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![Page 1: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and
Wild PopulationsPart II
Kenneth I. Warheit
2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management MeetingSkamania Lodge, WA March 18, 2014
![Page 2: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prolog 1
• Segregated hatchery programs– Early winter: Chambers (native PS)– Early summer: Skamania (native Col. River)
• Monitor wild populations for hatchery strays– Ecological and genetic effects
• The Problem:– For closely related populations, identifying hatchery,
wild, and hybrid categories is problematic• Early winter in Puget Sound• Early summer in Columbia River
![Page 3: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Prolog 2: Why Part II?
• At AFS – Western in Boise ID April 2013• I showed high error rate using Structure and NewHybrids
when assigning individuals to hatchery, pure, and hybrid categories. Error due to recency of common ancestor
• But I did not provide an answer as to how to overcome this problem
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Individuals (for each group, sorted by "hatchery" Q-value)
Med
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alue
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Simulation
Pop 1 "Hatchery"Pop 2 "Wild"F1 Hybrid
![Page 4: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Objectives
1. Introduce a method that incorporates assignment error into estimating hatchery, wild, and hybrid proportions of populations
2. Provide summary estimates of hatchery-wild introgression for north Puget Sound populations
3. Offer a preliminary estimate as to causes of inter-basin differences in introgression
Introgression = hybridization between hatchery and wild
![Page 5: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Added Complication
Native Puget Sound
(e.g., PS winter)
Non-native PS
(e.g., Chambers in PS)
Non-native L. Col River
(e.g., Skamania in PS)
FST = 0.06
FST = 0.03
![Page 6: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B
W
S
B
W
W
W
B
S
Sample location
Early winter hatchery (Chambers)
Early summer hatchery (Skamania)
Both EWH & ESH
Seattle
Thanks to Anne Marshall for the base map
X
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BasinWild Hatchery
OU DIP N EWH ESH
Green 4 1 148 30 42
Snohomish 10 5 333 35 35
Stillaguamish 5 2 224 0 0
Skagit 8 3 321 97 na
Samish 1 1 73 na na
Nooksack 5 2 219 40 na
1318 202 77 1597
Samples
OU = operational unit (group of collections) DIP = Demographically independent population
![Page 8: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Assign Wild Samples to Groups
• Genotype samples using 192 SNPs (WDFW Panels E and F)
• Program Structure
• Groups– Wild (winter- or summer-run)– Early Winter Hatchery lineage– Early Summer Hatchery lineage– Hybrids
• Summarized as proportions for each– OU– DIP
• Provide estimates of introgression UNCORRECTED for assignment error
![Page 9: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Modeled Populations
• Simulate– Wild, Early Winter Hatchery, Early Summer Hatchery– Hybrids– Designed to model Puget Sound populations
• Program Structure– Known source
• Modeled populations used to estimate assignment error– Wild (winter- or summer-run)– Early Winter Hatchery lineage– Early Summer Hatchery lineage– Hybrids
![Page 10: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Past
Present
MS* Model ParametersLocus mutation rate
4Nom = 20
Population growthStable
PopulationsThree
# samples from each pop500
Phylogenetic relationshipHierarchical
Divergent DatesA = 0.24No generations (Whidbey)B = 0.12No generations (Whidbey)
A = 0.16No generations (Nooksack)B = 0.13No generations (Nooksack)
Pop 1(“PS Wild”)
Pop 2(“Early Winter
Hatchery”)
Pop 3(“Early Summer
Hatchery”)
A
B
a1
a2 Pop 3
Pop 2Pop 1
* Program MS Richard Hudson. 2002
![Page 11: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modeled Populations
• Simulate– Wild, Early Winter Hatchery, Early Summer Hatchery– Hybrids– Designed to model Puget Sound populations
• Program Structure– Known source
• Modeled populations used to estimate assignment error– Wild (winter- or summer-run)– Early Winter Hatchery lineage– Early Summer Hatchery lineage– Hybrids
![Page 12: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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acr
oss
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erat
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)
Simulation
Pop 1 "Hatchery"Pop 2 "Wild"F1 Hybrid
Error for k = 2 (Part I)
![Page 13: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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Wild Early Winter Hatchery (EWH)
Early Summer Hatchery (ESH)
Hybrid: EWH-Wild Hybrid: ESH-Wild Hybrid: EWH-ESH
Wild
EWH
ESH
Structure Assignments (Part II)
![Page 14: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Assigned Category
Source Category
Early Winter Hatchery (EWH)
Hybrid: EWH - Wild
Hybrid: ESH - Wild
Early Summer Hatchery (ESH)
Wild
Hybrid: EWH - ESH
Total Assigned
Total that should be assigned - No Call
Assignment Error Rate
Whidbey
Basin Mod
el
Early Winter Hatchery (EWH) 655 113 4 1 5 66 844 937 0.22Hybrid: EWH - Wild 216 625 58 1 229 33 1162 920 0.46Hybrid: ESH - Wild 0 11 514 24 26 37 612 782 0.16Early Summer Hatchery (ESH) 0 0 87 839 0 159 1085 963 0.23Wild 5 153 79 0 693 1 931 956 0.26Hybrid: EWH - ESH 61 18 40 98 3 507 727 803 0.30NoCall 63 80 218 37 44 197 639 naTotal Source 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 6000 0.29
NoCall Rate 0.06 0.08 0.22 0.04 0.04 0.20 0.11 Soure Error Rate Total 0.35 0.38 0.49 0.16 0.31 0.49 0.36Soure Error Rate Assigned Only 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.13 0.28 0.37 0.29
Error | Assignment
![Page 15: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Correcting Structure assignments using estimated error rates from
modeled populations
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20 12
1( )2
20 1 2
1, , | ,
(2 )
iY X
i
Y X e
L
b0 ,b1 , s2 = parameters from resampling error matrix Y = empirical UNCORRECTED estimateXi = estimated Source or CORRECTED proportions
i= 0 to 1.0 at 0.001 intervals
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1
2
3
4
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8
9
Estimated Source Proportion
L (b
0,b1,s
2 |Y=
0.21
, X) Maximum = 8.85
Source Target proportion where likelihood is maximized = 0.16
Likelihood equation for Normal Regression
Y = 0.21
![Page 17: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Results
![Page 18: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BasinIntrogression
EWH ESH
Green Average OU 0.12 0.00Green River Winter-Run 0.11 0.00
Snohomish
Average OU 0.08 0.22North Fork Skykomish Summer-Run 0.00 0.55Tolt River Summer-Run 0.00 0.48Snoqualmie River Winter-Run 0.28 0.00Snohomish / Skykomish R Winter-Run 0.00 0.00Pilchuck R Winter-Run 0.00 0.00
StillyAverage OU 0.00 0.09Canyon Creek Summer-Run 0.00 0.00Deer Creek Summer-Run 0.00 0.02
Skagit
Average OU 0.02 0.02Mainstem Skagit R Summer- and Winter-Run 0.00 0.00Sauk R Summer- and Winter-Run 0.00 0.00Nookachamps Creek Winter-Run 0.00 0.00
Samish 0.17 0.00
Nooksack
Average OU 0.02 0.03Nooksack R Winter-Run 0.00 0.02South Fork Nooksack R Summer-Run 0.00 0.00
![Page 19: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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Off-station Releases Off-station Releases
Off-station Releases (2-year offset) /Wild Escapement
Off-station Releases (2-year offset) /Wild Escapement
Intr
ogre
ssio
nAveraged across all Operational Units Averaged across all DIPs – all samples
r2 = 0.81r2 = 0.94
Thanks to Brian Missildine and Christina Iverson for releases and escapement data
![Page 20: Detecting Introgressive Hybridization between Segregated Hatchery and Wild Populations Part II Kenneth I. Warheit 2014 Pacific Coast Steelhead Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ef15503460f94c028b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Acknowledgments
• Shannon Knapp (formerly WDFW, NMSU)
• WDFW Molecular Genetics Lab– Sarah Bell, Todd Kassler, Mo Small, Sewall Young
• SCL, tribal, and WDFW Region 4 field staff
• Todd Seamons (WDFW)
• HGMP group: – Jim Scott, Annette Hoffmann, Kelly Cunningham, Brian
Missildine, Beata Dymowska
• Funding: Seattle City Light, Washington State General and Wildlife Funds