
N=10
ptmeas / GeV
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05
[email protected] 4 Par ticle Detectors 2
Contribution from Multiple Scattering
'8#$*%0-(591-5%0$-%$-8#$/%/#0-1/$#((%($&(%/$$MS$5"$H5E#0$9CG
$$$J5-8$$$$$ $
&%($ $-85"$4)(-$5"$/%/#0-1/$50>#4#0>#0-$W
'8#$*%/950#>$-%-)6$/%/#0-1/$#((%($5"G
+ pT( )
pT---------------
MS
+MS
s( )
s------------------
L'
3-------
13.63–
-10
p.-------------------------z
L'
X0
------
0.3BL2z 8pT( )⁄-----------------------------------------------
0.2
.B LX0 $sin---------------------------------= = =
L' L $sin⁄=
pT p $sin=
. 1/
+pp
------' () *
2720
N 4+-------------
+x p $sin
0.3BL2--------------------- ' (
) *2 0.2
....B LX0 $sin---------------------------------' () * 2
+=
+ $+$cot( )2
-%-)6$4)-8
LL’ $$$$
$ resolution
multiple scattering
hit resolution
total
=?)/46#$$&%($/%/#0-1/$>#4#0>#0*#%&$50>5E5>1)6$*%0-(591-5%0"
Common lecture on Fr, 10.8.by Georg Steinbrück