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SoftTech Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

Unit 5A, The Pentagon, Next to Pune-Satara Road Telephone Exchange,

Shahu College Road, Pune - 411009, Maharashtra, India

Ph: 020-24217676, Fax: 020-24218747,

Email:eLearning@SoftTech-Engr.com

Website: www.eLearning-SoftTech.com

SoftTech Engineers Pvt. Ltd. have developed Multimedia based eLearning Software Solutions for the Electronics & Telecommunication / Industrial Electronics / Instrumentation Engineering subjects.

Electronics Materials & Components (ET01)

Electronic Measuring Instruments (ET02)

Digital Techniques & Applications (ET03)

Electronic Devices and Circuits (ET04)

Electro Magnetic Field Theory (ET05)

Antenna Engineering & Waves Propagation (ET06)

Digital Communication & Circuits (ET07)

Digital Signal Processing (ET08)

Signals & Sensors ( ET09)

Microprocessor 8085 Lab (ET10)

Microprocessor & Microcontroller (ET11)

Power Electronics (ET12)

VLSI-Design Techniques (ET13)

Communication Systems (ET14)

Mobile Communication (ET15)

Data Communication & Networking (ET16)

Digital Image Processing (ET17)

Embedded Systems (ET18)

Microwave Engineering (ET19)

Optical Fibre Communication (ET20)

RFID System (ET21)

Bio-Medical Electronics Engineering (ET22)

Computerized Process Control System (ET23)

Industrial Automation (ET24)

Linear Integrated Circuits (ET25)

Numerical Methods and Computational Techniques (EE05)

Electronics Materials & Components (ET01) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about materials used in construction and

fabrication of electronics and electrical components.

Contents

Electronic Materials-I

1. Introduction

2. Conductor Material

3. Magnetic Material

4. Conductinng Materials

Electronic Materials-II

1. Semiconductor Material

2. Silicon (Si)

3. Germanium (Ge)

4. Selenium (Se)

5. Silicon carbide (SiC)

6. Magnetic Materials

7. Classification of magnetic materials

8. Domains

9. Hysteresis

10. Hysteresis Loss

11. Permanent Magnetic Materials

12. CRGO

Electronic Passive Components-I

1. Introduction

2. Introduction to resistor

3. Characteristics of Fixesd Resistors

4. Skin Effect

5. Types of Fixed Resistors

6. Variable Resistors

7. Non Linear Resistors – Thermisters

Electronic Passive Components-II

1. Concept of Capacitor Formation

2. Expression for Capacitance

3. Types of Capacitor

4. Permittivity

5. Series and Parallel Combinations of Capacitor

6. Types of variable capacitors

7. Square law capacitor

8. General Purpose Variable Capacitors

9. Trimmer Capacitors

10. Characteristics of Capacitors

11. Specifications

Cables, Connectors & Wires

1. Introduction

2. Characteristics of Cables

3. Cables

4. Types of Cables

5. Types of Cable Sheaths Sheathed Cable

6. Connectors

7. Types of Connectors

8. Wires

9. Resistance Wires

10. Twin Core-Multicore Wires

11. Wire Sleevings

12. Characteristics of Insulating Materials

Inductor & Transformer

1. Introduction to Inductors

2. Winding of Inductor Coils

3. Specifications of Inductors

4. Types of Inductors

5. Frequency Response of an Inductor

6. Transformer

7. Core Construction

8. Coil Construction

9. Specifications of Transformer

10. Structure of Transformer

11. Impedance Ratio

12. Types of Transformer and their Applications

13. High Voltage Generation

14. Losses in Transformer

15. Shielding of Transformer

Switches, Relays & Displays

1. Introduction

2. Characteristics of Switches

3. Toggle Switch

4. Push Button Switches

5. Relays

6. General Purpose Relay

7. Reed Relays

8. Solid State Relay

9. Specifications of Relays

10. Testing of Relays

11. Types of Displays

12. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

13. LED 7 Segment Display

14. Liquid Crystal Display

15. Nixie Tube

Microphone, Speakers & Batteries

1. Introduction to Microphones & Loudspeakers

2. Capacitor Microphones

3. Crystal Microphones

4. Moving - coil Loudspeakers

5. Horn type Loudspeakers

6. Typical Specifications

7. Speaker baffles and enclosures

8. Battery

9. Types of Batteries

10. Maintenance & Safety

Integrated Circuits & Surface Mount Device

1. Introduction

2. Classification of ICs

3. IC Fabrication

4. Metallization

5. Testing

6. Advantages of SMC's

7. Meaning of the Surface Mount Technology

8. Soldering Process and Testing

9. Adhesives

10. Solder Paste

11. Soldering Technique

Printed Circuit Board

1. Introduction

2. Copper Used in PCB

3. Electrochemicals

4. Artwork Rules and Parameters

5. Preparation of single-sided PCB

6. Double sided PCB

7. Soldering and Soldering Techniques

8. Soldering with iron

9. Soldering

10. Art Work Solder Pads

11. Multi Layer Artwork

12. Additive Wiring

13. Metallic Core PCBs

14. Final Protection

15. Environmental Testing

16. Failure

17. Repair

18. Maintenance

19. Procedure of Manufacturing a PCB

Electronic Measuring Instruments (ET02) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various measuring instruments like

oscilloscope, generators, wave analysers, digital instruments.

Contents

Fundamentals

1. Introduction

2. Instrumentation Systems

3. Static Characteristics

4. Dynamic Characteristics

5. Methods of Measurements

6. Types of Errors

7. Source of Errors

8. Standards

9. Power Isolation

Units of Measurement & Instruments

1. Introduction

2. Units of Measurements

3. Dimensions of a Physical Quantity

4. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Type

5. D.C Ammeter

6. Multirange Ammeter

7. D.C Voltmeter

8. Multirange Voltmeter

9. Loading

10. A.C Voltmeter Using Rectifiers

11. A.C Voltmeter Using Half Wave Rectifier

12. A.C Voltmeter Using Full Wave Rectifier

13. Calibration of D.C Instruments

14. Ohm Meter

15. Multimeter or VOM

16. Wattmeter

Measuring Parameters

1. Introduction to Bridges

2. Wheatstone’s Bridge

3. Kelvin Bridge

4. Kelvin Double Bridge

5. Guarded Wheatstone Bridge

6. Three Terminal Resistances

7. A.C Bridges

8. Capacitance Comparison Bridge

9. Inductance Comparison Bridge

10. Maxwell's Bridge

11. Hay's Bridge

12. Schering's Bridge

13. Wien's Bridge

14. Harmonic Distortion Analysis

15. Phase Meter

Frequency & Time Measurement

1. Introduction

2. Frequency and Time Standards

3. Digital Frequency Meter

4. Basic Circuit for Frequency Measurement

5. Digital Frequency Meter

6. Time Base Selector

7. Measurement of Time

8. Universal Counter

9. Measurement Errors

10. Crystal Calibration

Oscilloscope

1. Introduction

2. Screens for CRTs

3. Deflection Sensitivity

4. Basic Principle

5. Block Diagram of Oscilloscope

6. CRT Connections

7. Applications of CRO

8. Vertical Deflection System

9. Horizontal Deflecting System

10. Triggered Sweep CRO

11. Trigger Pulse Circuit

12. Probes

13. Measurement Using CRO

14. Measurement of Phase Shift

15. Dual Trace Oscilloscope

16. Electronic Switch

17. Synchronization of the Sweep

Generators

1. Introduction

2. The Sine wave Generator

3. Standard Signal Generator

4. Modern Laboratory Signal Generator

5. Pulse Generator Circuit

6. AF Sine and Square Wave Generator

7. Function Generator

8. Audio Frequency Signal Generation

9. Video Pattern Generator

Wave Analyzers

1. Introduction

2. Basic Wave Analyzer

3. Spectrum Analyzer

4. Heterodyne Wave Analyzer

5. RF Spectrum Analyzer

6. Applications of the Spectrum Analyzer

7. Logic Analyzer

Digital Instruments

1. Introduction

2. Analog to digital Converters

3. Video Pattern Generator

4. Analog to Digital Conversion

5. Successive Approximation

6. Digital Voltmeter (DVM)

7. Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM

8. Digital Multimeter

9. Automation in Digital Instrument

10. Digital Storage Oscilloscope

11. Digital LCR Meter

12. Digital IC Tester

High Frequency Measurements

1. High Frequency Measurements

2. Q Meter

3. Causes of Error

4. Measurement of Capacitance

5. Measurement of Distributed Parameters

6. Transmission Line Parameters

7. Infinite Line

8. Line Distortion

9. Reflection and Reflection Coefficient (K)

10. Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

11. Smith Chart

12. RF Voltage and power measurement

13. Antenna Radiation Pattern

Transducers

1. Electrical Transducer

2. Selecting a Transducer

3. Bimetallic Thermometer

4. Thermocouples

5. Pressure Measurement

6. Bourdon Tubes

7. Measurement of Flow

8. Measurement of Level

9. Capacitive Method

10. Measurement of Displacement

11. Pneumatic Flapper Nozzle Assembly

Digital Techniques & Applications (ET03) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about number system, logic gates,

semiconductor theory, combinational logic circuits, electronic counters, converters, zener diode &

its applications.

Contents

Number Systems

1. Introduction

2. Binary Number System

3. Positive & Negative Logic System

4. Radix

5. Binary to Decimal Conversion

6. Decimal to Binary Conversion

7. Hexadecimal Number System

8. Hex to Binary and Binary to Hex Conversion

9. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

10. Binary Addition and Subtraction

Logic Gates

1. Introduction

2. Types of Gates

3. ODD / EVEN Parity

4. De-Morgan's Theorems

5. Half Adder and Full Adder

6. Adder/Subtractor

Semiconductor Families

1. Introduction

2. Classification of IC's

3. Characteristics of IC's

4. Current and Voltage Parameters

5. TTL Technology

6. TTL NAND Gate

7. Tristate TTL Gates

8. TSL TTl NOT Gate

9. CMOS Inverter

10. PMOS

Combinational logic Circuits

1. Introduction

2. Multiplexers

3. 4:1 Multiplexer

4. Demultiplexers

5. The Decimal-to-BCD Encoder

6. BCD to Decimal Decoder

7. The IC 7446

8. Multipoint Combinational Circuits

Electronic Counters

1. Introduction

2. Multivibrators

3. Flip-Flop's

4. R-S Flip-Flop Using Gates

5. Clocked D Flip-Flop

6. Edge Triggering and Race Around Condition

7. T and M/S JK Flip-Flop

8. Asynchronous Counter Operation

9. A 3-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter

10. Ring Counter

11. UP/DOWN Synchronous Counter

12. Serial IN/Serial OUT Shift Registers

A-to-D & D-to-A Converters

1. Introduction

2. Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)

3. The R/2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter

4. Analog-to-Digital Conversion

5. Dual-Slope Analog-to-Digital Converter

6. Approximation Analog to Digital Converter

Computer Fundamentals

1. Block Diagram of a Computer

2. Input Devices

3. Central Processing Unit

4. Output Devices

5. Address and Data Bus

6. Semiconductor Memories

7. RAM's

8. Magnetic Disk (Hard Disks)

9. Magnetic Tape

Electronic Devices and Circuits (ET04) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of devices and

circuits used in electronics, integrated electronics, and regulated power supply.

Contents

Introduction

1. Introduction

2. Modern Trends in Electronics

3. Communication & Entertainment Applications

4. Measurement & Instruments Applications

5. Defense Applications

6. Applications in Medicine

7. Passive Component

8. Active Component

9. Introduction

Semiconductor Theory

1. Bohr's Atomic Model

2. Silicon Orbits

3. Energy Levels

4. Energy Bands

5. Important Energy Bands in Solid

6. Classification of Solid & Energy Band

7. Bonds in Semiconductor

8. Effect of Temperature on Semiconductor

9. Hole Current

10. N type & P type Semiconductor

Rectifier Circuits

1. P-N Junction Diode

2. Properties of P-N Junction

3. Biasing the P-N Junction

4. Forward Biased P-N Junction

5. Reverse Biased P-N Junction

6. V-I Characteristic of a P-N Junction Diode

7. Types of Diodes

8. Rectifier Circuits

9. Comparison of Rectifiers

Filter Circuits

1. Introduction to Filters

2. Inductor Filters or Chock Filter

3. Capacitor Filter

4. LC Filter or Chock Input Filter

5. P Filter or CLC Filter

6. Half Wave voltage Doubler

7. Full Wave Voltage Doubler

8. Voltage Tripler & Quadrupler Circuits

9. Comparison of Filter Circuits

Zener Diode & Its Applications

1. Zener Diode

2. V - I Characteristics of Zener Diode

3. Zener Diode Specifications

4. Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

5. Optimum Value of Current Limiting Resistor

Bipolar Junction Transistor

1. Introduction

2. Transistor Construction

3. Unbiased Transistor

4. Transistor Biasing

5. Transistor Configuration

6. Common Base Connection

7. Characteristics of Common - Base Connection

8. Common Emitter Connection

9. Characteristics of Common Emitter Connection

10. Common Collector Connection

11. Commonly Used Transistor Connections

12. Transistor as an Amplifier in CE Arrangement

Field Effect Transistor

1. Introduction

2. Construction Details of N Channel JFET

3. Working Principle of JFET

4. Characteristics of JFET

5. Transfer Characteristics

6. Pinch off Voltage Vp

7. JFET Parameters

8. MOSFET

9. Enhancement Type MOSFET

Transistor Biasing & Stabilization

1. Introduction

2. Transistor Biasing

3. Selection of Operating Point

4. Methods of Transistor Biasing

5. Stability Factor

6. Hybrid Parameters

7. Parameters of Transistors

Transistor Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. Classification of Amplifiers

3. Single Stage Transistor Amplifier

4. Phase Reversal

5. DC Load Line

6. Bandwidth

7. R-C Coupled Transistor Amplifier

8. Transformer Coupled Amplifier

9. Direct-Coupled Amplifier

Transistor AF Power Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. Performance Parameters

3. Class A Amplifier

4. Class B Amplifier

5. Class AB Power Amplifier

6. Class C Power Amplifier

7. Single Ended Power Amplifier

8. Push Pull Amplifier

9. Complementary Symmetry Amplifier

Wave Shaping Circuits

1. General idea about different wave shapes

2. Review of transient phenomena in R-C and R-L circuits

3. R-C and R-L differentiating and Integrating circuits

4. RC filters, integrators and differentiators

5. Input / Output Characteristics and AC Behavior

6. Voltage Multipliers

7. LED Applications

8. Zener Diode Clipper Circuits

9. Use of Transistors for clipping

10. Diode clamping circuit for clamping to negative peak, positive peak or any other level

11. Ideal transistor switch

Timer I. C.

1. Block diagram of IC timer and its working

2. Use of 555 Timer as Astable Multivibrator

Multivibrator Circuits

1. Transistorized Astable Multivibrators

2. Single-Supply Astable Multivibrator

3. Astable Multivibrator Using CMOS Schmitt Trigger

4. Transistorized monostable multivibrators

5. Op-amp as Astable Multivibrator

6. Schmitt Trigger

Time Base Circuits

1. Simple method of generation of sawtooth wave using charging and discharging of a capacitor

2. constant current generation of linear sweep voltage circuit using op-amp

3. Cyclic Voltammetry

Integrated Electronics

1. Production of Electronic Grade Silicon

2. Crystal Structure and Growing

3. SI-Wafer Preparation

4. Wafer Processing

Regulated Power Supply

1. Specifications of a regulated power supply

2. Principles of series and shunt regulators

3. Three terminal voltage regulator IC

4. A Three Terminal Regulator Type Throttle

5. Voltage Dependent (Foldback) Current Limiting

6. Constant Current Vs. Foldback Limiting

7. Constant Current Limiting

8. Foldback Limiting

9. Basic working principles of a switch mode power supply

10. A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS

11. Continuously Variable Transmission

12. UPS

13. Dual Tracking Power Supply

14. voltage controlled oscillator

15. Phase Locked Loop

Thyristors & UJT

1. Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

2. The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

3. Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)

4. Silicon Bilateral Switch

5. Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR)

6. Unijunction Transistor

7. UJT Relaxation Oscillator

Electromagnetic Field Theory (ET05) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of Electromagnetic

wave.

Contents

Vector Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Scalars and Vectors

3. The Cartesian coordinate system

4. Vector Components and Unit Vectors

5. The Vector Field

6. The Dot Product

7. The Cross Product

8. Other coordinate Systems

9. The Spherical Coordinate System

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity

1. Introduction

2. The Experimental Low of Coulomb

3. Electric Field Intensity

4. Field Due to a Continuous Volume Charge Distribution

5. Field of a Line Charge

6. Field of a Sheet of Charge

7. Streamlines and Sketches of Fields

Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law & Divergence

1. Introduction

2. Electric Flux Density

3. Gauss's Law

4. Application of Gauss’s Law

5. Differential Volume Element

6. Divergence

7. Maxwell's First Equation (Electrostatics)

The Vector Operator and the Divergence Theorem

Energy & Potential

1. Introduction

2. Energy Expended in moving a Point Charge

3. The Line Integral

4. Definition of Potential Difference and Potential

5. The Potential Field of a Point Charge

6. The Potential Field of a System of Charges

7. Potential Gradient

8. The Dipole

9. Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field

Conductors, Dielectrics & Capacitance

1. Introduction

2. Current and Current Density

3. Continuity of Current

4. Metalic Conductors

5. Conductor Properties and Boundary Conditions

6. The Method of Images

7. Semiconductors

8. The Nature of Dielectic Materials

9. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric

Materials

10. Capacitance

11. Several Capacitance Examples

12. Capcitance of a Two - Wire Line

Experimental Mapping Methods

1. Introduction

2. Curvilinear Squares

3. The Iteration Method

4. Current Analogies

5. Physical Models

Poisson's & Laplace's Equations

1. Introduction

2. Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations

3. Uniqueness Theorem

4. Examples of the Solution of Laplace’s Equation

5. Example of the Solution of Poisson’s Equation

6. Product Solution of Laplace’s Equation

The Steady Magnetic Field

1. Introduction

2. Biot - Savart Law

3. Ampere's Circuital Law

4. Curl

5. Stokes' Theorem

6. Magentic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

7. The Scalar and Vector Magnetic potentials

8. Derivation of Steady - Magnetic - Field Laws

Magnetic Force, Materials & Inductance

1. Introduction

2. Force on a Moving Charge

3. Force on a Differential Current Element

4. Force Between Differential Current Elements

5. Force and Torque on a Closed Circuit

6. The Nature of Magnetic Materials

7. Magnetization and Permeability

8. Magnetic Boundary Conditions

9. The Magnetic Circuit

10. Potential Energy & Forces on Magnetic Materials

11. Inductance and Mutual Inductance

Time Varying Fields & Maxwell's Equations

1. Introduction

2. Faraday's Law

3. Displacement Current

4. Maxwell's Equations in Point Form

5. Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form

6. The Retarded Potentials

The Uniform Plane Wave

1. Introduction

2. Wave Motion in Free Space

3. Wave Motion in Perfect Dielectrics

4. Plane Waves in Lossy Dielectrics

5. The Poynting Vector and Power Considerations

6. Propagation in Good Conductors: Skin Effect

7. Reflection of Uniform Plane Waves

8. Standing - Wave Ratio

Transmission Lines

1. Introduction

2. The Transmission-Link Equations

3. Transmission - Line Parameters

4. Two-Wire (High Frequencies)

5. Two-Wire (Low Frequencies)

6. Planar (High Frequencies)

7. Some Transmission-Live Examples

8. Graphical Methods

9. Several Practical Problems

Applications of Maxwell's Equations

1. Introduction

2. The Laws of Circuit Theory

3. The Resonant Coaxial Cavity

4. Radiation

Antenna Engineering & Waves Propagation (ET06) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of antenna,

arrays and mobile communication, frequency bands, arrays of discrete elements, wave propagation.

Contents

Fundamentals of Antennas, Arrays and Mobile Communications

1. Introduction

2. Hertzian and Fitzgerald Elementary Radiators

3. Far-Field Antenna Properties

4. Antennas as Electromagnetic Circuits

5. Polarization

6. Directivity Patterns From Continuous Line Sources

7. Directivity Patterns From Area Source

Distributions

8. Fundamentals of Antenna Arrays

9. Basic Concepts in Mobile Communications

Frequency Bands for Military and Commercial Applications

1. Introduction to Frequency Bands

2. Interest for Military Applications

3. Interest for Commercial Applications

4. Examples of Fundamental Antenna Types

Arrays of Discrete Elements

1. Introduction

2. Antenna Array Factor and Antenna Indices

3. Linear Arrays

4. Uniform Linear Arrays

5. Chebyshev Arrays

6. Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays

7. Taylor Distributions

8. Bayliss Distributions

9. Modified Taylor and Bayliss Patterns

10. Planar Arrays

11. Circular Arrays

12. Array Synthiesis Techniques

13. Synthesis as an Optimization Procedure

14. Smart Antennas

Wave Propagation

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

3. Propagation of EM Waves

4. Attenuation of Ground Waves

5. Extension Of Service Area

6. Sky Wave Propagation - The Ionosphere

7. The Ionosphere and its Layers

8. Virtual Height

9. Skip zone

10. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation

11. Concept of Fading

12. Radio Horizon

13. Duct Propagation

14. Advantages and Applications

Digital Communication & Circuits (ET07) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of digital

communication systems.

Contents

Introduction to Digital Communication

1. Learning Objectives

2. The Importance of Communications

3. Block Diagram of an Analog

Communication System

4. Baseband and Bandpass Transmission

5. Communication Systems using Modulation

6. Advantages of modulation

7. Analog to Digital Conversion

8. Advantages of Digital Representation of a Signal

9. Comparison of Analog and Digital Transmission

10. Advantages of Digital Communication

Multiplexing Techniques

1. Learning Objectives

2. Concept of Multiplexing

3. Types of Multiplexing

4. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

5. Digital Input

6. Demultiplexing

7. Multiplexing Hierarchy in FDM

8. Time Division Multiplexing

9. Synchronous TDM System

10. Synchronization in TDM System

11. Inverse TDM

12. Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing

Modulation Schemes & Access Techniques

1. Learning Objectives

2. Modems

3. Need of Modulation

4. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

5. Transmission Bandwidth of the ASK Signal

6. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

7. Bandwidth for FSK in terms of Baud Rate

8. BPSK Generation

9. Frequency Spectrum of BPSK

10. Operation of DPSK generator

11. Advantages of QPSK

12. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

13. CDMA Demultiplexer

Error Detection & Correction

1. Learning Objectives

2. Important Definitions Related to Codes

3. Error Detection

4. Use of Parity Bit to Decide Parity

5. Checksum for Error Detection

6. Two Dimensional Parity Check

7. The Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) Bits

8. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

9. CRC Checker

10. Error Correction Techniques

11. Hamming Codes

Switching Systems

1. Learning Objectives

2. Classification of Switching Systems

3. Types of Switching Networks

4. Electronic Space-Division Switching

5. Multistage switches

6. Block Schematic of Centralized SPC

7. Structure of Distributed SPC

8. Time Space Time Switches

9. Flow of slots between the switches

10. Time Division Space Switching

11. Two Stage Network

12. Comparison of Single Stage and Multistage Networks

Transmission Media

1. Introduction

2. Guided Media

3. Shielded twisted-pair (STP) Cable

4. Coaxial Cable Standards

5. Critical Angle

6. Cable Composition

7. Light Sources for Optical Cable

8. Radio Frequency Allocation

9. Propagation of Radio Waves

10. Terrestrial Microwave

11. Satellite Communication

12. Geosynchronous Satellites

13. Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication

14. Transmission Impairment

15. Shannon Capacity

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

1. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Services

2. Voice and Data Communication

3. Subscriber Access to the ISDN

4. Functional Grouping

5. Network Termination 2 (NT2)

6. Physical Layer Specifications for BRI

7. Connection and Topology

8. Physical Layer Specifications for PRI

9. Network Layer

10. Information Elements

11. Broadband ISDN

12. Physical Specifications

Digital Signal Processing (ET08) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various digital signal processing

techniques, data compression techniques.

Contents

The Breadth and Depth of DSP

1. The Roots of DSP

2. Telecommunications

3. Audio Processing

4. Echo Location

5. Image Processing

Statistics, Probability and Noise

1. Signal and Graph Terminology

2. Mean and Standard Deviation

3. Signal vs. Underlying Process

4. The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf

5. The Normal Distribution

6. Digital Noise Generation

7. Precision and Accuracy

ADC and DAC

1. Quantization

2. The Sampling Theorem

3. Digital-to - Analog Conversion

4. Analog Filters for Data Conversion

5. Selecting the Antialias Filter

6. Multirate Data Conversion

7. Single Bit Data Conversion

DSP Software

1. Computer Numbers

2. Fixed Point (Integers)

3. Floating Point (Real Numbers)

4. Number Precision

5. Execution Speed: Program Language

6. Execution Speed: Hardware

7. Execution Speed: Programming Tips

Linear Systems

1. Signals and Systems

2. Requirements for Linearity

3. Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity

4. Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems

5. Special Properties of Linearity

6. Superposition: the Foundation of DSP

7. Common Decompositions

8. Alternatives to Linearity

Convolution

1. The Delta Function and Impulse Response

2. Convolution

3. The Input Side Algorithm

4. The Output Side Algorithm

5. The Sum of Weighted Inputs

Properties of Convolution

1. Common Impulse Responses

2. Mathematical Properties

3. Correlation

4. Speed

The Discrete Fourier Transform

1. The Family of Fourier Transform

2. Notation and Format of the Real DFT

3. The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable

4. DFT Basis Functions

5. Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT

6. Analysis, Calculating the DFT

7. Duality

8. Polar Notation

9. Polar Nuisances

Applications of the DFT

1. Spectral Analysis of Signals

2. Frequency Response of Systems

3. Convolution via the Frequency Domain

Fourier Transform Properties

1. Linearity of the Fourier Transform

2. Characteristics of the Phase

3. Periodic Nature of the DFT

4. Compression and Expansion, Multirate methods

5. Multiplying Signals (Amplitude Modulation)

6. The Discrete Time Fourier Transform

7. Parseval's Relation

Fourier Transform Pairs

1. Delta Function Pairs

2. The Sinc Function

3. Other Transform Pairs

4. Gibbs Effect

5. Harmonics

6. Chirp Signals

The Fast Fourier Transform

1. Real DFT Using the Complex DFT

2. How the FFT works

3. FFT Programs

4. Speed and Precision Comparisons

5. Further Speed Increases

Continuous Signal Processing

1. The Delta Function

2. Convolution

3. The Fourier Transform

4. The Fourier Series

Introduction to Digital Filters

1. Filter Basics

2. How Information is Represented in Signals

3. Time Domain Parameters

4. Frequency Domain Parameters

5. High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters

6. Filter Classification

Moving Average Filters

1. Implementation by Convolution

2. Noise Reduction vs. Step Response

3. Frequency Response

4. Relatives of the Moving Average Filter

Windowed-Sinc Filters

1. Strategy of the Windowed-Sinc

2. Designing the Filter

3. Examples of Windowed-Sinc Filters

4. Pushing it to the Limit

Custom Filters

1. Arbitrary Frequency Response

2. Deconvolution

3. Optimal Filters

FFT Convolution

1. The Overlap-Add Method

2. FFT Convolution

3. Speed Improvements

Recursive Filters

1. The Recursive Method

2. Single Pole Recursive Filters

3. Narrow-band Filters

4. Phase Response

5. Using Integers

Chebyshev Filters

1. The Chebyshev and Butterworth Responses

2. Designing the Filter

3. Step Response Overshoot

4. Stability

Filter Comparison

1. Match #1: Analog vs. Digital Filters

2. Windowed-Sinc vs. Chebyshev

3. Moving Average vs. Single Pole

Audio Processing

1. Human Hearing

2. Timbre

3. Sound Quality vs. Data Rate

4. High Fidelity Audio

5. Companding

6. Speech Synthesis and Recognition

7. Nonlinear Audio Processing

Image Formation & Display

1. Digital Image Structure

2. Cameras and Eyes

3. Television Video Signals

4. Other Image Acquisition and Display

5. Brightness and Contrast Adjustments

6. Grayscale Transforms

7. Warping

Linear Image Processing

1. Convolution

2. 3x3 Edge Modification

3. Convolution by Separability

4. Example of a Large PSF: Illumination Flattening

5. Fourier Image Analysis

6. FFT Convolution

7. A Closer Look at Image Convolution

Special Imaging Techniques

1. Spatial Resolution

2. Sample Spacing and Sampling Aperture

3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio

4. Morphological Image Processing

5. Rule four

6. Computed Tomography

Neural Networks

1. Target Detection

2. Neural Network Architecture

3. Why Does it Work?

4. Training the Neural Network

5. Evaluating the Results

6. Recursive Filter Design

Data Compression

1. Data Compression Strategies

2. Run-Length Encoding

3. Huffman Encoding

4. Delta Encoding

5. LZW Compression

6. JPEG (Transform Compression)

7. MPEG

Digital Signal Processors

1. How DSPs are Different from Other Microprocessors

2. Circular Buffering

3. Architecture of the Digital Signal Processor

4. Fixed versus Floating Point

5. C versus Assembly

6. How Fast are DSPs?

7. The Digital Signal Processor Market

Getting Started with DSPs

1. The ADSP-2106x family

2. The SHARC EZ-KIT Lite

3. Design Example: An FIR Audio Filter

4. Analog Measurements on a DSP System

5. Another Look at Fixed versus Floating Point

6. Advanced Software Tools

Complex Numbers

1. The Complex Number System

2. Polar Notation

3. Using Complex Numbers by Substitution

4. Complex Representation of Sinusoids

5. Complex Representation of Systems

6. Electrical Circuit Analysis

The Complex Fourier Transform

1. The Real DFT

2. Mathematical Equivalence

3. The Complex DFT

4. The Family of Fourier Transforms

5. Why the Complex Fourier Transform is Used

The Laplace Transform

1. The Nature of the s-Domain

2. Strategy of the Laplace Transform

3. Analysis of Electric Circuits

4. The Importance of Poles and Zeros

5. Design in the s-Domain

The Z-Transform

1. The Nature of the z-Domain

2. Analysis of Recursive Systems

3. Cascade and Parallel Stages

4. Gain Changes

5. Chebyshev-Butterworth Filter Design

6. Calculate Pole Locations in the s-Plane

7. Continuous to Discrete Conversion

8. Low-pass to Low-pass Frequency Change

9. Low-pass to High-pass Frequency Change

10. The Best and Worst of DSP

Explaining Benford's Law

1. Frank Benford's Discovery

2. Homomorphic Processing

3. The Ones Scaling Test

4. Writing Benford's Law as a Convolution

5. Solving in the Frequency Domain

6. Solving Mystery #1

7. Solving Mystery #2

8. Benford's Law Compliance Theorem

9. More on Following Benford's law

10. Analysis of the Log-Normal Distribution

11. The Power of Signal Processing

Signals & Sensors (ET09) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals signals and sensors.

Contents

Introduction to Sensor Based Measurement System

1. Introduction

2. General Concept and Terminology

3. General Input - Output Configuration

4. Other Characteristics: Linearity and Resolution

5. Other Sensor Characteristics

6. Temperature Sensors: Bimetals

7. Acceleration and Inclination Sensors

8. Magnetic Materials

9. Microsensor Technology

Resistive Sensors

1. Introduction

2. Potentiometeres

3. Strain Gages

4. Types and Applications

5. Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

6. Thermostators

7. Thermistor Types and Applications

8. Linearization

9. Magnetoresistors

10. Light Dependent Resistirs

11. Resistive Hygrometers

12. Resistive Gas Sensors

13. Liquid Conductivity Sensors

Signal Conditioning for resistive sensors

1. Introduction

2. Measurement of Resistance

3. Voltage Dividers

4. Potentiometers

5. Application to Thermistors

6. Dynamic Measurements

7. Amplifiers for Voltage Dividers

8. Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements

9. Wheatstone bridge: Deflection Measurements

10. Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

11. Interference

12. Isolation Amplifiers

Reactance Variation & Electromagnetic Sensors

1. Interference

2. Capacitive Sensors

3. Differential Capacitor

4. Inductive Sensors

5. Eddy Current Sensors

6. Linear Variable Differential Transformers

(LVDTs)

7. Variable Transformers

8. Resolvers

9. Inductosyn

10. Electromagnetic Sensors

11. Electromagnetic Flowmeter

Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors

1. Problems and Alternatives

2. AC Bridges

3. Capacitive Bridge Analog Linearization

4. Electrostatic Shields and Driven Shields

5. Carrier Amplifiers and Coherent Detection

6. Application to LVDTs

7. Resolver - to - Digital and Digital - to - Resolver

8. Digital-to-Resolver Converters

9. Resolver-to-Digital Converters

Self-Generating Sensors

1. Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples

2. Common Thermocouples

3. Practical Thermocouple Laws

4. Law of Successive or Intermediate

Temperatures

5. Piezoelectric Sensors

6. Pyroelectric Sensors

7. Photovoltaic Sensors

Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors

1. Introduction

2. Chopper and Low-Drift Amplifiers

3. Chopper Amplifiers

4. Current Measurement by Integration

5. Noise in Amplifiers

6. Noise in Op Amps

7. Noise in Transimpedance Amplifiers

8. Noise and Drift in Resistors

9. Noise in Resistors

Digital and Intelligent Sensors

1. Introduction

2. Position Encoders

3. Absolute Position Encoders

4. Sensors Based on Quartz Resonators

5. Digital Quartz Thermometers

6. SAW Sensors

7. Digital Flowmeters

8. Variable CMOS Oscillators

9. Direct Quantity - to -Frequency Conversion

10. Calculation and Compensations

11. Current Telemetry: 4 to 20 mA Loop

12. Sensor Buses: Fieldbus

Other Sensing Methods

1. Introduction

2. Photodiodes

3. Position-Sensitive Detectors (PSDs)

4. Phototransistors

5. Charged - Coupled and CMOS Image

Sensor

6. Fiber-Optic Sensors

7. Ultrasonic-Based Sensors

8. Biosensors

Microprocessor 8085 Lab (ET10) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about microprocessor 8085

simulation used in laboratory.

Contents

Microprocessor - 8085 laboratory is a software program to enable the students to

try and test the programming logic of 8085 microprocessor without using any

hardware & trainer kits. The laboratory tutor includes the facility to display internal

registers, memory, stack level etc.

Microprocessor - 8085 laboratory is very flexible, reliable,easy to use pedagogical

tool which could be very effectively used to supplement laboratory exercise on

microprocessor /computer organization as a laboratory aid.

The student can visually see the details of all the execution steps and justify the

logic developed by them.

Absolute transparency in functioning of the microprocessor at register and

flag levels. Constantly displays the contents of all the memory locations that are relevant

to a program.

Quick assembly language programming saving great amount of time and efforts.

Indispensably useful for learning and teaching purposes. Makes writing machine code programs really easy because in this simulator

you just click at buttons for the mnemonics and everything else is done

automatically. Extensive and user friendly debugging facilities.

Shows all stack activities distinctly and even permits the user to inspect the stack area of the memory dynamically at run time.

Rovides valuable online guidance to the user through prompts and warnings.

The entire 64 kilobyte memory space is available for use, though the user is allowed to choose his own start address and stack location as per his

requirement. Total input validation - the beginner is guided all along by this well designed

and intelligent simulator, to a stage that we can say that it is almost

impossible to make a mistake. A well designed windows help system.

Microprocessor & Microcontroller (ET11) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about detailed concepts of

microprocessor 8085 and microcontroller 8051.

Contents

Microprocessor Systems Theory

1. Introduction to Microcomputer

2. Microcomputer Architecture & Organization

3. System Bus

4. Microcomputer Characteristics

5. Applications of Microprocessor

6. Microprocessor Architecture

The 8085 Microprocessor Theory

1. Introduction

2. Features of 8085A

3. Architecture of 8085

4. 16 Bit Registers

5. Pin Definitions of 8085

6. Interrupt Signals

The 8085 Instructions & Programming

1. Introduction

2. Steps Involved in Programming

3. Opcode Formats

4. Addressing Modes

5. 8085 Instruction Set

6. Arithmetic operations

7. Branch Group

8. Logic Group

9. Stack Operations

10. Program Examples

Timinng Diagrams

1. Instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state

2. Representation of Signals

3. 8085 Machine Cycles and Their Timings

4. Timing Diagrams for 8085 Instructions

Stacks & Subroutines

1. Concept of Stack

2. Stack Operations

3. PUSH Instructions

4. POP Operation

5. Subroutine

6. CALL

7. Machine Control

8. Nested Subroutines

9. Nested Loops

Memory Interfacing

1. Memory Module

2. ROM

3. RAM

4. Memory Structure & its Requirements

5. Basic Concept in Memory Interfacing

6. Address Decoding

7. Address Decoding & Memory Addresses

Interrupts

1. Introduction

2. Necessity of Interrupts

3. Classification of Interrupts

4. Nested Interrupts

5. Software Interrupts in 8085

6. SIM Instruction Format

I/O Data Transfer Techniques & Peripherls

1. Introduction

2. Microprocessor Controlled Data Transfer

3. Direct Memory Access 8237

4. Pin Diagram of 8237A

5. IC 8155

6. Interfacing 8155 with 8085 in I/O Mapped I/O

7. Programmable Peripheral Interface 8255A

8. Interfacing 8255 in I/O Mapped I/O

9. IC 8355/8755

10. Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)

11. Analog to Digital Converters

Microcontroller 8051

1. Introduction

2. Block Diagram

3. Serial Interface

4. Interrupts

5. Addressing Modes

6. Instruction Sets

7. CPU Timing

8. Timing Diagram for External Data Memory

9. 8051 a Boolean Processor

10. Power Saving Options

Memory & Interfacing Theory of 8051

1. Introduction

2. Internal RAM

3. The Stack & the Stack Pointer

4. Internal ROM

5. Connecting External Memory

6. 8751 EPROM Version

7. Keyboard Interface

8. Serial Communication

9. 8051 I/O Expansion using 8255

10. Multiprocessor Communication in MCS 51

11. Interfacing Examples

Study of 8051 & Derivatives

1. AT89C51/52-8-Bit Microprocessor

2. Program Memory Lock Bits

3. Programming the Flash

Power Electronics (ET12) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various electronic devices and

transducers, Electric circuit, typical industrial electronic systems, various high power electron

devices, working and control of high power supply systems, transformation of power supply to suit

the electronic system etc.

Contents

Introduction

1. Scope of Industrial Electronics

2. Power Electronics

3. Power Electronics V Communication Electronics

4. Scope & Application of Power Electronics

5. Classification of Power Processors

6. Classification of Power Converters

7. Merits & Demerits of Power Electronics

8. Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

9. Power Semiconductor Devices

Thyristor Principles and Characteristics

1. Introduction

2. Thyristor Family

3. Principle of Operations of SCR

4. Static Anode - Cathode Characteristics of SCR

5. The Two Transistor Model of SCR

6. Thyristor Construction

7. Gate Characteristics of SCR

8. Turn-on Methods of a Thyristor

9. Dynamic Turn-on Switching Characteristics

10. Turn-off Mechanism

11. Turn-off Methods

12. Thyristor ratings

13. Measurement of Thyristor Parameters

14. Comparison between Gas Tubes and Thyristors

15. Comparison between Transistors and Thyristors

Gate Triggering Circuits

1. Introduction

2. Firing of Thyristors

3. Pulse Transformers

4. Optical Isolators Optoisolators

5. Gate Trigger Circuits

6. Unijunction Transistor

7. Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)

8. Phase Control using Pedestal & Ramp Triggering

9. Firing system for DC/DC Choppers

10. Firing Circuit for a Three phase Inverter Bridge

Series and Parallel Operation of Thyristors

1. Introduction

2. Series Operations of Thyristors

3. Need for Equalising Network

4. Equalising Network Design

5. Triggering of Series Connected Thyristors

6. Parallel Operation of Thyristors

7. Methods for ensuring proper current sharing

8. Triggering of Thyristors in Parallel

9. String Efficiency

10. Derating

Phase Controlled Rectifiers

1. Introduction

2. Phase Angle Control

3. Single phase Half wave Controlled Rectifier

4. Single phase Full wave Controlled Rectifier

5. Single phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier

6. Three phase Controlled Converters

7. Three phase Fully controlled Bridge Converter

8. The Effect of Input Source Impedance

9. Dual Converters

Inverters

1. Introduction

2. Thyristor Inverter Classification

3. Series Inverters

4. Self Commutated Inverters

5. Parallel Inverters

6. Single Phase Bridge Voltage Source Inverter

7. Three Phase Bridge Inverters

8. Three Phase Bridge Inverter with Input Circuit

Commutation

9. Voltage control of Single Phase Inverter

10. Voltage control of Three Phase Inverter

11. Harmonic Reduction

12. Harmonic Filters

13. Current source Inverters

Choppers

1. Introduction

2. Principle of Chopper Operation

3. Control Strategies

4. Step Up Choppers

5. Step Up/Down Choppers

6. Chopper Configuration

7. Chopper Commutation

8. Jones Chopper

9. Morgan Chopper

10. A. C. Choppers

Cycloconverters

1. Introduction

2. The Basic Principle of operation

3. Single phase to Single phase Cycloconverter

4. Three phase Half wave Cycloconverters

5. Cycloconverters Circuits for Three phase Output

6. Ring connected Cycloconverters Circuits

7. Output Voltage Equation

8. Control Circuit

9. Comparison of Cycloconverters and D. C. Link

Converter

10. Load commutated Cycloconverters

Electric Drives

1. Concept of Electric Drives

2. DC Drives

3. Single Phase DC Drives

4. Three Phase DC Drives

5. Chopper Drives

6. AC Drives

7. Induction Motor Drives

8. Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors

VLSI-Design Techniques (ET13) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about basic concepts of VLSI devices,

their fabrication and design of VLSI.

Contents

Introduction to VLSI Design

1. Motivation of the Course

2. System approach to VLSI Design

3. Introduction to MOSFET

4. Modes of operation

5. MOSFET I-V characteristics

MOSFET

1. Advanced Topics

2. Short Channel Effect

3. Quantum Mechanical Increase Effect

Introduction to Fabrication Process

1. Motivation

2. Fabrication Process

3. General Aspects of CMOS Technology

4. Channel Stopper

5. Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS)

6. Layout Design Rules

Programmable Logic Devices

1. Propagation Delays in MOS

2. Noise Margins

3. Regions of Operation

4. Few Definitions

5. Rise and Fall Times

6. Static Characteristics

Power Dissipation in CMOS Circuits

1. Motivation

2. How to Reduce Temperature

3. Dynamic Power Dissipation

4. Methods to Reduce Dynamic Power Dissipation

Basics of Semiconductor Memories

1. Introduction

2. Memory Classification

3. Memory Architecture and Building Blocks

4. SRAM Basics

5. CMOS SRAM Cell Design

6. WRITE Operation

7. NAND-based ROM Array

8. Few special Examples of Memories

9. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

I/O PADs

1. Introduction

2. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

3. Output Buffer

4. Tri-State Output Circuit

Introduction to VHDL

1. Introduction

2. Features of VHDL

3. Architecture

4. Introduction to Modeling styles

5. Data flow

6. Extended identifier

7. Process Types

8. Clocked Process

9. Functions and Procedures

Programmable Logic Devices

1. Introduction

2. Read Only Memory (ROM)

3. Programmable Logic Array (PLA)

4. Input Buffer

5. Implementation of Combination Logic Circuit

6. Programmable Array Logic

7. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)

8. Block Diagram

9. Field Programmable Gate Arrays

10. Architecture of FPGA

Subsystem Design Processes

1. Objectives

2. Some Problems

3. An Illustration of Design Processes

4. The Design of a 4-bit Shifter

5. Observations

Illustration of the Design Process

1. Objectives

2. Some Observations on the Design Process

3. Regularity

4. Design of a 4-bit Adder

5. A standard adder element

6. Adder element bounding box

7. Implementing ALU Functions with an Adder

Memory, Registers & M Aspects of System Timing

1. Objectives

2. The Dynamic Shift Register Stage

3. Three-transistor Dynamic RAM Cell

4. One-transistor Dynamic Memory Cell

5. Pseudo-static RAM/register Cell

6. Six-transistor Static CMOS Memory Cells

7. Write operations

8. Read operations

9. JK Flip-flop Circuit

10. Logic gate implementations

11. Random Access Memory (RAM) Arrays

Practical Aspects and Testability

1. Objectives

2. The Real World Of VLSI Design

3. Design Styles and Philosophy

4. The Interface with the Fabrication House

5. CIF (Caltech. Intermediate Form) Code

6. Aspects of Design Tools

7. Design Verification Prior to Fabrication

8. Test and Testability

9. Nature of failures in CMOS devices

10. The effect of memory

11. Improve controllability and observability

12. The use of inter-block multiplexers

13. Initialization of sequential logic

14. The use of bused structures

Communication Systems (ET14) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of transmission

lines, signal modulation and various types of communication systems like mobile, TV, Satellite,

Fiber Optic etc.

Contents

Introduction to Communication

1. Introduction

2. Elements of Communication System

3. Line Communication

4. Radio Communication

5. Noise

6. Classification of Electronic Communication

7. Types of Signals

Transmission Media

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Transmission Lines

3. Types of Transmission Line

4. Characteristic Impedance

5. Propagation Coefficient

6. Losses in Transmission Lines

7. Information Propagation in Transmission Line

8. Standing Waves

9. Quarter and Half Wavelength Lines

10. Fundamentals of the Smith Chart

11. Wave Guides

12. Types of Waveguide

13. Waves Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides

14. TE & TM Modes

15. Circular Waveguides

Wave Propagation

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

3. Propagation of EM Waves

4. Ground Wave Propagation

5. Sky Wave Propagation

6. Virtual Height

7. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation

8. Concept of Fading

9. Space Wave Propagation

10. Multiple Space Wave Propagation

11. Shadow Zones

12. Duct Propagation

13. Tropospheric Scatter Propagation

Optical Fiber Cable

1. Need of Optical Fiber Cable

2. Introduction to Light

3. Reflection & Refraction

4. Dispersion, Diffraction, Absorption & Scattering

5. Advantages of Optical Fiber Cable

6. Fiber Cable

7. Fiber Characteristics & Classification

8. Numerical Aperture

9. Losses in Optical Fiber Cable

Amplitude Modulation

1. Amplitude Modulation

2. Mathematical Representation of AM Wave

3. Modulation Index

4. Frequency Spectrum of AM Wave

5. Time Domain

6. Power Relation in AM Wave

7. Generation of AM

8. AM Transmitters

Frequency Modulation

1. Introduction

2. Frequency Modulation (FM)

3. Phase Modulation (PM)

4. Characteristics of FM

5. Mathematical Representation of FM

6. Frequency Spectrum of FM Wave

7. Practical Bandwidth

8. Phase Modulation (PM)

9. Percent Modulation

10. Generation of FM

11. Types of Reactance Modulators

12. Indirect Method of FM generation

13. Need of an Audio Equalizer

14. FM Receivers

15. Balanced Slope Detector

16. Phase Discriminator

17. Ratio Detector

Pulse Modulation

1. Introduction

2. Sampling Process

3. Nyquist Rate

4. Pulse Amplitude Modulation

5. Types of PAM

6. Pulse Width Modulation

7. Pulse Position Modulation

8. Pulse Code Modulation

9. Quantization Process

10. Companding

11. Effect of Noise on the PCM System

12. Frequency Shift Keying

13. Phase Shift Keying

Television System

1. Introduction

2. Scanning

3. Interlaced Scanning

4. Scanning Periods

5. Picture Resolution

6. Brightness Gradation & Colour Characteristics

7. Vestigial Sideband Transmission

8. Total Channel Width

9. Colour Theory

10. Grassman's Law

11. Compositr Video Signal

12. Blanking Pulses

13. Front Porch

14. Vertical Sync Details

15. Monochrome Television Transmitter

16. Monochromr Television Receiver

17. Colour Picture Tube

18. PAL Coder

19. Encoding Circuit

20. PAL - D Decoder

21. IF Subsystem

22. Common Faults in TV Receiver

23. Antenna Parameters

24. Yagi - Uda Antenna

Satellite Communication System

1. Introduction

2. Allocated Frequency Bands & Uplink/ Downlink

3. Satellite Communication System

4. Basic Satellite System

5. Classification of Satellites

6. Synchronous Satellites

7. Satellite Look Angles

8. Satellite Footprints

9. Ground Station or Satellite Earth Station

10. DBS or Direct Broadcast Satellite

11. Cable Television (ATV)

12. Data Communication Services

13. Satellite Antennas

Fiber Optic Communication System

1. Introduction

2. Optical Transmitters

3. Lasers

4. Optical Receivers

5. Detector Characteristics

6. Applications of Optical System

Data Communication Systems

1. Introduction

2. Communication Model

3. Networks

4. Network Criteria

5. Mesh

6. Star

7. Tree

8. Bus

9. Ring

10. Local Area Network LAN

11. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

12. Wide Area Network (WAN)

13. Signaling Methods of LAN

14. Manchester

15. High Density Bipolar 3

16. Parallel Transmission

17. Frequency Division Multiplexing

18. Wave Division Multiplexing

19. Modem

20. Internet

Cellular Mobile & Facsimile Communication

1. Introduction to Cellular Mobile

2. A Basic Cellular System

3. Cellular Concept

4. Setting Size Limitations & Traffic Handling

5. Operation of Cellular System in Four Modes

6. Hand Off Mechanism

7. Concept of Frequency Reuse

8. Facsimile

9. Image Scanning

10. Data Compression

Mobile Communication (ET15) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about wireless transmission system,

telecommunication system, satellite system, broadcast system and mobile network and transport

layer.

Contents

Introduction to Mobile Communication

1. Introduction

2. Applications

3. Location dependent services

4. Mobile and wireless devices

5. A market for mobile communications

6. A simplified reference model

Wireless Transmission

1. Introduction

2. Frequencies for radio transmission

3. Regulations

4. Signals

5. Antennas

6. Signal propagation

7. Additional signal propagation effects

8. Multi-path propagation

9. Multiplexing

10. Modulation

11. Amplitude shift keying

12. Multi-carrier modulation

13. Spread spectrum

14. Direct sequence spread spectrum

15. Frequency hopping spread spectrum

16. Cellular systems

Medium Access Control

1. Introduction

2. Motivation for a specialized MAC

3. Hidden and exposed terminals

4. SDMA

5. Fixed TDM

6. Classical Aloha

7. Carrier sense multiple access

8. Reservation TDMA

9. Multiple access with collision avoidance

10. Polling

11. Comparison of S/T/F/CDMA

Telecommunication Systems

1. Introduction

2. GSM

3. Mobile services

4. System architecture

5. Radio subsystem

6. Network and switching subsystem

7. Radio interface

8. Logical channels and frame hierarchy

9. Protocols

10. Localization and calling

11. Handover

12. Security

13. Authentication

14. New data services

15. System architecture

16. Physical layer

17. UMTS and IMT-2000

18. User equipment

Satellite Systems

1. Introduction

2. Applications

3. GEO

4. LEO

5. MEO

6. Routing

7. Localization

Broadcast Systems

1. Introduction

2. Overview

3. Cyclical repetition of data

4. Digital audio broadcasting

5. Multi-media object transfer protocol

6. Digital video broadcasting

7. DVB data broadcasting

8. DVB for high-speed Internet access

9. Convergence of broadcasting

Wireless LAN

1. Introduction

2. Infra red vs radio transmission

3. Infrastructure and ad-hoc networks

4. System architecture

5. Frequency hopping spread spectrum

6. Medium access control layer

7. Basic DFWMAC-DCF using CSMA/CA

8. MAC management

9. Wireless ATM working group

10. Mobile quality of service

11. Radio layer

12. Security

Mobile Network Layer

1. Introduction

2. Agent discovery

3. Registration

4. Tunneling and encapsulation

5. Minimal encapsulation

6. Optimizations

7. Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6)

8. Dynamic host configuration protocol

9. Destination sequence distance vector

Mobile Transport Layer

1. Introduction

2. Traditional TCP

3. Fast retransmit/fast recovery

4. Snooping TCP

5. Mobile TCP

6. Fast retransmit/fast recovery

7. TCP over 2.5/3G wireless networks

8. Performance enhancing proxies

Data Communication & Networking (ET16) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of data

communication systems and networking.

Contents

Data Communication

1. A Communications Model

2. Data Communications Model

3. Multipoint

4. Topology

5. Mesh

6. Tree

7. Bus

8. Ring

9. Hybrid Topologies

10. Transmission Mode

11. Simplex

12. Half-Duplex

13. Full-Duplex

14. Categories of Networks

15. Local Area Network (LAN)

16. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

17. Wide Area Network (WAN)

18. Internetworks

The OSI Model

1. Introduction

2. The Model

3. Layered Architecture

4. Peer-to-Peer Processes

5. Interfaces between Layers

6. Functions of the Layers

7. Synchronization

8. Presentation Layer

9. Application Layer

10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Signals

1. Introduction

2. Periodic and aperiodic Signals

3. Amplitude

4. Period and Frequency

5. More about Frequency

6. Time and Frequency Domains

7. Composite Signals

8. Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

9. Decomposition of a Digital Signal

Signal Encoding and Modulating

1. Introduction

2. Digital-To-Digital Conversion

3. Unipolar

4. Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

5. Differential Manchester

6. Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)

7. Analog-to-Digital Conversion

8. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

9. Sampling Rate

10. Digital-To-Analog Conversion

11. Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion

12. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

13. Bit/Baud Comparison

Transmission of Digital Data

1. Introduction

2. Parallel Transmission

3. Serial Transmission

4. DTE-DCE Interface

5. Mechanical Specification

6. Control and Timing

7. DB-9 Implementation

8. Null Modem

9. Modems

10. Modem Standards

11. Intelligent Modems

12. Cable Modem

Transmission Media

1. Introduction

2. Guided Media

3. Shielded twisted-pair (STP) Cable

4. Coaxial cable

5. Single Mode

6. Fiber-Optic Connectors

7. Propagation of Radio Waves

8. Terrestrial Microwave

9. Satellite Communication

10. Transmission Impairment

11. Noise

Multiplexing

1. Introduction

2. Many to One/One to Many

3. Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

4. Wave-Division Multiplexing (WDM)

5. Synchronous TDM Example

6. Bit Stuffing

7. Addressing and Overhead

8. Multiplexing Application

9. Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies

10. T Lines

Error Detection & Correction

1. Introduction

2. Types of Errors

3. Detection

4. Redundancy

5. Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC)

6. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC)

7. Redundancy Bits

8. Positioning the Redundancy Bits

9. Calculating the r Values

10. Error Detection and Correction

Data Link Control & Protocol

1. Introduction

2. Line Discipline

3. How It Works

4. Flow Control

5. Stop-and-Wait

6. Sliding Window

7. More about Window Size

8. Lost Acknowledgment

9. Sliding Window ARQ

10. Lost Acknowledgment

11. Synchronous Protocols

12. Data Frames

13. Multiframe Transmission

14. Address Field

15. Information Field

16. Selective-Reject

17. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

18. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

19. Services

20. Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers

21. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

22. Functional Grouping

23. The ISDN Layers

24. U Interface

25. Connection and Topology

26. Message Type

27. Information Elements

28. Physical Specifications

Digital Image Processing (ET17) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various digital image processing

techniques.

Contents

Continuous Image Characterization

1. Introduction

2. Image Representation

3. Two-Dimensional Systems

4. Singularity Operators

5. Additive Linear Operators

6. Differential Operators

7. Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform

8. Image Stochastic Characterization

Psychophysical Vision Properties

1. Introduction

2. Light Perception

3. Eye Physiology

4. Visual Phenomena

5. Monochome Vision Model

6. Color Vision Model

Photometry and Colorimetry

1. Photometry

2. Color Matching

3. Colorimetry Concepts

4. Tristimulus Value Calculation

5. Luminance Calculation

6. Tristimulus Value Transformation

7. Color Spaces

8. Colorimetric Color Spaces

9. XYZ Color Coordinate System

10. Subtractive Color Spaces

11. Video Color Spaces

12. Nonstandard Color Spaces

Image Sampling and Reconstruction

1. Introduction

2. Image Sampling and Reconstruction Concepts

3. Sampling Random Image Fields

4. Image Sampling Systems

5. Aliasing Effects

6. Image Reconstruction Systems

7. Implementation Techniques

8. Interpolation Functions

9. Effect of Imperfect Reconstruction Filters

Discrete Image Mathematical Characterization

1. Vector-Space Image Representation

2. Generalized Two-Dimensional Linear Operator

3. Image Statistical Characterization

4. Image Probability Density Models

5. Linear Operator Statistical Representation

Image Quantization

1. Introduction

2. Scalar Quantization

3. Processing Quantized Variables

4. Monochrome And Color Image Quantization

5. Color Image Quantization

Superposition and Convolution

1. Introduction

2. Finite-Area Superposition and Convolution

3. Sampled Image Superposition and Convolution

4. Circulant Superposition and Convolution

5. Superposition & Convolution Operator

Relationships

Unitary Transforms

1. Introduction

2. General Unitary Transforms

3. Fourier Transform

4. Cosine, Sine and Hartley Transforms

5. Sine Transform

6. Hadamard, Haar And Daubechies Transforms

7. Karhunen–Loeve Transform

Linear Processing Techniques

1. Introduction

2. Transform Domain Processing

3. Transform Domain Superposition

4. Fast Fourier Transform Convolution

5. Fourier Transform Filtering

6. Windowing Functions

7. Discrete Domain Transfer Functions

8. Small Generating Kernel Convolution

Image Enhancement

1. Introduction

2. Contrast Manipulation

3. Contrast Modification

4. Histogram Modification

5. Nonadaptive Histogram Modification

6. Adaptive Histogram Modification

7. Noise Cleaning

8. Nonlinear Noise Cleaning

9. Edge Crispening

10. Statistical Differencing

11. Color Image Enhancement

12. False Color

13. Multispectral Image Enhancement

Image Restoration Models

1. Introduction

2. General Image Restoration Models

3. Optical Systems Models

4. Photographic Process Models

5. Monochromatic Photography

6. Color Photography

7. Discrete Image Restoration Models

Point and Spatial Image Restoration Techniques

1. Introduction

2. Sensor Point Nonlinearity Correction

3. Display Point Nonlinearity Correction

4. Continuous Image Spatial Filtering Restoration

5. Inverse Filter

6. Parametric Estimation Filters

7. Application to Discrete Images

8. Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration

9. Pseudoinverse: Image Blur Plus Additive Noise

10. Pseudoinverse Computational Algorithms

11. SVD Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration

12. Statistical Estimation Spatial Image Restoration

13. Constrained Image Restoration

14. Constrained Restoration Techniques

Geometrical Image Modification

1. Introduction

2. Generalized Linear Geometrical Transformations

3. Separable Translation, Scaling, and Rotation

4. Spatial Warping

5. Perspective Transformation

6. Camera Imaging Model

7. Geometrical Image Resampling

Morphological Image Processing

1. Introduction

2. Binary Image Connectivity

3. Binary Image Hit or Miss Transformations

4. Additive Operators

5. Subtractive Operators

6. Binary Image Shrinking, Thinning

7. Binary Image Skeletonizing

8. Binary Image Generalized Dilation and Erosion

9. Binary Image Close and Open Operations

10. Gray Scale Image Morphological Operations

Edge Detection

1. Introduction

2. Edge, Line and Spot Models

3. First-Order Derivative Edge Detection

4. Edge Template Gradient Generation

5. Threshold Selection

6. Morphological Post Processing

7. Laplacian Zero-Crossing Detection

8. Edge-Fitting Edge Detection

9. Luminance Edge Detector Performance

10. Edge Detector Figure of Merit

11. Subjective Assessment

12. Line and Spot Detection

Image Feature Extraction

1. Introduction

2. Amplitude Features

3. Transform Coefficient Features

4. Texture Definition

5. Visual Texture Discrimination

6. Julesz Texture Fields

7. Pratt, Faugeras, and Gagalowicz Texture Fields

8. Texture Features

9. Dependency Matrix Methods

10. Gabor Filter Methods

11. Transform and Wavelet Methods

Image Segmentation

1. Introduction

2. Amplitude Segmentation Methods

3. Multilevel Luminance Thresholding

4. Multilevel Color Component Thresholding

5. Amplitude Projection

6. Clustering Segmentation Methods

7. Region Segmentation Methods

8. Boundary Detection

9. Heuristic Edge-Linking Methods

10. Snakes Boundary Detection

11. Texture Segmentation

12. Segment Labeling

Shape Analysis

1. Topological Attributes

2. Distance, Perimeter, And Area Measurements

3. Geometric Attributes

4. Spatial Moments

5. Discrete Image Spatial Moments

6. Shape Orientation Descriptors

7. Fourier Descriptors

Image Detection and Registration

1. Template Matching

2. Matched Filtering of Continuous Images

3. Matched Filtering of Stochastic Continuous Images

4. Matched Filtering of Discrete Images

5. Image Registration

6. Scale and Rotation Misregistration Detection

7. Generalized Misregistration Detection

PIKS Image Processing Software

1. PIKS Functional Overview

2. PIKS Imaging Model

3. PIKS Data Objects

4. PIKS Operators, Tools, Utilities, and Mechanisms

5. PIKS Application Interface

6. PIKS Core Overview

7. PIKS Core Image Data Object

PIKS Image Processing Programming Exercises

1. Introduction

2. Program Generation Exercises

3. Image Measurement Exercises

4. Image Restoration Models Exercises

5. Morphological Image Processing Exercises

6. EDGE Detection Exercises

7. Image Segmentation Exercises

8. Shape Analysis Exercises

Embedded Systems (ET18) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about basic embedded systems,

hardware, programming, real time operating systems.

Contents

Introduction to Embedded Systems

1. An Embedded System

2. Classification of Embedded Systems

3. Microprocessor

4. Microcontroller

5. Embedded Processor for a complex System

6. Other hardware units

7. Interrupts handler

8. LCD and LED Displays

9. Software Embedded into a System

10. Software in Processor Specific Assembly Language

11. Software in High Level Language

12. Models for Software Designing

13. Exemplary SoC for Cell-Phone

Processor & Memory Organisation

1. Structural Units in a Processor

2. Processor selection for an embedded system

3. Case study of a Real Time Robot Control System

4. Memory Devices

5. RAM Devices

6. Memory Selection for an Embedded System

7. Case Study of a Mobile Phone System

8. Allocation of Memory to Program Segments

9. Memory Blocks for Elements of the Different D. S.

10. The Memory Maps

11. Addresses at Map for Internal Devices

12. Direct Memory Access

13. Interfacing Processor, Memories and I/O Devices

Devices & Buses for Device Networks

1. I/O Devices

2. Synchronous, Iso-synchronous

3. Ex. of Internal Serial-Communication Devices

4. Sophisticated Interfacing Features in Device Ports

5. Timer and Counting Devices

6. Serial Communication using the 'I2c', 'Can'

7. Advanced Serial High Speed Buses

8. PCI and PCI/X Buses

9. Advanced Parallel High Speed Buses

Device Drivers & Interrupts Servicing Mechanism

1. Device Drivers

2. Device Driver ISR

3. Linux Internals as Device Drivers

4. Writing Physical Device Driving ISRs in a System

5. Virtual Devices

6. Parallel Port Device Drivers in a System

7. Serial Port Device Drivers in a System

8. Device Drivers for internal Programmable

9. Interrupt Servicing (Handling) Mechanism

10. Software Error Related Hardware interrupts

11. Classification of all interrupts as Non Maskable

12. Classification of Processors Interrupt Service Mechanism

13. Assignment of Priorities to Meet Service Deadlines

Programming Concepts and Embedded Programming in C and C++

1. Software Programming in Assembly Language

2. 'C' Program Elements

3. Preprocessor Directives

4. Use of Data Structures

5. Use of Modifiers

6. Use of Conditions, Loops and Infinite Loops

7. Use of Pointers, NULL Pointers

8. Use of Function Calls

9. Multiple Function Calls in Cyclic Order in the Main

10. Queues

11. Use of the Queues for Implementing

12. Stacks

13. Uses of a List of Active Device Drivers

14. Embedded Programming in C++

15. Embedded Programming in Java

16. Optimisation of Memory Needs

Program Modeling Concepts

1. Modeling Processes

2. Use of Control Data Flow Graph

3. Programming Models for Event Controlled

4. Use of the Petri Net model

5. FSM as a Special Case of Petri Net

6. Modeling of Multiprocessor Systems

7. Concurrent process of processors

8. Issues in Multiprocessor Systems

9. Synchronous Data Flow Graph (SDFG) Model

10. Homogeneous Synchronous Data Flow Graph

11. Acrylic Precedence Expansion Graph

12. Timed Petri Nets and Extended

13. Multi Thread Graph (MTG) System Model

Software Engineering Practices in the Embedded Software Development Process

1. Software Algorithm Complexity

2. Software development Process Lifecycle

3. Use of Linear Sequential Model

4. Use of the RAD Model

5. Software Analysis

6. Software Design

7. Software Implementation

8. Software Testing, Validating and Debugging

9. Real Time Programming Issues during the SDP

10. Issues in Design and Implementation

11. Software Project Management

12. Project Metrics

13. Software Maintenance

14. Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Real Time Operating Systems

1. Operating System Services

2. I/O Subsystems

3. Network Operating Systems

4. Real-Time and Embedded Operating Systems

5. Interrupt Routines in RTOS Environment

6. RTOS Task Scheduling Models

7. Performance Metric

8. IEEE Standard POSIX 1003.1b Functions

9. List of Basic Actions

10. Fifteen-Point Strategy

11. Embedded Linux Internals

12. OS Security Issues

13. Mobile OS

Real Time Operating System Programming Tools

1. Need of a well rested and Debugged RTOS

2. Use of C/OS-II

3. Use of VxWorks

Case Studies of Programming with RTOS

1. Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine

2. Sending Application Layer Byte Streams

3. Adaptive Cruise Control System in a Car

4. Embedded System for a Smart Card

Microwave Engineering (ET19) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about definition, history, generation,

applications of microwave.

Contents

Microwaves

1. Introduction

2. How do we "see" using Microwaves?

3. What do Microwaves show us?

What Are Microwaves?

1. Introduction

2. A Phenomenal Force

3. Is Microwave Radiation?

History

1. Planar Microwave Engineering

2. Birth of the vacuum tube

3. Armstrong and the Regenerative

Amplifier

4. The Wizard War

Definition & Generation

1. Microwave

2. Discovery

3. Frequency range

4. Microwave sources

5. Communication

6. Remote sensing

7. Navigation

8. Power

9. Microwave frequency bands

10. Microwave frequency measurement

11. Health effects

12. History and research

13. Klystron

14. Two - cavity klystron amplifier

15. Tuning a klystron

16. Optical klystron

17. Traveling-wave tube

How to generate Microwaves

1. Reflex oscillator used to generate high-p. m.

2.

3. The Magnetron Tube Used In Microwave Ovens

4. Basic Magnetron Operation

5. Effect of the Magnetic Field

Applications of Microwaves

1. Applications

2. Electronic Countermeasures

3. Delay Lines and Beam steering

4. LO distribution

5. Applications of Microwave Engineering

Transmission Media

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Transmission Lines

3. Types of Transmission Line

4. Characteristic Impedance

5. Propagation Coefficient

6. Losses in Transmission Lines

7. Information Propagation in Transmission Line

8. Standing Waves

9. Quarter and Half Wavelength Lines

10. Fundamentals of the Smith Chart

11. Wave Guides

12. Types of Waveguide

13. Waves Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides

14. Propagation of TEM Waves

15. TE & TM Modes

16. Rectangular Waveguide

17. Circular Waveguides

Wave Propagation

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

3. Propagation of EM Waves

4. Ground Wave Propagation

5. Sky Wave Propagation

6. Virtual Height

7. Critical Frequency

8. Skip Distance

9. Skip Zone

10. Multiple Hop Sky Wave Propagation

11. Concept of Fading

12. Diversity Reception

13. Space Wave Propagation

14. Multiple Space Wave Propagation

15. Optical Horizon

16. Radio Horizon

17. Shadow Zones

18. Polarization of Space Waves

19. Duct Propagation

20. Troposphere Scatter Propagation

21. Radio Frequency Bands used in Communication

Satellite Communication System

1. Introduction

2. Allocated Frequency Bands & Uplink/ Downlink

3. Satellite Communication System

4. Basic Satellite System

5. Classification of Satellites

6. Synchronous Satellites

7. Satellite Look Angles

8. Uplink & Downlink Frequencies Used

9. Factors for Up & Downlink Frequencies

10. Satellite Footprints

11. Satellite Attitudes

12. Ground Station or Satellite Earth Station

13. Satellite Communication Applications

14. DBS or Direct Broadcast Satellite

15. Cable Television (ATV)

16. Telephone Services via Satellite

17. Data Communication Services

18. Satellite Antennas

Optical Fibre Communication (ET20) Audience: Students of Final Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of optical

fiber communication, wavelength division multiplexing, optical amplifiers and optical networks.

Contents

Overview of Optical Fiber Communications

1. Introduction

2. Basic Network Information Rates

3. Elements of an Optical Fiber Transmission Link

4. Simulation and Modeling Tools

5. Advantages of Fiber optic cable

Structures, Fabrication & Waveguiding

1. The Nature of Light

2. Polarization

3. Types of Polarization

4. The Quantum Nature of Light

5. Basic Optical Laws and Definitions

6. Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations

7. Fiber Types

8. Advantages of Multimode fibers

9. Intermodal dispersion

10. Step-Index Fiber Structure

11. Ray Optics Representation

12. Maxwell’s Equations

13. Waveguide Equations

14. Modes in Step-Index Fibers

15. Single-Mode Fibers

16. Graded-INDEX Fiber Structure

17. Types of Glass Fibers

18. Mechanical Properties of Fibers

Signal Degradation in Optical Fibers

1. Introduction

2. Attenuation

3. Absorption

4. Bending Losses

5. Core and Cladding Losses

6. Signal Distortion in Optical Waveguides

7. Information Capacity Determination

8. Material Dispersion

9. Waveguide Dispersion

10. Signal Distortion in Single-Mode Fibers

11. Pulse Broadening in Graded-Index Waveguides

12. Dispersion Calculations

Optical Sources

1. Introduction

2. Energy Bands

3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material

4. The pn Junctions

5. Direct and Indirect Band Gaps

6. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

7. Quantum Efficiency and LED Power

8. Laser Diodes

9. Laser Diode Structures and Radiation Patterns

10. Modulation of Laser Diodes

11. Temperature Effects

Power Launching and Coupling

1. Introduction

2. Power Launching versus Wavelength

3. Fiber-to-Fiber Joints

4. Mechanical Misalignment

5. Splicing Single-Mode Fibers

6. Optical Fiber Connectors

7. Connector Types

8. Types of fiber interconnection methods

9. Light Injection and Detection Systems

10. Profile Alignment System

11. Single Fiber Fusion Splicing

12. Fiber Preparation

13. Splice Evaluation

Photodetectors

1. Introduction

2. Avalanche Photodiodes

3. Photodetector Noise

4. Detector Response Time

5. Response Time

6. Avalanche Multiplication Noise

7. Temperature Effect on avalanche Gain

8. Comparisons of Photodetectors

Optical Receiver Operation

1. Introduction

2. Fundamental Receiver Operation

3. Digital Signal Transmission

4. Error Sources

5. Receiver Configuration

6. Digital Receiver Performance

7. Probability of Error

8. The Quantum Limit

9. Receiver Sensitivity Calculation

10. Preamplifier Types

11. High-Speed Circuits

Digital Transmission Systems

1. Introduction

2. Point-To-Point Links

3. System Considerations

4. Link Power Budget

5. Line Coding

6. Error Correction

7. Noise Effects on System Performance

8. Modal Noise

9. Mode-Partition Noise

10. Chirping

11. Reflection Noise

12. Overview of Analog Links

WDM Concepts and Components

1. Introduction

2. Operational Principles of WDM

3. Passive Components

4. The 2 x 2 Fiber Coupler

5. Scattering Matrix Representation

6. The 2x2 Waveguide Coupler

7. Star Couplers

8. Fiber Grating Filters

9. Tunable Sources

10. Tunable Filters

11. Tunable Filter Types

Optical Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. General Applications

3. Amplifier Types

4. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

5. Amplification Mechanism

6. EDFA Architecture

7. EDFA Power-Conversion Efficiency and Gain

8. System Applications

9. Wavelength Converters

Optical Networks

1. Introduction

2. Basic Networks

3. SONET/SDH

4. SONET/SDH Networks

5. Broadcast-and-Select WDM Networks

6. Broadcast-and-Select Single-Hop Networks

7. Nonlinear Effects on Network Performance

8. Crosstalk

9. Optical CDMA

10. Ultrahigh Capacity Networks

11. Ultrahigh Capacity WDM Systems

12. Bit-Interleaved Optical TDM

Measurements

1. Introduction

2. Measurement Standards and Test Procedures

3. Optical Attenuators

4. Tunable Laser Sources

5. Optical Spectrum Analyzers

6. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

7. Multifunction Optical Test Systems

8. Attenuation Measurements

9. Insertion-Loss Method

10. Dispersion Measurements

11. Chromatic Dispersion

12. OTDR Field Applications

13. Attenuation Measurements

14. Eye Patterns

15. Optical Spectrum Analyzer Applications

16. EDFA Gain and Noise-Figure Testing

17. Noise-Figure Measurements

RFID System (ET21) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamentals of RFID, transponder,

RFID interrogator, RFID antenna, controller and database.

Contents

Basics of Auto ID

1. What is Auto ID

2. Why is auto ID

3. Optical

4. Magnetic

5. Electro-magnetic

6. Biometric

7. Touch

8. Smart Card

Barcode Basics

1. Barcode basics

2. How it works

3. How much data can you actually encode

4. Advantages of Bar Code

5. Disadvantages of Bar code

Auto-Identification techniques

1. Shortcomings of other Auto ID technologies

2. RFID advantages

Know about RF Frequencies

1. Radio waves

2. Wavelength

3. Data put on radio waves

4. What do you mean by RF

5. Other characteristics of radio frequencies

6. Antenna

Basics of RFID

1. What is RFID

2. System components

3. How RFID works

4. RFID - The Frequencies

5. Significance

6. Other RFID Benefits

7. RFID Applications

8. RFID Drawbacks

Tags and Readers

1. Tags and Readers

2. RFID Standards

3. Generation 1 RFID Protocol

4. Multi-Protocol Readers

EPC Global Network

1. Introduction

2. EPC Network Architecture

3. EPC Network Fundamental Components

4. EPC Network Data Standards

Savant Specifications

1. EPC Middleware - Savant

2. Savant – Processing Module

3. Savant – Application Interface

4. Content Layer

5. Transport Layer

6. Message Channels

Physical MarkUp Language (PML)

1. Introduction

2. PML Core

Business value of RFID

1. RFID converts information into business value

2. Few Examples

3. Major Opportunities

4. Expected Growth

Impact of RFID on Supply Chain Management

1. What is Supply Chain Management

2. RFID reshaping Supply Chain Management

3. RFID making waves in SCM

4. How RFID will automate the Supply Chain

5. Major advantages of RFID based SCM

6. Major Challenges

7. Few Major Players in RFID based SCM

RFID Success Stories

1. Case Studies

2. Problem definition

3. RFID Based Solution

4. Problem definition

5. RFID based solution

6. Results

Electronic Product Code

1. EPCglobal Inc.

2. Sun Microsystems

3. IBM

4. Hewlett-Packard

5. Microsoft

6. Oracle

7. SAP

RFID in DSD Use Case

RFID Major Players

1. RFID in Indian Scenerios

2. Standards Confusion

3. Will Indian companies get on RFID

Vendor Selection

1. Vendor Selection

2. RFID is not just RADIO WAVES

3. Vendor Selection

Hurdles

RFID Regulations – An Overview

1. Introduction

2. For UHF RFID tags and readers

3. Federal Communications Commission

Regulations

4. FCC Section 15.247

5. Maximum Conducted Output Power

6. RFID Operations within Different Bands

7. RFID Operations within Band 902 - 928 MHz

8. Certain Restrictions

9. Practice Questions

10. Regulations of European Radio communations Office

11. Standards Adopted by China and Japan

12. Standards Adopted by Other Countries

RFID and Business Process Integration

1. Course Users

2. Course Objectives

3. Introduction

4. Example of ERP Workflow Tool

5. Architecture Framework for RFID

6. Data and Device Management

7. Role and Functionality of Middleware

8. Data Filtering with Business Rules Engine

9. RFID Adoption Strategies

10. Enterprise Functions Affected by RFID Integration

11. RFID Best Practices

12. Pointers for the Future

Basics of RFID Technology

1. How RFID technology works

2. Basics of RFID Technology

3. Reader and Antenna Characteristics

4. Frequencies

5. Tag Packaging Formats

6. Readers

7. Antennas

8. Technical Considerations

RFID and Smart Packaging

1. Course Users

2. Course Objectives

3. Introduction

4. Examples of Smart Labels

5. Benefits of RFID in Smart Packaging Industry

6. Monitoring Product Integrity with RFID

7. Tracing and Tracking Doubtful Product with RFID

8. RFID in Smart Packaging Industry

9. Protection from Fake Brands

10. Smart Gadgets and Smart Stores

11. Limitations for Tagging Liquids

12. Other limitations

13. Knowledge Assessment

RFID Applications in Manufacturing

1. Course Users

2. Introduction

3. RFID in Overall Manufacturing Processes

4. RFID in Warehouse and Inventory Management

5. RFID in Production Planning and Operations

6. Schematic of RFID in Manufacturing Supply

Chain

7. Scheduling with RFID

8. RFID for Better Resource Utilization

9. Enterprise Wide Better Resource Utilization

10. Reader and Antenna Characteristics

11. RFID Components in Manufacturing Solution

12. RFID Systems Integration

13. Technical Obstacles for RFID in Manufacturing

RFID in Defense Applications

1. Course Users

2. Introduction

3. Supply Chain Issues in DoD

4. RTLS and its Applications

5. RFID Specifications for DoD Supply Chain

RFID Security and Privacy Issues

1. Course Users

2. Introduction

3. Benefits of RFID Technology

4. Possible Security Breaches

5. Privacy Concerns in Retail, Library and Health

6. Some Solutions for Privacy Protection

7. Knowledge Assessment

Windows CE .NET Application

1. Course Users

2. Introduction

3. RFID Communications

4. Overview of Operating Systems

5. Various Operating Systems

6. Windows CE.NET 4.2 Advantage

7. Overview of Win CE

8. The Platform Builder

9. Windows CE.NET Application Development

10. Application Development in Windows CE.NET

11. JETT.RFID Hand Held Reader

12. JETT.RFID Aesthetical Features

Operating System Details

1. Introduction

2. Functions of an Operating System

3. Sharing CPU

4. Sharing Memory

5. Sharing Storage Resources

6. Types of Operating System

7. Multi User Operating System

8. Multithread Operating System

Playing with JETT.RFID Reader

1. A Recap of RFID Technology

2. Active Tags

3. Technical Considerations

4. Introduction

5. Product and Systems Overview

6. JETT.RFID Aesthetical Features

7. Product and Systems Overview

8. RFID Module

9. Data Synchronization and Persistent

Registry

10. Customization Options

11. Troubleshooting JETT.RFID

Developing Common Application on JETT.RFID

1. Course Objectives

2. Introduction

3. Brief Overview of Compact Framework

4. Application Development in Windows Studio

RFID Installations

1. Course Users

2. RFID Hardware Placements in a Library

3. Techniques for Supply Chain Visibility with RFID

4. RFID Installations for Access Control

RFID Printers Operational Specifications

Readers Operational Specifications

Testing & Troubleshooting for Portals & Doors

Automatic Vehicle Identification

1. Introduction

2. Long Range Readers

3. Key features

Bio-Medical Electronics Engineering (ET22) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about fundamental concepts of bio

medical electronics.

Contents

INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS

Biomedical Recorders

1. Electrocardiograph

2. Block Diagram Description

3. The ECG Leads

4. Unipolar Leads (V Leads)

5. Effects of Artifacts on ECG Recordings

6. Muscle Tremor

7. Microprocessor Based ECG Machines

8. Multichannel ECG Machine

9. Vector cardiograph (VCG)

10. Apex cardiograph

11. Phonocardiograph (PCG)

12. Origin of Heart Sounds

13. Microphones for Phonocardiography

14. Preamplifier

15. Electromyography (EMG)

16. Low Frequency and High Frequency Filters

Medical Display Systems

1. Introduction

2. Oscilloscope for Biomedical

Measurements

3. Recording from the Oscilloscope

4. Cardioscope

5. Light Modulation System

6. Selection of System Parameters

7. Cardiac Monitors Using Digital Memory

8. Frequency Response of Cardioscopes

9. Electrosurgery Interference

10. Leads off Detector

11. Multichannel Displays with Digital Memory

Foetal Monitaring Instruments

1. Introduction

2. Cardiotocograph

3. Methods of Monitoring Foetal Heart Rate

4. Foetal Phonocardiogram

5. FHR Measurement from Ultrasound Doppler F.S.

6. FHR Measurement with Direct FECG

7. Monitoring Labour Activity

8. Recording System

9. Continuous Monitoring of Foetal Scalp pH

Biomedical Telemetry

1. Wireless Telemetry

2. Modulation Systems

3. Transmitter

4. The Receiver

5. ECG Telemetry System

6. Typical ECG Telemetry System

7. Temperature Telemetry System

8. Telemetring Intra-arterial Pressure

9. Telemetry of ECG and Respiration

10. Obstetrical Telemetry System

11. Multi-Patient Telemetry

12. Transmission of Analog Physiological Signals

Computer Application in Medical Field

1. Introduction

2. Computer-Aided ECG Analysis

3. Classification Normal

4. Computerised Catheterisation Laboratory

5. Pressure Measurements

6. Computerised Patient Monitoring System

7. Clinical Laboratory Automation

8. Microcomputers

9. Interfacing Analog Signals to Microcomputers

10. Microprocessor Controlled Ventilator

11. Microprocessor Based Control of Fluid Therapy

PHYSIOLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS

Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes

1. Origin of Bioelectric Signals

2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

3. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

4. Electromyogram (EMG)

5. Electrode-Tissue Interface

6. Metal-Electrolyte Interface

7. Electrolyte-Skin Interface

8. Silver-Silver Chloride Electrodes

9. Measurement of Skin Contact Impedance

10. Electrodes for ECG

11. Electrical Conductivity of Electrode Jellies & Creams

Physiological Transducers

1. Introduction

2. Linear Variable Differential Transformer

3. Special Considerations for the Design of Pressure

4. Transducers for Body Temperature Measurement

5. Electrical Resistance Thermometer

6. Optical-Fibre Temperature Sensors

7. Photoelectric Pulse Transducers

8. Piezoelectric Arterial Pulse Receptor

Recording Systems

1. Basic Recording System

2. Sources of Noise in Low Level Recording Circuits

3. Differential Amplifier

4. DC Preamplifier for Intracellular Recording

5. Damping Control and Frequency Response

6. Frequency Response and Sensitivity

7. Ultra-Violet (UV) Recorders

Cardiovascular Measurements

1. Introduction

2. ECG Amplifiers

3. Electrodes and Leads

4. ECG Recorder Principles

5. Types of ECG Recorders

6. Electrocardiographs for computer processing

7. Specific Direct Measurement Techniques

8. Measurement of Blood Flow and Cardiac Output

9. Magnetic Blood Flow Meters

10. Ultrasonic Blood Flow Meters

11. Measurement by Indicator Dilution Methods

Patient Care and Monitoring

1. Introduction

2. Patient-Monitoring Displays

3. Diagnosis, Calibration and Repairability

4. Other Instrumentation for Monitoring

Patients

5. The Organization of the Hospital

6. Pacemakers

7. Pacing Modes and Pulse Generators

8. Power Sources and Electromagnetic

Interference

MEDICAL IMAGING

X-Ray Machines and Computed Tomography

1. Introduction

2. Properties of X-rays

3. X-ray Image Intensifier Television System

4. X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT Scanner)

5. Contrast Scale

6. System Components

7. Scanning System

8. X-ray Source

9. Detectors

10. Processing Unit

11. Viewing System

12. Storing and Documentation

13. Spatial Resolution

14. Patient Dose in CT Scanners

Magnetic Resonance Imaging System

1. Introduction

2. Principles of NMR Imaging Systems

3. Free Induction Decay

4. Fourier Transform of the FID

5. The Bloch Equation

6. Image Reconstruction Techniques

7. Sequential Point Method

8. Discrimination Based on Relaxation Rates

9. Spin-echo Imaging Technique

10. Basic NMR Components

11. RF Transmitter System

12. Gradient System for Spatial Coding

13. Contrast Enhancement

14. Patient Couch

Ultrasonic Imaging Systems

1. Introduction

2. Velocity of Propagation

3. Generation and detection of Ultrasound

4. Active Element Diameter

5. Medical Ultrasound

6. Pulse Repetition Frequency Generator

7. Transmitter-Receiver Matching

8. Applications of A-Scan

9. B-Scanner using Articulated Arm

10. Mechanical Sector Scanner

11. Multi-Element Linear Array Scanners

12. Duplex Scanner

13. Display Devices for Ultrasonic Imaging

14. Three-dimensional Display

15. Biological Effects of Ultrasound

Medical Thermograph

1. Introduction

2. Infrared Radiation

3. Transmittance and absorption of infrared radiation

4. Thermographic equipment

5. Sensitivity of Thermographic Imaging System

6. Quantitative Medical Thermograph

7. The Software {SOFTA, CAM AT, GAMOS)

8. Pyroelectric vidicon camera

9. Applications of thermography

MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Interference to Medical Electronic Equipment

1. Introduction

2. Types of Sources of EMI

3. EMI Effects

4. Intermodulation Problems

5. Some solutions

6. Halfwave shorting stub

7. Dealing with TVI

8. Dealing with signal overload problems

9. Attenuators

10. Wavetraps

11. Bandstop wavetrap

12. High-pass filters

13. ECG equipment and EMI

14. EMI to biomedical sensors

15. Some solutions

Quality Assurance & Quality Improvement

1. Introduction

2. The theory of variation

3. Creating a histogram

4. Using histograms in quality control

5. Interpreting QC histograms

6. Analyzing control charts

7. TQM, ISO-9000, and Six-Sigma

8. Total quality management

Medical Equipment Maintenance , Management Facilities, and Equipment

1. Introduction

2. Types of MROs

3. Levels of Capability

4. Types of Organization

5. Commercial MROs

6. Single-technician department

7. Technical personnel

8. Management approaches

Requirements Management

1. Introduction

2. Some definitions

3. Why are requirements important?

4. What types of requirements are there?

5. Requirements application

6. Traceable

7. How are good requirements written?

8. Unintended consequences

9. Approaches to requirements

Electrical Safety in Medical Environment

1. Introduction

2. Scope of electrical safety in medical institutions

3. Major organizations

4. Preventive maintenance to reduce electrical hazards

5. Physiological effects of electricity on humans

6. Leakage current

7. Current Definitions

8. Line isolation systems

9. Equipotential grounding in reducing electrical shock

10. Specialized electrical safety test equipment

11. Weighted risk current measurement

Electrosurgery Generators

1. Electrosurgery machines

2. Electrosurgery circuits

3. Solid-state electrosurgery generator circuits

4. Electrosurgery safety

NOICE SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT

Basic Theories of Measurement

1. Categories of measurement

2. Direct measurement

3. Indirect measurement

4. Null measurements

5. Factors in making measurements

6. Reliability and repeatability

7. Accuracy and precision

8. Measurement errors

9. Error contributions analysis

10. Operational definitions in measurement

Noise

1. Introduction

2. Atmospheric Noise

3. Extraterrestrial Noise

4. Industrial Noise

5. Internal Noise

6. Thermal Agitation Noise

7. Short Noise

8. Transit-Time Noise

9. Miscellaneous Noise

10. Noise Calculations

Signals and Noise

1. Types of signals

2. Static and quasistatic signals

3. Fourier series

4. Transient signals

5. Signal-to-noise ratio

6. Noise temperature

7. Using feedback to reduce noise

8. Noise reduction by signal averaging

Computerized Process Control System (ET23) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about distributed control systems,

architecture of process control units, man machine interface.

Contents

Distributed Control Systems 1. Reasons for Instrumentation

2. Categories of Instruments

3. Analog vs Digital

4. Control Using Computers

5. Distributed Control Concepts

6. Process Control and Process Management

7. Hardware of a Distributed Control System

Architecture of Process Control Units

1. Introduction

2. Types of Process Control Units

3. DCS with single-loop controllers only

4. DCS with both single-loop and multi-loop controllers

5. Structure of Process Control Units

6. Process input cards for Analog Input Signals

7. Process output cards for analog output signals

8. Digital Input Processing

9. Digital output Processing

10. Redundancy Aspects

11. Intrinsic safe operation of controllers

12. Analog Controllers

13. Digital Controller

Man - Machine Interface 1. Introduction

2. The operator Station Structure

3. Functions of the Operator Station

Industrial Automation (ET24) Audience: Students of Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about basics of industrial automation,

various types of control, robotic mechanism, etc.

Contents

Introduction to Industrial Automation

1. Introduction

2. Industrial Communication Networks

3. Transmission Media

4. Transmission Methods

Introduction to Sensors & Measurement Systems

1. Introduction

2. Position and Speed Measurements

3. Proximity Sensors and Switches

4. Linear Variable Differential Transformer

5. Digital Optical Encoder

6. Electrical Resistance Strain Gage

7. Measuring Resistance Changes

8. Force Measurement with Load Cells

9. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer

10. Electrical Resistance Thermometer

11. Piezoelectric Accelerometer

12. Introduction to Temperature Measurement

13. Sources of temperature measurement error

14. Pressure and Force Measurement

15. Displacement and Speed Measurement

16. Rotary Variable Differential Transformer

Signal Conditioning and Processing

1. Introduction

2. Unbalanced D.C. Bridge

3. Push-pull Configuration

4. Capacitance Amplifier

5. Amplifiers

6. Errors and Calibration Introduction

7. Systematic Errors

8. Calibration and error reduction

Introduction to Process Control

1. Introduction

2. The Control Objectives

3. Example - Satellite altitude control system

4. Feedback Control System Characteristics

5. The Case for High-Gain Feedback

6. Proportional Mode of Feedback Control

7. Integral Mode of Feedback Control

8. Derivative Mode of Feedback Control

9. Alternative Control Configurations

10. Command Feedforward

11. Controller Tuning

12. Proportional Controller

13. Functions of a PID Controller

14. Adjustment Features in Industrial Controllers

15. Practical Controller Tuning Tips

16. Integrating Processes

17. Tuning Rules for Digital Controllers

Sequence Control, PLCs and RLL

1. Programmable Logic Control

2. Industrial Example of Discrete Sensors

3. Comparing Logic and Sequence Control

4. Evolution of the PLC

5. Application Areas

6. Special Purpose Modules

7. The Software Environment and Programming

8. Programming Languages

9. Typical Operands of PLC Programs

10. Realization of off-delay timer

11. Operation Set

12. Requirements Analysis

13. Design of RLL Program

14. Function Block Diagram (FBD)

15. Divergence of a Selective Sequence

16. The PLC Hardware Environment

Control of Machine Tools

1. Fundamentals of C.N.C

2. CNC Lathe (Horizontal Type)

3. Direct Measurement

4. Hydraulics

5. Pneumatics

Electric Drives

1. Learning Objectives

2. Concept of Electric Drive

3. Single Phase DC Drives

4. Single-phase Half-wave Converter Drives

5. Single-phase Semiconverter Drives

6. Three-phase half-wave converter drives

7. Three-phase Full-converter Drives

8. Three-phase Dual Converter Drives

9. Chopper Drives

10. Two-quadrant Chopper Drives

11. Induction-Motor Drives

12. Stator Voltage and Frequency Control

13. Analysis of induction motor with chopper

control

14. Synchronous Motor–General

15. Synchronous Motor with Different Excitations

16. Different Torques of a Synchronous Motor

17. Salient Pole Synchronous Motor

18. Hunting or Surging or Phase Swinging

Networking of Sensors, Actuators & Fieldbus

1. Introduction

2. Motivations for the Fieldbus

3. Fieldbus Topology

4. The Physical Layer

5. The Data Link Layer

6. The Link Active Scheduler (LAS)

7. Acyclic/Unscheduled Communication

8. The Fieldbus Message Sublayer (FMS)

9. Realisation of Distributed Control Functions

Introduction to Robotics

1. Automation

2. Subsystems in Robot

3. The Robot Control

4. Manipulators

5. Main bodies type

6. The End Effectors

7. Transmission Types

8. Tasks Planning for robots

9. Part selection by camera

Robotics Mechanisms

1. Introduction

2. Forward or direct kinematics

3. Accuracy & repeatability of EE of manipulator

4. Mechanism analysis

5. Spatial Manipulators

6. Transmission Angle

7. Decoupling of motion

8. Grippers in manipulators

Actuators for Robots

1. Drives in Manipulators

2. DC servo motor selection for intermittent

3. AC Servomotors

Trajectory Planning

1. Introduction

2. Continuous trajectories

3. Cubic Fit for Two Given Positions

4. AC Servomotors

5. Condition

6. Use of Higher Degree Polynomials

Robot Manipulators Kinematics

1. Introduction

2. Specifying position & orientation of rigid bodies

3. Euler Angles

4. Fixed frame rotation

5. Homogenous Coordinates

Robot Dynamics & Control

1. Fundamentals of Dynamics

2. Dynamical Equation

3. Inertia

4. Coriolis component of acceleration

5. Why Coriolis component of acceleration Exist

6. Why to study Robot Dynamics & Control

7. Micro-sensors

8. Fabrication Sequence of Magnetic Microactuator

9. Lagrangian Formulation for 2-R Manipulator

10. Introduction to Control

Acturator Dynamics & PD, PID Control

1. Actuator dynamics

2. Types of Servo-Motors

3. Information about Control Strategies

4. Control Strategy for PD control

5. Equivalent Spring-Mass-Damper system

Linear Integrated Circuits (ET25) Audience: Students of Third Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: : At the end of the course the student will learn about operational amplifiers and their

applications, instrumentation amplifiers, analog to digital and digital to analog converters, signal

generators, phase locked loop, log and analog operational amplifiers, voltage regulators.

Contents

Operational Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. Amplifier Fundamentals

3. Op-Amp Symbols and Terminals

4. Block Schematic of Op-Amp

5. Basics of Differential Amplifier

6. Transistorised Differential Amplifier

7. Common Mode Operation

8. Configurations of Differential Amplifier

9. Constant Current Bias

10. Improving Differential Voltage

11. Output Stage in Op-Amp

12. Open Loop Configuration of Op-Amp

13. Important Op-Amp Parameters

14. Bias Current and Offset Voltage Compensation

15. Frequency Response of an Op- Amp

16. Concept of Frequency Compensation

17. Internal Compensation Technique

Applications of OP-AMP

1. Introduction

2. Inverting Amplifier

3. Non-Inverting Amplifier

4. Voltage Follower

5. Summer or Adder Circuit

6. Non-inverting Summing Amplifier

7. Subtractor or Difference Amplifier

8. Op-Amp Integrator

9. Practical Integrator

10. Summing Integrator

11. Op-Amp Differentiator

12. Input and Output Waveforms

13. Practical Differentiator

14. Applications of Practical Differentiator

Instrumentation Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. Requirements of a good Instrumentation Amplifier

3. Difference Amplifier Using Op-Amp

4. Modified Difference Amplifier

5. Instrumentation Amplifier with Two Op-Amps

6. Three Op-Amp Instrumentation Amplifier

7. Instrumentation Amplifier with Active Guard Drive

8. Digitally Programmable Instrumentation Amplifier

9. Current Output Instrumentation Amplifier

10. Instrumentation Amplifier Using Transducer Bridge

11. Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier

12. Temperature Indicator

A/D and D/A Converters

1. Introduction

2. Digital to Analog Converter

3. DAC Characteristics

4. Binary Weighted Resistor D/A Converter

5. Inverted R/2R Ladder D/A Converter

6. Quantization Error

7. Successive Approximation A/D Converter

8. Flash A/D Converters

9. Dual Slope A/D Converter

10. Sample and Hold Circuits

11. Performance Parameters of S/H Circuits

Signal Generators

1. Introduction

2. Multivibrators Using Timer IC 555

3. Applications of Monostable Multivibrator

4. Applications of A stable Multivibrator

5. Multivibrators Using Op-Amps

6. Sinusoidal Generators

7. Triangular Wave Generator

8. Sawtooth Wave Generator

9. Function Generator IC 8038

10. Typical Connection

Phase Locked Loop

1. Introduction

2. Basic Pll Operation

3. Important Definitions Related to PLL

4. Transfer Characteristics of PLL

5. Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops IC 565

6. 565 PLL Applications

7. Frequency Synthesizer

8. FM Detector

9. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulator

10. AM Detection

11. Frequency Translation

Log and Antilog OP-AMP Amplifiers

1. Introduction

2. Fundamentals of Log Amplifiers

3. Basic Log Amplifier Using Diode

4. Basic Log Amplifier Using Transistor

5. Temperature Compensated log Amplifier

6. Stability Considerations

7. Antilog Amplifier

8. Basic Antilog Amplifier Using Diode

9. Basic Antilog Amplifier Using Transistor

10. Temperature compensation antilog amplifier

11. Log ratio Amplifier

12. Analog Voltage Multiplier Circuit

13. Analog Voltage Divider Circuit

14. Multiplier Integrated Circuit

15. Performance Parameters of Multiplier

16. Applications of Multiplier

17. Phase Angle Detection Using Multiplier

18. Multiplier Techniques

Voltage Regulators

1. Introduction

2. Factors Affecting the Load Voltage

3. Shunt Voltage Regulator

4. Transistor Shunt Regulator

5. Shunt Regulator Using Op-Amp

6. Emitter Follower Series Voltage Regulator

7. IC voltage regulators

8. Three Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulators

9. IC Series of Three Terminal Regulators

10. Limitations of Linear Voltage Regulators

11. Step Down Switching Regulator

Numerical Methods and Computational Techniques (EE05) Audience: Students of Second Year Electronics Engineering

Objective: At the end of the course the student will learn about various types of numerical methods

and computational techniques.

Contents

Linear Systems of Equations & Matrix Computations

1. Introduction

2. Direct Methods for Solving Linear Systems of EQUATIONS

Gauss Elimination Method with Partial Pivoting

1. Introduction

2. Gauss Elimination method

Determinant Evaluation

1. Introduction

2. Gauss Jordan Method

3. LU Decompositions

Doolittle’s LU Decomposition

1. Introduction

Doolittile's Method with Row Interchanges

1. Introduction

2. Stage 1: Rows of U

Iterative Methods for S. L. S. of Equations

1. Introduction

2. Jacobi Iteration

3. Introduction

4. Examples

Gauss - Seidel Method

1. Introduction

2. Examples

Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) Method

1. Introduction

2. SOR scheme

3. Examples

Review of Properties of Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

1. Introduction

2. Eigen value

3. Properties

Similar Matrices

1. Introduction

2. Examples

Hermitian Matrices

1. Introduction

2. Examples

Gramm – Schmidt Orthonormalization

1. Introduction

2. Examples

3. Characteristic Polynomial

Vector and Matrix Norms

1. Introduction

2. Examples

3. Definition

4. Matrix norms

Eigen Value Computations

1. Introduction

2. Examples

3. Computation

Eigenvalues of a Real Symmetric Tridiagonal Matrix

1. Introduction

Tridiagonalization of a Real Symmetric Matrix

1. Introduction

2. Examples

Jacobi Iteration for Finding E. of a R. S. M.

1. Introduction

2. Examples

The Q R decomposition

1. Introduction

2. Examples