Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey - CS Course...
Transcript of Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey - CS Course...
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
By: Ming-Hsuan Yang, David J. Kriegman, and Narendra Ahuja
Presented By: Neal Audenaert
Agenda
IntroductionApproaches
Knowledge-basedFeature invariantTemplate matchingAppearnce-based
Databases and EvaluationDiscussion
Agenda
IntroductionApproaches
Knowledge-basedFeature invariantTemplate matchingAppearnce-based
Databases and EvaluationDiscussion
Introduction
DomainFace detection (not recognition)Still images
ObjectivesComprehensive survey of techniquesDiscussion of performance measures
LimitationsMethods are not directly comparable
Challenges
PoseStructural componentsFacial expressionOcclusionImage orientationImaging conditions
General Tasks
Face localizationFacial feature detectionFace recognitionFace authenticationFace trackingFacial expression recognition
Agenda
IntroductionApproaches
Knowledge-basedFeature invariantTemplate matchingAppearnce-based
Databases and EvaluationDiscussion
Survey of Techniques
Knowledge BasedTop-downBottom-up
Template BasedDefined templatesLearned templates
Knowledge-basedFeature invariant
Template matchingAppearance-based
Survey of Techniques
XAppearance-based
XXTemplate Matching
XFeature Invariant
XKnowledge-basedDet.Loc.Approach
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Knowledge-Based Top-Down Methods
Main Idea: Use knowledge about what constitutes a face faces to define rules
Strengths: Frontal faces in uncluttered scenes
Weaknesses:Translating knowledge into rulesEnumeration of cases
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Knowledge-Based Top-Down Methods
Bottom-Up Feature-Based Methods
Main Idea: Describe relationships between invariant features using statistical models
Strengths: Improved invariance for different poses and lighting conditions
Weaknesses: Corruption of individual due to illumination, noise, or occlusion
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Bottom-Up Feature-Based Methods
Facial FeaturesTextureSkin ColorMultiple Features
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Template Matching
Main Idea: Find correlation values with a standard face pattern for face contour, eyes, nose, and mouth
Strengths: Simple to implement
Weaknesses: Cannot deal with variation in scale, pose, and shape
Alternatives: Multiresolution, multiscale, subtemplates, and deformable templates
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Appearance-Based Methods
Main Idea: Use statistical analysis and machine learning techniques to learn “template” characteristics
Strengths: Most successful approach
Weaknesses: Relatively complex to implement, high-dimensionality requires many training examples
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
Overview of Techniques
EigenfacesDistribution-Based MethodsNeural Networks (ANN)Support Vector Machines (SVM)Sparse Network of Winnows (SNoW)Naïve Bayes ClassifierHidden Markov Models (HMM)Information Theoretic ApproachesInductive Learning
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Eigenfaces
Pedro?
Main Idea: Calculate distance between an instance and exemplary data in a reduced dimensional space
Build a face map
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Distribution-Based Methods
Fit a distribution model to examples
Project example into reduced dimensional space
Build classifier to decide face/non-face
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Sung and Poggio
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Sung and Poggio
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Sung and Poggio
MahalanobisPCA for each cluster
Representative sample of non-face images?
Bootstrap approach
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Yang, Ahuja, Kriegman
Method 1:Factor Analysis
Instead of PCADoes not define a mixture model
Estimate mixture model using EMMethod 2:
Fisher’s Linear DiscriminantClass decomposistion using Kohonen’s Self Organizing MapsML decision rule to detect faces
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Neural Networks
Two class pattern recognition Advantage: capture complex class conditional desnsityDrawback: Requires extensively tuning
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Support Vector Machines
Estimating hyperplane is expensiveEvaluation is fast
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Sparse Network of Winnows
Detect images with:Different features and expressionsDifferent posesDifferent lighting conditions
Primitive and multiscale featuresTailored for domains where
Number of features is largeFeatures unknown a priori
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Naïve Bayes Classifier
Estimate joint probability of local appearance
c.f. bottom-up methods
Emphasize local appearanceSome patterns are more unique
Detects some ratated and profile faces
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Hidden Markov Model
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Hidden Markov Model
AlternativesKarhunen Loeve Traformcoefficients as input to HMMUse HMM to learn face to non-face transition
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Information Theoretic Approaches
Markov Random Fields (MRF)Model context-dependent entities
Kullback relative inforamtionMaximize information-based discriminant between the two classes
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. TheoryInductive
Inductive Learning
C4.5 AlgorithmBuilds a decision tree8x8 pixel window
Represented as 30 value vectorEntropy, mean, std dev. of pixel value
Find-SGaussian clusters to aproximatedistribution of face patternsFind-S to learn thresholding
Knowledge-based Feature Invariant Template Matching Appearance-based
EigenfacesDistributionANNSVMSNoWBaysianHMMInfo. Theory Inductive
Agenda
IntroductionApproaches
Knowledge-basedFeature invariantTemplate matchingAppearnce-based
Databases and EvaluationDiscussion
AT&T Cambridge Laboratories Face Database
Face Image Databases
Features of Databases
Designed for single studySmallHighly constrainedOriented to face recognition
Benchmark Test Sets
Benchmark Test Sets
Performance Evaluation
Agenda
IntroductionApproaches
Knowledge-basedFeature invariantTemplate matchingAppearnce-based
Databases and EvaluationDiscussion