Detailed Project Report - Rural Development Department · Detailed Project Report ... District...

Detailed Project Report Department of Rural Development

Government of Himachal Pradesh

under Integrated Watershed Management Programme

for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar

Prepared by:

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur-176 062 (Himachal Pradesh)

NODAL OFFICER : Dr. K. K. Katoch PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR : Dr. A. K. Goel Watershed Team:

Team Leader : Dr. D. K. Parmar Members : Dr. Gurudev Singh

Dr. Naval Kishore Dr. Rakesh Devlash Dr. Laxmikant Dr. S. D. Sharma Dr. S. K. Guleria Dr. N. K. Sankhyan Dr. Shivani Katoch Dr. Arvind Kumar

Total Panchayats : 12 Total Villages : 95

PREFACE For livelihood security of millions of people of India it is essential that the land which supports the demand of agri-horti-silvi based requirements of the growing population continue to sustain or enhance the productivity through best management of natural resources. The degradation of the lands, particularly on hill slopes is much faster than in the plain areas due to long and steep slopes and intensity of rain. To protect the soil and conserve water many ideas were floated which culminated into the slogans like ,’Catch water where it falls’, ‘Do not let the rain water flow out of the field and if at all it does, then not out of the village’. These all slogans came from the principle of developing lands on the basis of Watershed, as it becomes easier to manage such an enclosed area. The management of such lands earlier use to be in isolation but with the passage of time the human interference came into picture and as such the concept of Watershed Development on holistic basis became prevalent.

In Himachal Pradesh, inspite of the fact that the state receives on an average 1300 mm of rain during the year, most of it drains down the slopes during rainy season without adding anything to the productivity of the crops. At present Himachal Pradesh has irrigation facilities on around 19 per cent of the cultivable area and it is estimated that if all the water resources are exploited or harnessed then also only 40 per cent of the cultivable area can be brought under irrigation. This shows that even after full exploitation of available surface and ground water, 60 per cent of the cultivable area will still remain rainfed and suffer from weather vagaries if proper management of rainwater is not ensured. Thus, the management of soil and water on the principles of active Watershed Unit basis along with all other interacting components have become essential and for which policy planners have become very sensitive from the last three decades. Keeping in view the above facts, Government of Himachal Pradesh has started implementing development on Watershed basis for the well being of the communities living with in the Watersheds. Department of Rural Development, Government of Himachal Pradesh has taken major initiatives in this direction and identified many pockets to be developed on scientific basis for which the assignment of preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) in respect of nine IWMP Watersheds located in three districts of Himachal Pradesh was given to the CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya.

The present DPR is in respect of IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar Watershed, which comprises of 12 Panchayats and 95 villages covering an area of 6685 hectares. The cooperation and moral support provided by the Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor and the Director of Research, CSKHPKV, Palampur is praise worthy. The efforts made by the Watershed DPR preparation Team, Panchayati Raj Institutions of the concerned Watershed, District Level Resource Group and IWMP Project Directorate of Rural Development Department are duly acknowledged in bringing out this DPR in the present implementable form. The initial and final coordination rendered by Dr. V.K. Sharma, Professor (Soil Science) and Dr. A.K.Goel, Senior Research Engineer, respectively is duly acknowledged.

The assistance rendered by Dr. Parveen Kumar Sharma, SMS, KVK Hamirpur at Bara; Mr. Sartaj, Mrs. Sunita and Dr Anil Kumar, SRF in compilation and collation of final DPRs is appreciated.

Dated: November 24, 2011 (Dr. K.K.Katoch)

Nodal Officer (IWMP-DPRs) & Head Department of Soil Science CSKHPKV Palampur-176 062 (H.P.)

Contents Sr. No.

Particulars Page No.

Gist Action Plan for Five Years 1. Introduction 1 2. General Description of Project Area 8 3. SWOT Analysis 23 4. Entry Point Activities 27 5. Water Harvesting 28 6. Agriculture 40 7. Horticulture 47 8. Animal Husbandry 52 9. Pisciculture 59 10. Drinking Water 60 11. Soil Conservation 69 12. Convergence 70 13. Microenterprises 71 14. Livelihood Concerns 77 15. Monitoring 78 16. Evaluation 79 17. Capacity Building 80 18. Project Withdrawal and Consolidation 82 19. Activity and Budget 83

1

GIST

IWMP MANDI (IV) SUNDERNAGAR

1 Name of the Project IWMP Mandi (IV) Sunder Nagar

2 District Mandi

3 Block Sunder Nagar

4 Project area 6685 ha

5 Area proposed for treatment 6685 ha

6 Cost Rs. 10,02,75,000

7 Panchayats covered under the project 12

8 Total micro-watersheds 43

9 Financial projection in the DPR as:

9 (i) Project fund

9 (ii) Convergence

Rs. 10,02,44,464

Rs. 7,41,41,661

10 Whether the year wise annual action plan prepared or not Yes

11 Whether activity wise project fund and convergence funds indicated separately or not

Yes

12 Whether Khasra no. of civil structures indicated or not GPS readings have been given

13 Physical and financial targets of the project period mentioned in the AAP or not

Yes

14 MW wise code mentioned or not Yes

15 Proposed activities Water harvesting & storage structures, new irrigation schemes, soil & water conservation measures, Animal Husbandry and forage management, agricultural & horticultural production enhancement strategies, Livelihood improvement, microenterprises for income generation to poor rural farmers

16 Provision of funds for water conservation/harvesting activities

Rs. 5,01,45,131 (50% of the total budget)

17 Area proposed to be brought under supplemental irrigation 1125 ha

18 Whether the Draft DPR has been approved by: (i) The Gram Sabha/ Gram Panchayat (ii) The District Level Resource Group

Yes Yes

2

19 Expected outcome The construction of tanks, rain water

harvesting structures, renovation of kuhls etc. will bring a sizable area under irrigation. Provision of micro irrigation systems will ensure efficient use of water.

The increase in the area under irrigation will lead to diversification. Further use of good seeds and balance fertilization will lead to 30-35% increase in productivity of commonly grown crops and increase area under cash crops to improve livelihood options for farming community.

Reclamation of land and introduction of improved grasses will increase the fodder availability which will boost the livestock component. Similarly scientific management practices will lead to improved health which in turn will ensure increase in milk production. The introduction of improved sheep and goat will be quiet beneficial in terms of wool and meat production as the non availability of good animals is the major bottleneck in sheep and goat husbandry.

Introduction of farm based enterprises like beekeeping, backyard poultry, mushroom units, pisciculture, vegetable nursery and poly house are expected to enhance the income of unemployed youth, farm women etc.

20 Status Quo analysis: Total Geographical area under the project

• Area under cultivation • Fallow land • Forest area • Community land • Other land • Current cropping pattern

7527 ha 2056 ha - 1021 ha Nil 4450 ha Cereal-cereal and cereal-vegetable

21 Water harvesting: • Current status of water harvesting activities

• Water harvesting potential • Proposed activities

• Water potential to be created in cubic mtrs.

• Construction of kuhls, water storage

tanks and check dams under MNREGA and line department such as Agriculture & Horticulture.

• 19,83,000 m3 • Water harvesting structures, roof top

water harvesting, construction and repair of kuhls

• WHS= 1320 m3 • RWH=1500 m3

3

• Kuhls= 11,22,000 m3 • Total= 11,24,800 m3

22 Farm based interventions: • Agriculture based activities in the DPR

• Agriculture allied activities proposed in the DPR

• Demonstrations on improved package of

practices for cereals, forages, vegetables and horticulture components

• Farm Implements

23 Non-Farm Based Interventions: • Skill development

• Proposed micro-entreprises

Training and Exposure visits to the beneficiaries Polyhouses, nursery raising, vermicomposting, bee keeping, mushroom cultivation, poultry and fishery

24 Financial Envelop: • Watershed Project • Convergence

Rs. 10,02,75,000 Rs. 7,41,41,661

25 Quantifiable indicators • On an average 43 % area will be covered through supplementary irrigation

• On an average 30-35% increase in agriculture and horticulture crops is expected

• On an average 50% increase in milk production is expected

• More than 175 ha of area will be covered under soil & water conservation component

• Overall improvement in the socio-economic status of the farmers through various interventions.

State: Himachal Pradesh Block: Sunder Nagar Amount: Rs 10, 02, 75000/- District: Mandi Total area: 6685 ha Work Component Funds

allocated (Rs)

Total proposed

work including

convergence

I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year TOTAL IWMP IWMP IWMP IWMP IWMP

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

A General

1 Administrative (10%) 10027500 2005500 2005500 2005500 2005500 2005500 10027500

2 Monitoring (1%) 1002750 0 334250 334250 334250 0 1002750

3 Evaluation (1%) 1002750 0 0 334250 334250 334250 1002750

B Institution & Capacity Building (5%)

1 Awareness 2839050 567810 567810 567810 567810 567810 2839050

4 Institutional training 1260000 252000 252000 252000 252000 252000 1260000

5 Exposure visits 914700 182940 182940 182940 182940 182940 914700

C Detailed Project Report

(1%)

1002750 1002750 0 0 0 0 1002750

D Consolidation Phase (5%) 5013750 0 0 0 0 5013750 5013750

E Entry Point Activities (4%) 4011000 0 4011000 0 0 4011000

Total (A-E) 27074250

27074250

Work Component Funds allocated

(Rs)

Total proposed

work including

convergence

I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

F Water Development Phase (50 %)

A 1 Check Dam PCC

882197 29 588617 882926 201195 301793 92385 138577 0 0

2 Pond - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 RWHT 4688562 360 1078542 1617813 1194798 1792196 1178796 1768194 1013626 1520440 222800

Gutter pipe 257812 490 61650 61650 67815 67815 68253 68253 38974 38974 21120

Water tanks 3100494 73 1992461 2988691 958872 1438308 149162 223742 0 0 00

Repair of Kuhl

433264 7000m 307600 461400 59840 89760 65824 98736 0 0 0

New kuhls 24485103 44785m 10958976 16438464 8317080 12475620

4880169 7320253 328878 493317 0

Sprinklers set

4580363 285 1072045 1072045 1179249 1179249 1058875 1058875 977394 977394 292800

Alkathane pipe

1061125 14550m 548800 548800 288420 288420 233905 223905 0 0 0

Water lifting pump (1.5hp)

112500 10No 112500 112500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B Drinking water

1 Well -

2 Bowri -

C Soil conservation

1 Crate wire/check dams

1261494 65 578932 868399 480059 720089 128517 192776 59585 89377 14400

2 Drainage line treatment (silvipastoral)

4300482 68ha 1081000 0 1085700 0 849340 0 693345 0 591097

3 Bunds repair 4981735 104ha 1514250 0 1368450 0 1166695 0 886340 0 46000

G Production System and Micro Enterprises 13 %

Agriculture

Crop 1750997 611 170 439600 188400 182 443660 190140 118 378735 162315 86 293181 125649 55 195821

Work Component Funds allocated

(Rs)

Total proposed

work including

convergence

I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Con

verg

ence

Phys

ical

(h

a)

Fina

ncia

l (R

s)

Demonstration

Farm implements 987900 510 161 412500 178550 135 338800 143400 77 236600 101400 0 0 0 0 0

Horticulture

Plantation/demon

stration

2299595 189 65 535955 229695 50 584346 250434 37 545094 233612 22 329000 141000 15 305200

Animal husbandry

1 Demonstrations

on Mineral

mixture,

vaccination &

deworming

2486190 603 220 1135500 0 270 1042050 0 69 182640 0 39 108000 0 5 18000

2 Forages

Demonstrations

3296575 959 185 618100 0 200 704750 0 199 685225 0 181 677500 0 194 611000

H Microenterprises

Back yard poultry 266000 15 6 98000 0 6 108000 0 3 60000 0 0 0 0

Capsicum Nursery Raising

842093 30 9 253385 253385 8 271266 271266 7 298395 298395 3 9070 9070 3 9977

Tomato nursery 580815 66 30 232950 232950 9 74955 74955 9 82450 82450 9 90695 90695 9 99765

Pisciculture 514078 08 5 251545 67515 2 202533 49511 1 60000 16200 0 0 0

I Livelihood Activities (10%)

1 Women

empowerment

1654308 352 141 774836 0 74 238997 0 80 455675 0 29 88000 0 28 96800

2 Mushroom bags 1295697 4800 3700 1008030 918010 1100 287667 238156 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Bee keeping box 3909515 1350 772 2237121 1204604 336 972633 523725 0 0 0 115 333219 179426 127 366542

4 Vermiculture unit 1286200 125 88 910000 910000 28 297000 297000 9 79200 79200 0 0 0

5 Small Polyhouse 1862373 77 62 1533473 6133892 7 164900 659600 4 135200 540800 2 14000 56000 2 14800

Total (I) 10008093

GT (A-I) 73177467

- - 30336368 - - - 13061134 - 5940807 - 2906122

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Sundernagar Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis.

The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources.


The project Sundernagar (IV) comprises 12 panchayats covering 95 villages having geographical area 7527 ha. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude varied from 650 meter to 2640 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India.

Project Objective:

The objectives of the watershed development project will be:

Conservation, development and sustainable management of natural resources including their use

Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in a sustainable manner. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile rain fed eco-system by greening these areas through appropriate mix of trees and shrubs and

grasses. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rain fed areas. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural population.

Problems

• The area under study is beset with the following problems: • Due to dissected terrain, there is severe erosion which is eating up the cultivated area. • Lack of irrigation facilities and lack of water harvesting structures. • Low fertility and problem of nutrient losses due to erosion in rainy season. • Severe weed menace • Monkeys and stray animal menace • Deforestation in hilly area. • Poor socio-economic condition of the farmers.

Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability


4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc. The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below.

Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc.

(iii) Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine, timber etc. were noted. Croping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table. I Budget

Name of watershed

Panchayats Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs)

Ghiri Ghiri Ghiri 41 615000 Kharloh 34 510000 Nahindal 41 615000 Barnog 19 285000 Kushla 69 1035000 Fatehpur 116 1740000 Total 320 4800000 Serikothi Serikothi Serikothi 49 735000 Garahan 134 2010000 Chiral 268 4020000 Ropa Bandala 223 3345000 Lalag 81 1215000 Kot 37 555000 Total 792 11880000 Rohanda Rohanda Jhalanger 8 120000 Parala 1 15000 Khabora 2 30000 Saradhar 1 15000 Chauki 43 645000 Banwali 90 1350000 Aukal 183 2745000 Chandakufer 105 1575000 Nehra 43 645000 Rohanda 18 270000 Dhar-I 02 30000 Dhar-II 01 15000 Kheel 28 420000 Labot 20 300000 Chhichhar 36 540000 Majhar 27 405000 Doghari 09 135000 Balas 26 390000 Saral 04 60000 Chuhani 75 1125000 Halai 14 210000 Shakohar 57 855000 Thamandi 44 660000 Naindal Uperli 02 30000 Taplidhar 13 195000 Malagra 29 435000 Rowan 12 180000 Total 893 13395000 Jaral Jaral Basahu 175 2625000 Jaral 164 2460000 Dharli 271 4065000


Name of watershed


Total 610 9150000 Salwana Salwana Salwana 237 3555000 Bah 64 960000 Gamohu 223 3345000 Total 524 7860000 Chamukha Chamukha Chamukha 182 2730000 Sabyahan 93 1395000 Talsai 78 1170000 Dhar 209 3135000 Total 562 8430000 Churad Churd Churd 101 1515000 Nall 80 1200000 Ghouru 134 2010000 Bhanglehra 87 1305000 Total 402 6030000 Bobar Bobar Fagla 70 1050000 Kandar 229 3435000 Bobar 245 3675000 DPF Fagla 126 1890000 Total 670 10050000 Barto Barto Jandron 115 1725000 Nalot 127 1905000 Barto 60 900000 Luhna 68 1020000 Total 370 5550000 Jarol Jarol Jarol 416 6240000 Sarihani 21 315000 Total 437 6555000 Slappar Slappar Slappar 200 3000000 Khurahl 185 2775000 Sadwahn 101 1515000 Total 486 7290000 Dhawal Dhawal Dhawal 229 3435000 Ahn 138 2070000 Sanihan 124 1860000 Kayana 95 1425000 Ropa 29 435000 Padhana 04 60000 Total 619 9285000 GT 6685 100275000

The total area to be treated in different panchayats under the watershed is 6685 hectares with a total budget outlay of Rs. 100275000 (Table1).


2. General Description of Project Area

Transact Walk The purpose of transact walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use

pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transact walk of the panchayat are as under:

Location

IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The geographical area of this project is 7527 ha and it comprises of 3 sub watersheds covering 72 villages. The twelve watersheds are: Salwana, Barto, Churad, Jarol, Chamukha, Jaral, Bobber, Rohanda, Serikothi, Dhawal, Ghiri, Slapper which lies between 30° 22' 40" N to 33° 12' 40" N latitude and of 75° 45' 55" E to 79° 04' 20" E longitude.

Table: 2. Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

Sr. No. Name of watershed Name of the Village with code Watershed Code 1. Ghiri Ghiri (148) 1B1C3D2b Kharloh (144) 1B1C3D2b Barnog (145) 1B1C3D2b Kushla (142) 1B1C3D2c Fatehpur (150) 1A2B1B2c Fatehpur (150) 1B1C3D2b 2. Serikothi Seri (252) 1A2B1D2a Garahan (251) 1A2B1D1c Garahan (251) 1A2B1C2b Garahan (251) 1A2B1C2a Chiral (15 1A2B1I2a Ropa Bandla (250) 1A2B1D2c Ropa Bandla (250) 1A2B1D2b Lalag (253) 1A2B1D2a Lalag (253) 1A2B1D2b Kot (254) 1A2B1D1b 3. Rohanda Jhalangar (194) 1A2B1C1c Parala (200) 1A2B1C1b Khaboda (201) 1A2B1C1b Sara Dhar (198) 1A2B1C1c Sara Dhar (198) 1A2B1C2c Chauki (193) 1A2B1I1c Chauki (193) 1A2B1C2c Banwali (191) 1A2B1I1d Aukal (204) 1A2B1C1c Aukal (204) 1A2B1C1b Chanda Kufer (209) 1A2B1B2d Nehra (385) 1A2B3D1c Rohanda (187) 1A2B1B2c Dhar-I (162) 1A2B1B2c


Dhar-II (199) 1A2B1C1b Khil (159) 1A2B1B2c Khil (159) 1A2B1B2d Labotu (165) 1A2B1B2c Labotu (165) 1A2B1B2d Chhichhar (157) 1A2B1B2c Chhichhar (157) 1A2B1B2d Manjhar (206) 1A2B1C1c Manjhar (206) 1A2B1C2c Dogheri (167) 1B1C3D2b Balash (169) 1B1C3D2b Saral (163) 1A2B1B2c Saral (163) 1A2B1B2d Chuhani (149) 1B1C3D2b Halai (172) 1B1C3D2b Shakohar (181) 1B1C3D2b Thamari (177) 1B1C3D2b Naindal Upperla (175) 1B1C3D2b Tapli Dhar (185) 1A2B1B2c Malagra (196) 1A2B1C1c Malagra (196) 1A2B1C2b Rowan (183) 1A2B1B2c 4. Jaral Basahu (229) 1A2B1C2a Jaral (232) 1A2B1F1a Jaral (232) 1A2B1E1b Dharli (230) 1A2B1D2c 5. Slapper Slapper (78) 1A2B1B1a Khurahal (79) 1A2B1B1b Khurahal (79) 1A2B1E1c Sadwahan (77) 1A2B1A2d 6. Salwana Sulwana (65) 1A2B1A1c Baih (85) 1A2B1A1c Baih (85) 1A2B1A1a Gamohu (86) 1A2B1A2a Gamohu (86) 1A2B1A2d 7. Chamukha Chamukha (41) 1A2B1A3c Chamukha (41) 1A2B1A3b Sabyahan (46) 1B1C3E2a Talsai (43) 1A2B1A2c Dhar (40) 1B1C3E2a 8. Churad Churad (39) 1B1C3E2b Nal (38) 1A2B1A2c Ghauru (47) 1B1C3E2a Bhanglehra (36) 1B1C3E2f Bhanglehra (36) 1B1C3E2b 9. Bobar Bobar (96) 1A2B1A3a Phagla (97) 1A2B1A3b Kandar (80) 1A2B1B1b D.P.F. Phagla Bhawana 1A2B1A3a D.P.F. Phagla Bhawana 1A2B1A3b


The detls of sub micro watersheds are given in Table2.Sundernagar watershed comprises 43 sub-micro water sheds covering 98 villages.

Geology

There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone.

10. Barto Jandron (48) 1A2B1A2b Nalot (45) 1A2B1A2b Barto (89) 1A2B1A2a Barto (89) 1A2B1A2b Luhnun (88) 1A2B1A2a 11. Jarol Jarol (94) 1A2B1A3a Sanihani (292) 1A2B1G2c Sanihani (292) 1A2B1H1a 12. Dhawal D.P.F. Dhawal (236) 1A2B1E1d Ahan (243) 1A2B1E2b Snihan (241) 1A2B1E2a Kiyana (240) 1A2B1E2a Ropa (239) 1A2B1E2a Padhana (237) 1A2B1E1d 95 villages 43 sub-micro watersheds


Physiography

Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti.

Climate

The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm.

Land Capability Classification

It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices.The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all.


Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of watershed area

AES Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm) Valley areas 651-1,300 1,000 Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas 651-1,300 1,540 High rainfall mid-hill areas 1,100-1,800 2,376 Mid hill-sub temperate areas 1,300-1,800 1,080, light snowfall High hill temperate wet areas >1,800 1,000

Moderate to high snow fall

The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table3).

Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04

Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3

1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02 (Table4).

Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in watershed area

Block Year in which effected (last 10 years)

Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected

Sundernagar 2002,

2004 &

2005

S

S

M

62

65

34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe

During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced in Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table 5).


Table 6: Information on Soils for watershed area

AES Soil Topography % area

Important crops

Valley areas

Entisol & Inseptisol More or less leveled 25 Wheat, paddy, maize, onion, garlic, vegetables, plum, mango, litchi

Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas

Entisole, Inseptisole & Mollisole

Hilly terrain, soils shallow to deep, frost prone particularly on northern aspects

39 Wheat, paddy, maize, ginger, onion, garlic, tomato, plum, mango

High rainfall mid-hill areas

Alfisol, Ineptisole & Mollisole

Hilly to moderate slope

12 Wheat, paddy, maize, pea, potato, sarson, linseed, vegetables

Mid hill-sub temperate areas

Alfisole & Inseptisole

Hilly terrain, slop moderate to steep, during winter northern aspects have frost for longer period

15 Potato, wheat, maize, paddy, off-season vegetables (pea, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, capsicum), apple, pear, plum

High hill temperate wet areas

Shallow in depth, Acidic in reaction, silt loam to loam

Hilly terrain 9 Wheat, barley, maize, buckwheat, potato, pea, apple, nuts, off-season vegetables

The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hills occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%) (Table6). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 hectares area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures (Table7).

Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the watershed area

Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity Very severe Severe Mild

Soil erosion 350 155 60 135 Micro-nutrient deficiency 20,000 - - 20,000

Table 8: Land Use Pattern of Sundernagar watershed

Name of watershed

Name of Panchayat

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Waste Land Area Proposed for treatment

Cultivable

Non-Cultivable

Ghiri Ghiri Ghiri 148 50 0 32 32 09 09 41 Kharloh 144 45 0 22 18 16 07 34 Nahindal 50 0 20 16 25 05 41 Barnog 145 22 0 14 14 05 03 19 Kushla 142 83 27 20 19 23 13 69


Name of watershed

Name of Panchayat

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)


Fatehpur 150 120 0 05 05 111 04 116 Total 370 27 113 104 189 41 320 Serikothi Serikothi Serikothi 252 64 0 27 23 26 11 49 Garahan 149 0 28 26 108 13 134 Chiral 218 280 69 32 32 167 12 268 Ropa Bandala 250 242 0 40 38 185 17 223 Lalag 253 89 0 28 28 53 8 81 Kot 254 48 0 19 12 25 4 37 Total 872 69 174 159 564 65 792 Rohanda Rohanda Jhalanger 194 09 0 05 05 03 1 8 Parala 200 01 0 01 1 0 0 1 Khabora 201 02 0 01 1 01 0 2 Saradhar 198 01 0 01 1 0 0 1 Chauki 193 47 0 31 31 12 4 43 Banwali 191 92 0 13 13 77 2 90 Aukal 204 194 0 61 61 122 11 183 Chandakufer 209 108 12 23 23 70 03 105 Nehra 188 49 0 23 23 20 06 43 Rohanda 187 23 0 14 14 04 05 18 Dhar-I 162 02 0 01 01 01 0 02 Dhar-II 199 01 0 01 01 0 0 01 Kheel 159 32 0 18 18 10 04 28 Labot 165 22 0 08 08 12 02 20 Chhichhar 157 38 06 11 11 19 02 36 Majhar 206 29 0 16 16 11 02 27 Doghari 167 10 0 03 03 06 01 09 Balas 169 29 0 16 16 10 03 26 Saral 163 04 0 02 02 02 0 04 Chuhani 149 82 20 14 14 41 07 75 Halai 172 14 01 05 05 08 0 14 Shakohar 181 60 05 19 19 33 03 57 Thamandi 177 50 0 18 18 26 06 44 Naindal Uperli 175 02 0 01 01 01 0 02 Taplidhar 185 14 0 04 04 09 01 13 Malagra 196 30 0 0 0 29 01 29 Rowan 183 14 0 02 02 10 02 12 Total 959 44 312 312 537 66 893 Jaral Jaral Basahu 229 191 0 08 07 168 15 175 Jaral 232 215 70 59 28 66 20 164 Dharli 230 286 65 27 27 179 15 271 Total 692 135 94 62 413 50 610 Salwana Salwana Salwana 65 256 07 74 74 156 19 237 Bah 85 74 14 25 25 25 10 64 Gamohu 86 239 07 64 64 152 16 223 Total 569 28 163 163 333 45 524 Chamukha Chamukha Chamukha 41 203 05 63 63 114 21 182


Name of watershed

Name of Panchayat

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)


Sabyahan 46 109 0 49 49 44 16 93 Talsai 43 87 0 32 32 46 09 78

Dhar 40 225 22 69 69 118 16 209 Total 624 27 213 213 322 62 562 Churad Churd Churd 39 110 07 46 46 48 09 101 Nall 36 90 0 38 38 42 10 80 Ghouru 47 142 0 43 43 91 08 134 Bhanglehra 26 95 0 42 42 45 08 87 Total 437 07 169 169 226 35 402 Bobar Bobar Fagla 97 83 01 27 27 42 13 70 Kandar 80 244 85 50 50 94 15 229 Bobar 96 275 128 61 61 56 30 245 DPF Fagla 127 124 01 01 01 01 126 Total 729 338 139 139 193 59 670 Barto Barto Jandron 48 121 0 49 49 66 06 115 Nalot 45 141 23 48 48 56 14 127 Barto 89 70 0 42 42 18 10 60 Luhna 88 78 10 31 31 27 10 68 Total 410 33 170 170 167 40 370 Jarol Jarol Jarol 94 516 123 143 143 150 99 416 Sarihani 292 21 0 12 12 09 01 21 Total 537 123 155 155 159 100 437 Slappar Slappar Slappar 78 291 24 68 68 108 91 200 Khurahl 79 243 82 55 55 48 58 185 Sadwahn 77 124 0 65 65 36 23 101 Total 658 106 188 188 192 172 486 Dhawal Dhawal Dhawal 236 234 84 87 87 58 05 229 Ahn 243 145 0 20 20 118 07 138 Sanihan 241 140 0 28 28 96 16 124 Kayana 240 106 0 18 18 77 11 95 Ropa 239 39 0 10 10 19 10 29 Padhana 237 06 0 03 03 01 02 04 Total 670 84 166 166 369 51 619 GT 95 - 7527 1021 2056 2000 3664 786 6685

*There are no area under permanent pastures and grasslands in the block

The land use pattern of Sundernagar watershed is presented in Table8. The total geographical area of the watershed is 7527 hectares, out of which the area under agriculture is 2056 hectares. The ranfed area is 2000 hectares whereas, irrigated area is only 56 hectares. The area under cultivable and non cultivable wastes is 3664 and 786 hectares. The forest area is 1021 hectares (Table8).


Demography:

Table 9: Demographic features of watershed area

Name of watershed

SC ST OBC General Total Population

BPL families Households

Ghiri 768 6 - 548 1322 77 330 Serikothi 807 35 - 1397 2239 99 432

Rohanda 237 - - 2366 2603 115 672

Jaral 300 48 - 809 1157 55 255

Salwana 183 - - 1641 1824 88 469

Chamukha 831 - - 1534 2365 83 535 Churd 125 - - 1380 1505 44 333

Bobber 41 - - 1285 1696 74 362

Barto 275 - - 1342 1607 75 398

Jarol 479 - - 1723 2202 65 570

Slappar 826 - - 2479 3305 124 746 Dhawal 1073 - - 1038 2111 43 546

Total 5945 89 17542 23936 942 5648

There are 5648 households in the entire watershed with total population of 23936 (Table9). Out of the total population, about 60% are under general category, 30% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are negligible and OBC category does not exist. There are 942 BPL families in the watershed area. Though all the panchayats have BPL families yet Slapper and Rohanda panchayats have the highest number of BPL families. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood.

Table 10: Operational land holding in watershed area Name of watershed Category Small Medium Large Ghiri 198 129 3 Serikothi 283 146 3 Rohanda 363 303 5 Jaral 140 112 2 Salwana 272 194 3 Chamukha 309 223 3 Churd 207 124 2 Bobar 272 86 3 Barto 255 140 3 Jarol 140 112 2 Slappar 429 311 4 Dhawal 327 214 3 Total 3195 2094 36

The majority of the farmers fall in small category (3195) followed by medium farmers (2094) but large farmers are very less (Table10). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, bee


keeping, mushroom cultivation, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising etc.

Infrastructural Facilities:

Table 11: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area

Name of watershed

Banking facilities Fair Price Shops

Commodity handled

Markets Commodity handled

Ghiri Nil (nearest bank at Rohanda) 1 All items under public distribution system

Dhanotu Vegetables, fruits and food grain

Serikothi Nil (nearest bank at Slapper) 1 do Rohanda Himachal Gramin Bank 1 do Jaral Nil ( nearest bank at Slapper) 1 do Salwana Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 do Chamukha Himachal Gramin Bank 1 do Churd Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 do Bobber Kangra Co-operative Bank 1 do Barto Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 do Jarol Kangra Co-operative Bank 1 do Slappar State Bank of India, Salpper Colony 1 do Dhawal Nil (nearest bank at Slapper) 1 do

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area (Table11). The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. Every panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table12).

Table 12: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area

Location Commodity processed Type of processing Jarol HPMC

Apple, pear, plum, mango, litchi, lemon, baby corn etc.

Wine, juice, canning and preservation

Chakkar Milk Curd, cheese, ghee Badhu Do Do

Means of transportation:

Except Serikothi panchayat, all the panchayats in watershed areas are well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar.


Drainage and Natural Resource:

There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km.


Socio - economic Conditions:

The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC

Present Land Use:

The watershed area has wide plant diversity and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:-

Vegetation

The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area:

Table 13 A: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Botanical Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba Ban Quercus incana Dudhla Ficus sp.

Table 13.B: Existing Fruit Plants

Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp Apple Malus domestica Plum Prunus domestica

Table13C: Existing Weeds & Grasses

Common Name/local name Botanical Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii


Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

Table 13D: Existing Timber Trees

Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Tuna Toona ciliata Deodar Cedrus deodara Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis

A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors.

Strengths

The key strengths of the IWMP have been identified as under:

The varied agro-climatic conditions give rise to micro climatic niches conducive for the cultivation of a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops both, seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables along with concomitant avocations like, commercial vermicompost production, vegetable nursery raising, rearing of poultry, crossbred cows, particularly Jersey cross with local cows and improved buffalo.

The high altitude areas of, Sundernagar block provide excellent environment for the

cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,

The main rivers viz. Sutlej supported by perennial tributaries passing through the watershed area are potential sources of lift irrigation.

The district receives well distributed and sufficient rainfall which augurs well for

overall agricultural development. It is also rich in groundwater. Situated in the heart of the state and two national high ways passing through it, the

district enjoys an enviable potential of emerging as a mega market center of the state.

The location of the Sundernagar watershed near to market in the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi as compared to other districts of the state gives it an added advantage.

The district has price responsive farming communities willing to innovate, experiment and adopt riskier crops and enterprises as is evident from the rapid spread of protective cultivation.

The moderate climate and presence of green fodder and various grasses in the

watershed area provide salubrious environment for development of small scale commercial dairy.


The presence of suitable flora for beekeeping in far flung area of Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobber and Barto can be very good nitches for beekeeping.

The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and

commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.

The existence of fish farm at Dahar and Karsog, is an added advantage for promoting

and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.

Potential of promoting organic farming because of low use of inorganic fertilizers in certain Panchayats of the district and availability of organic inputs like bio-fertilizers, vermin-compost and FYM does exist. The usage of organic inputs has increased from 41 per cent in 2003-2004 to 45 per cent in 2005-06 and per cent of farmers using organic manure has increased from 28.41 to 31 for the same period.

Weaknesses

Small and fragmented holdings, besides undulating topography of high terrain areas are major impediments in accelerating growth of agriculture and allied sectors.

The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which

hampers agricultural growth.

Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the district is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth nand taking up mechanized farming.

The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the areas having

poor connectivity is a vital weak link.

Poor extension backup as a result of inadequate extension manpower is yet another important weakness.

Inadequate irrigation facilities despite huge potential to bring additional area under irrigation.

Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops Pastures and grazing lands are severely infested with weeds and poor quality grasses.

Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.


Opportunities

Potential to emerge as leading producer of high value cash crop like exotic vegetables (broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like fish farming, small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, mango, litchi, plum, apple and vermicomposting production.

Scope for enhancing area under irrigation through lift irrigation, rain water harvesting,

natural water sources and ground water exploitation.

Potential to expand organic farming in areas particularly Rohanda, Ghiri, Serikothi and Jaral wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.

Potential for developing commercial dairy and rearing sheep and goat because of

availability of pastures and grass lands on the one hand and huge local demand for milk on the other.

Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in watershed area like Jaral, Dhawal,

Bobber etc. and apiculture in Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobber and Barto.

Vast potential for area expansion under mango in Jarol, Slapper, Churd, Barto, Salwana and Bobber in Sundernagar block exists..

Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield, the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger in Panchayats like Jaral and Serikothi.

Threats

The rapid spread of obnoxious weeds like Ageratum conyzoids, Parthenium hystrophorus, Lantana camara, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, , Cyprus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyprus iria, Commelina communis, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fimbristylis sp., Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Juncus bufonius is posing threat to pastures and cultivable lands.

Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands. Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural

uses like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and on-going process of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.


Unplanned construction of roads and other infrastructures, mining and removal of sand aggregates from the river and local nallah are posing serious threat to fragile hilly ecosystem.

Rapidly increasing population of monkeys and stray cattle is major threat to crop and fruit production in large part of the watershed area. In fact, many farmers have abandoned cultivation of crops due to monkey menace.

Inadequate infrastructure facilities like rural roads, markets and extension back-up are the major handicaps to the ongoing process of crop diversification in the watershed.

The rising incidence of diseases like wilt, rhizome rot, blight, attack of insect pests like fruit flies, tomato fruit borer and cutworms and nematodes is a serious threat to the cultivation of high value cash crops.

Low prices of agricultural produce coupled with rising input costs are other threats to agricultural sector. As a sequel of falling profitability, the farmers are fast losing interest in agriculture.

The degradation of natural resource base, in particular soils and water, poses an imminent threat to the sustainability of agriculture.

The climate change manifested in terms of erratic and untimely rainfall and rising temperature is yet another threat that looms large in sustaining agricultural production.

There also lurks a threat of competition in the market both because of crop diversification in other states and also from cheaper imports under new liberalized region.

The threat of disappearance of comparative advantage enjoyed in the production of high value crops from emerging frontline technologies with the help of which goods can be produced under controlled conditions in plains.

The threat of price crash as result of too much supply of some of the high value cash crops grown in polyhouses. This would adversely affect the cultivation of these crops.


4. Entry Point Activities

Entry point activities are integral part of the project to orient the community members towards thrift and credit activities of the project. Success of government initiated programme largely depends upon the preference given to the entry point activities suggested under the programme. Main objective of the entry point activities is to increase people participation in various developmental activities initiated by the government. The money earmarked for entry point activities is 4 per cent of total budget outlay and the amount plays vital role in involving more people in different project developmental activities.


5. Water Harvesting

Table 14: Existing water sources and their uses

Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat

Existing type of water sources

No. Permanent/seasonal Uses

Ghiri Ghiri Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

9 4 1 4 - 2 -

Working 1 seasonal 3 permanent Permanent Working - Permanent need repair -

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking -

Serikothi Serikothi Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

3 2 1 1 - 2 1

2 in operation 1 for repair Permanent source Permanent source Do - Permanent source In operation

Irrigation Need tapping Do Do - Drinking & Irrigation drinking

Rohanda Rohanda Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

- 5 1 3 - 2 -

- Permanent Permanent Working - Permanent -

- Need tapping Do Irrigation - drinking

Jaral Jaral Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 1 - - 1

All Permanent nalahas Permanent source In operation

Irrigation do do Drinking water

Salwana Salwana Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 - 1 5 - 2 -

working - Permanent Working - Permanent -

Irrigation - Need tapping Irrigation - Drinking & irrigation -

Chamukha Chamukha Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

- 1 1 - - 2 -

- Permanent Permanent - - Permanent -

- Drinking & irrigation

Churd Churd Kuhls Nalahs

5 3

Working Seasonal

Irrigation Need tapping


Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 4 - 9 -

Permanent Working - Permanent -

Do Irrigation - Drinking & irrigation -

Bobar Bobar Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

15 3 1 14 - 3 1

- 3 permanent - - Permanent source do

Irrigation Need tapping Irrigation - Drinking Drinking

Barto Barto Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

12 1 - 25 - 3 -

Working Seasonal - Working - Permanent over flow -

Jarol Jarol Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

6 10 2 13 - 2 2

9 seasonal one permanent Permanent sources - One dry one permanent Working

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking One drinking one irrigation

Slappar Slappar Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 - 1 ? - 1 1

abandoned need repair Permanent source Permanent source abandoned need repair

Irrigation - Drinking & irrigation - - Drinking water Drinking & irrigation

Dhawal Dhawal Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 3 1 18 - 2 1

(24 ha area covered) Permanent sources Permanent source - - 2 -

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking water Drinking water


The details of existing water sources are given in Table14. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department through pipe lines, lift irrigation schemes and hand pumps. The present water sources provide drinking water to nearly 75-85% of households. It was observed that most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

Table 15: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Name of watershed

Proposed water harvesting structures Location Size/ Length No.

Ghiri Storage tank for carrying over flow water from existing bowri in Kharloh village

Kharloh village N 310.28.900’ E 0760.59.626’ Elevation 1733 m

5mx4mx1m 1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia to carry water from tank to fields


800 m 1

Check Dams for tapping water from Barog nalah

Kusla village N 310.28.772’ E 0760.59.382’ Elevation 1726 m

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation

Kusla village N 310.28.884’ E 0760.59.355’ Elevation 1678 m

5mx4mx1m 1


Name of watershed


Check Dams for tapping water from Kharag Khad

Gehri village N 310.29.071’ E 0770.00.213’ Elevation 1638 m

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1


Gehri village N 310.28.971’ E 0770.00.125’ Elevation 1731 m

5mx4mx1m 1

Check Dams for tapping water from Katal nalah

Kathiyal village N 310.28.847’ E 0760.59.210’ Elevation 1743 m

8mx1m, 2mx2m

1

New Kuhl Barog nala to Kushla village

1435m(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1


Kathiyal village N 310.28.889’ E 0760.59.265’ Elevation 1737 m

5mx4mx1m 1


same 5mx4mx1m 1

Check Dams for tapping water existing nalah near Ghiri

Ghiri village31° 28' 695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia to carry water from tank to fields

Ghiri village31° 28' 695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude

1000 m 1


Ghiri 31° 28' 693" N latitude to 076° 59' 622" E longitude

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH tank Lower Kusla (10 HH), Drahal (10HH), Baghiyar (10 HH)

- 30

Gutter pipe for roof water collection - 30 Sprinkler systems 28 HD pipe 20 Serikothi Proposed water harvesting structures Check Dam at source for tapping water

from main khad 310 24.594’ N 0750 58.559’ E 1116m amsl

10mX1m, 2mX2m

1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia for further supply to water tank

same 1” 350m

Storage tank near field 310 24.604’ N 0750 58.503’ E

7.00 x 5.00 x2.00m

1

Check Dam at source (Tangali Khad) for tapping water from nalah to Dhanech village

310 24.147’ N 0760 58.8626’ E 1325m amsl

8m x1 m, 2mX2m

1

Repair of existing kuhl Almost same 3000


Name of watershed


m Construction of new kuhl beyond repair

point Almost same (0.5m B x 0.4m

H) 7500 m

Storage tank near fields for irrigation 310 24.342’ N 0760 58.810’ E 1303m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH Ropa Bandla (10 HH), Smella (7 HH) and Bhun (13 HH) villages

5.00x3.50x1.80 m

30

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same - 60 Sprinkler systems same 30 Sets 28 HD

pipe Rohanda Proposed water harvesting structures Check dam for tapping water from

Chowki khad and water supply through kuhl to two storage tanks for irrigation purpose.

Chowki khad (near bridge on state highway-13) N 310 26.727’ E 0770 02.998’

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Construction of kuhl for carrying water to tank

Chowki khad to Chowki village

(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

5600 m

Water storage tank for irrigation Chowki village 5mx4mx1m 2

Check dam in Rohanda Khad and then supply through alkathane pipe (2000m length) to three storage tanks for irrigation purpose.

Rohanda khad to Rohanda village N 310 27.751’ E 0770 01.899’

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Water storage tank for irrigation Rohanda village 5mx4mx1m 3 Alkathane pipe to supply water up to tank Check dam to

storage tanks in Rohanda village

1” 2000 m

Storage tank for irrigation Rohanda village 5mx4mx1m 1 Alkathane pipe Bhebhal nalah to

Kheel village 1” 2000

m Storage tanks for irrigation purpose. Kheel village 5mx4mx1m 2

Alkathane pipe to supply water up to tank Mahu nalah to Majhar village

1” 2000m

Storage tanks for irrigation purpose. Majhar village 5mx4mx1m 1 Conversion of existing water chamber in

to water tank Between Rohanda and Chowki on state highway N 310 27.300’ E 0770 02.609’

5mx4mx1m 1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia for carrying water from tank

Kathail village 1” 2000m

Storage tanks for irrigation purpose. Kathail village 5mx4mx1m 1 RWH tanks Aukal (10 HH), 2mx2mx1m 20


Name of watershed


Labut (10 HH), Chuhni (10 HH)

Gutter pipe for roof water collection - 40 Sprinkler systems 20 sets 28 HD

pipe Jaral Proposed water harvesting structures New kuhl Jaral-I to Jaral-II (0.5m B x 0.4m

H) 4100 m

Renovation of kuhl Jaral - 3000 m

Check dam in Rava nalah for water tapping and further supply to storage tank through pipe (1000m) for irrigation.

Rava nalah 31024.783’ N 076055.116’E 1041m amsl

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

4

Alkathane pipe Rava nalah to Rava village

1” 1000m

Water storage tank Rava village 31024.783’ N 076055.116’E 1041m amsl

5mx4mx1m 4

Alkathane pipe to carry water up to tank Baghli nalah to Baghli village 31024.806’ N 076056.228’E 1100m amsl

1” 1750 m

RWH tanks Dehra (8 HH), Berpat (7 HH), Neri (15 HH, Ghachara (10 HH) village

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same - 20

Sprinkler systems same 10 28 HD pipe

Salwana Proposed water harvesting structures One Check dam for tapping water Salwana khad ½ Km

from middle school, majhkhetar on main road 31028’391” N 0760 40’ 837” E at 859 m abmsl

10mx1.25m, 2m,x2m

1

Construction of a new kuhl Salwana khad to Salwana

1500m(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1

Water storage tank Salwana 5mx4mx1m 1 Check dam near on foot bridge Salwana Khad near

Fagla village 31027’367” N 0760 50’ 279” E at 679 m abmsl

10mx1.25m, 2m,x2m

1

Construction of a new kuhl Salwana khad to 1500m 1


Name of watershed


Fagla Water storage tank Fagla 5mx4mx1m 1

The tapping of over flow water from Jabbal bowri

Near Jabbal 31027’510” N 0760 50’ 719” E at 846 m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH Tanks Sulwana, Fagla and Jabbal (15 in each)

2x2x1 m 45

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same - 100 Sprinkler system Fagla and Jabbal

(5 in each) 10sets 28HD

pipes Chamukha Proposed water harvesting structures Location Size/ Length No. Check dam in Chail khad 310 25.654’ N

latitude and 0750 44.219 E longitude.

6 mx1 mx2 mx2 m (LxTW, BWxH)

1

lifting of water from check dam to a height of 1000m by installing water lifting pumps at 100m interval

Check dam to Chamukha village

1.5 horse power

10

Construction of a new kuhl Chail khad to different villages

3000m (1500+1500m) (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

2

Water storage tanks at 100 m interval Talsai and Dhar village

5mx4mx1m

10

Tank roof top harvesting RCC Talsai (8HH), Dhar (7HH) and Sabyahn (5HH)

2mx2mx1 m 20

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same 40 Sprinkler systems same 20 sets 28 HD

pipe Churd Proposed water harvesting structures One Check dam near Nal village Near PWD Bridge

31030’512” N 0760 50’ 366” E at 1198m abmsl

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Renovation of existing Kuhl Churadh-II to Churadh-I 31030’352” N 0760 50’ 911” E at 1094m abmsl

1000 m 1

Construction of new kuhls Churadh-II to Churadh-I 31030’352” N 0760 50’ 911” E at 1094m abmsl

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) (1500 m each)

2


Name of watershed


Tapping over flow water of 9 Bowdies in to storage tanks

1. Bangaloo vill. Near Sangam public school (1) 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 141” E at 1079m abmsl 2.Near Dhanwani vill. 31030’840” N 0760 51’ 171” E at 1053m abmsl 3.Ghowru vill. 31030’155” N 0760 50’ 225” E at 1378m abmsl 4. Nal vill. Near harijan basti 31030’409” N 0760 50’ 449” E at 1193m abmsl 5.Khera 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 214” E at 1009m abmsl 6. lower Kothi 31030’835” N 0760 50’ 205” E at 1000m abmsl 7.Bhour 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 234” E at 1012m abmsl 8.Bhanglera 31030’835” N 0760 50’346” E at 1050m abmsl 9.Thalagdhar 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 145” E at 1029m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 9

Water distribution through alkathane pipe

Storage tank to fields falling in Khera, lower Kothi, Balngloo, Dhanwani, Bhour (2), Bhanglera

1700m 9


Name of watershed


RWH Tank Aran Kothi, Mandehri, Dah

2mx2mx1m 10

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same 20 Sprinkler systems Same 10sets 28 HD

pipe Bobar Proposed water harvesting structures Lift irrigation from Bhunka ra nal to

Kandar-1 village (1000m head). It is proposed through water lifting pump and Check dam in nalah. Water storage tank has already been constructed at Kutli by IPH deptt.

Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N 0750 42.234’ E

- 1

Check dam for tapping water Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N 0750 42.234’ E

8mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Lifting of water from Bhunka ra nal to Kandar village

Kandar village 310 26.169’ N 0760 52.394’ E

1.5 horse power

1

Alkathene pipe Bhunka ra nal to Kutli

2” 900m

Construction of water storage tanks at an interval of 100m (Total head=1100m)

Between nalah and kutli

5mx4mx1m 11

Tapping water from bowri in to a community tank in Kandhar-I village

310 26.169’ N 0760 52.394’ E 1002 m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

Construction of new kuhl Kandar to fields (0.5m B x 0.4m H) 3950m

1

RWH Tank Fagla Dhar (10 HH) and Kandhar-1 (30 HH)

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 60 Sprinkler systems same 40 28 HD

pipe Barto Proposed water harvesting structures Check dams Barto khad (Barto

vill.) 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

10mx1.25m,2mx2m

5

Construction of new kuhl Karla ka dhaon to Thala 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

2000m (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1

storage tank Thala 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 4

Tapping of over flow from a perennial Luhnu vill. 5mx4mx1m 2


Name of watershed


source of water (bowri) 31028’122” N 0760 50’ 769” E at 1122m abmsl

storage tanks Luhnu 5mx4mx1m 3

Check dams near house of Sh. Khimi Chand

Nal vill. 31029’670” N 0760 50’ 847” E at 1142m abmsl

10mx1.25m,2mx2m

1

RWH tanks Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 2mx2mx1m 15 Gutter pipe for roof water collection Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 30 Sprinkler systems Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 15 sets 28 HD

pipe Jarol Proposed water harvesting structures Tapping over flow water from bowri in

storage tank Trimi village310 26.722’ N latitude and 0760 32.233’ E longitude

5mx4mx1m 1

Construction of kuhl for water distribution

same (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

2350 m

Loose bolder crate wire check dams at 100 m interval in main Jarol khad for soil erosion control

Jarol khad 310 26.588’ N latitude and 0760 46.219’ E longitude

6mx1.25mx2.5m

6

Check dam for tapping water from nalah Bhalokri village 310 28.528’ N latitude and 0760 49.098’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 1

Water supply through alkathane pipe to Storage tanks.

same 2” 700 m

Check dam for tapping water from nalah Saragi and Kalsog village310 26.690’ N latitude and 0760 55.067’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 2 Check dam for tapping water from nalah Gehri vilage310

25.589’ N latitude and 0750 45.079’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 1 RWH Tank Swardu (10 HH)

Trimi (10 HH), Tali (10 HH), Dhari (7 HH), Tikri (5 HH)

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same 6” 30 Sprinkler systems same 40 sets 28 HD

pipe


Name of watershed


Slapper Proposed water harvesting structures Important: We proposed for the repair of

existing water Lifting scheme lying abandon. The panchayat suggested that the repair of lift scheme need lot of money. It was proposed to lift water from Soul Khad through water lifting pumps and storage of water in water tanks. The proposal was accepted by the villagers. Now it has been confirmed that a water lifting scheme stand sanctioned for Rs. 86,00,000/- for Slappar. So there is no need to spend money under IWMP. Rain water harvesting is proposed for three villages in the watershed.

-

RWH Tank Khurahal (10 HH) and Sadwahan (5 HH)

2mx2mx1m 60

Water storage tanks Khurahl and Sadwahan

5mx4mx1m 2

New kuhl Nearby nala to Khurahl village

1375 m(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1

Alkathane pipe 1000m 1 Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 6” 60

Sprinkler systems same 60 sets 28 HD pipe

Dhawal Proposed water harvesting structures Check dams for tapping water Kuta Ra Nal (near

Bridge) 310 24.768’ N 0760 55.063’ E 635 m amsl


1

Supply of water to the fields through kulhs

Dhawal village 310 24.760’ N 0760 55.058’ E

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 2000 m

1

Water storage tank Ropri 310 25.408’ N 0760 53.186’ E At 591 m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

Check dams for tapping water Panihar (310 22.997’ N 0760 53.062’ E) at 613 and Dhawal nalah (310 25.774’ N 0760 53.160’ E 645 m amsl)


2

Supply of water to the fields through kulhs

Panihar and Dhawal (310 25.774’ N 076053.160’ E)

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 3475 m (2000m+1475

2


Name of watershed


m) Water storage tank Panihar and Dhawal

(310 25.774’ N 076053.160’ E)

5mx4mx1m 2

Tank roof top harvesting RCC Padhana (5 HH) Snihan (5 HH) Kiyana (5 HH)

2 mx2mx1 m 10

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 6” 30 Sprinkler systems same 10set 28 HD

pipes The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 15. The emphasis has been given to harvest water through construction of water harvesting structures including tapping water from natural sources and its storage as also roof top rainwater harvesting and its efficient use through micro irrigation systems. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level.

Irrigation

Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 54.6% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table16). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility.

Table 16: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Sundernagar Block

Name of Panchayat

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)

Pre-Project Irrigated area

(ha)

Post-Project Irrigated area

(ha)

% increase in irrigated area

Ghiri 113 104 09 70 61.9 Serikothi 174 159 15 88 50.6 Rohanda 312 312 0 136 43.6 Jaral 94 62 32 44 44.8 Salwana 163 163 0 90 55.2 Chamukha 213 213 0 82 38.5 Churd 169 169 0 90 53.2 Bobar 139 139 0 96 69.1 Barto 170 170 0 82 48.2 Jarol 155 155 0 112 72.2 Slappar 188 188 0 144 76.5 Dhawal 166 166 0 88 53.0 Total 2056 2000 56 1122 (AV. 54.6%)


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favourable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops.

The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc.

Table17: Existing Cropping System in different panchayats of Sundernagar Block

Sr. No.

Name of Panchayat

Existing cropping System

Major Kharif crop

Area under Major Kharif crops (ha)

Major Rabi crop

Area under Major Rabi crops (ha)

Cultivated Area(ha)

1. Ghiri Potato-peas Potato 75 Wheat 75 113

Maize –Peas Maize 15 Peas 13 2. Serikothi Maize-wheat Maize 125 Wheat 174 174

Ginger-Wheat Ginger 35

Paddy-Wheat Paddy 14

3. Rohanda Potato-Peas Potato 274 Peas 312 312

Maize-wheat Maize 38

4. Jaral Maize-wheat Maize 35 Wheat 94 94



5. Salwana Maize-wheat Maize 163 Wheat 163 163

6. Chamukha Maize-wheat Maize 213 Wheat 213 213

7. Churd Maize-wheat Maize 135 Wheat 169 169

Paddy-wheat Paddy 10

Tomato-wheat Tomato 17

Cucumber-wheat cucumber 07

8. Bobar Paddy-wheat Paddy 88 Wheat 139 139

Maize-Wheat Maize 42

Tomato-wheat Tomato

9


Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Potato=225q, Paddy=20, Ginger=115q, Tomato=375q, Colocacia=110q, Cucumber=115q and Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q, Peas green=80q

The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. In most of the panchayats, maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Ginger is grown in some of the panchayats like Serikothi, Jaral and Jarol.. The peas and potato are the main vegetable crops being grown in Ghiri and Rohanda panchayats. The vegetables in other panchayats are grown only for table purposes but have huge potential in the watershed area.

Table18: Pre-Project area, yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha) Ghiri Maize 28 2.2 61.6 Wheat 82 1.7 139.4 Serikothi Maize 120 2.2 264 Wheat 170 1.7 289 Paddy 14 1.4 19.6 Rohanda Maize 36 2.2 79.2 Wheat 33 1.7 56.1 Jaral

Cucumber-Wheat cucumber 07

9. Barto Maize-wheat Maize 156 Wheat 166 170


Maize-barley Barley 04

Cucumber- wheat Cucumber 3

10. Jarol Maize-wheat Maize 88.0 Wheat 82.0 155

Paddy-wheat

Paddy 3.0

Ginger-Wheat Ginger

11. Slapper Maize-wheat Maize 115

Wheat 150 188


Okra-Wheat

Tomato -Cauliflower

12 Dhawal Maize-Wheat Maize 120 wheat 144 166

Ginger-Wheat

Ginger 25

Colocacia-Peas Colocacia 10


Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha) Maize 35 2.2 77 Wheat 84 1.7 142.8 Paddy 17 1.4 23.8 Salwana Maize 149 2.2 327.8 Wheat 144 1.7 244.8 Chamukha Maize 205 2.2 451 Wheat 203 1.7 345.1 Churd Maize 131 2.2 288.2 Wheat 157 1.7 266.9 Paddy 9 1.4 12.6 Bobar Maize 98 2.2 215.6 Wheat 125 1.7 212.5 Paddy 14 1.4 19.6 Barto Maize 126 2.2 277.2 Wheat 160 1.7 272 Paddy 21 1.4 29.4 Jarol Maize 108 2.2 237.6 Wheat 140 1.7 238 Paddy 28 1.4 39.2 Slappar Maize 145 2.2 319 Wheat 171 1.7 290.7 Paddy 15 1.4 21 Dhawal Maize 117 2.2 257.4 Wheat 148 1.7 251.6 Total 3033 5769.7

The average yield and production of all cereal crops including cereals (Table 18) and vegetables (Table20) is low due to many reasons. Lack of irrigation water, improved varieties, imbalanced fertilizer use, and untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The detail of interventions for increasing crop productivity has been provided in Annexure VIII. We propose to conduct front line demonstration on improved production packages on following crops:

Cereals: Maize, wheat, paddy,

Vegetables: potato, peas, ginger


Table 19: Post-Project area, yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Panchayat crops area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha) Ghiri Maize 28 3.1 86.8 Wheat 82 2.2 180.4 Serikothi 0 Maize 120 3.1 372 Wheat 170 2.2 374 Paddy 14 2 28 Rohanda 0 Maize 36 3.1 111.6 Wheat 33 2.2 72.6 Jaral 0 Maize 35 3.1 108.5 Wheat 84 2.2 184.8 Paddy 17 2 34 Salwana 0 Maize 149 3.1 461.9 Wheat 144 2.2 316.8 0 Chamukha Maize 205 3.1 635.5

Wheat 203 2.2 446.6 Churd 0 Maize 131 3.1 406.1 Wheat 157 2.2 345.4 Paddy 9 2 18 Bobar 0 Maize 98 3.1 303.8 Wheat 125 2.2 275 Paddy 14 2 28 Barto 0 Maize 126 3.1 390.6 Wheat 160 2.2 352 Paddy 21 2 42 Jarol 0 Maize 108 3.1 334.8 Wheat 140 2.2 308 Paddy 28 2 56 Slappar 0 Maize 145 3.1 449.5 Wheat 171 2.2 376.2 Paddy 15 2 30 Dhawal 0


Panchayat crops area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha) Maize 117 3.1 362.7 Wheat 148 2.2 325.6 Total 3033 7817.2

With the proposed intervention, the production of maize and wheat and paddy cereals is expected to increase from 3033 tones to 7817 tones (Table19) and vegetables from 11607 tones to 19346 tones (Table21).

Table 20: Pre-Project area, yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area

Panchayat Crop area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha)

Ghiri

Potato 85 22.5 1912.5 Pea 26 1.1 28.6

Serikothi Ginger 33 15.5 511.5

Rohanda Potato 272 22.5 6120 Pea 264 1.1 290.4

Jaral Ginger 37 15.5 573.5

Salwana 0 0 0 0 Chamukha 0 0 0 0

Churd Tomato 12 21.5 258 Cucumber 8 28.5 228

Bobar Tomato 12 21.5 258 Cucumber 7 28.5 199.5

Barto Cucumber 8 28.5 228

Jarol Ginger 7 15.5 108.5

Slappar Okra 4 11.2 44.8 Tomato 9 21.5 193.5 Cauliflower 3 19.8 59.4

Dhawal Ginger 25 15.5 387.5 Colocacia 10 20.5 205

Total 822 11606.7


Table 21: Post-Project area, yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area

Ghiri Crop area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t/ha)

Potato 85 30 2550 Pea 26 15 390

Serikothi 0 Ginger 33 21 693

Rohanda 0 Potato 272 30 8160 Pea 264 15 3960

Jaral 0 Ginger 37 21 777

Salwana 0 0 0 0 Chamukha 0 0 0 0

Churd 0 Tomato 12 30 360 Cucumber 8 34 272

Bobar 0 Tomato 12 30 360 Cucumber 7 34 238

Barto 0 Cucumber 8 34 272

Jarol 0 Ginger 7 21 147

Slappar 0 Okra 4 15 60 Tomato 9 30 270 Cauliflower 3 24 72

Dhawal 0 Ginger 25 21 525 Colocacia 10 24 240

Total 822 19346

Table 22: Status of Cereals and vegetables in watershed area

Name of watershed

Cereal production (t)

Cereals consumption (t)

Cereal marketable surplus (t)

Vegetable production (t)

Vegetable consumption (t)

Vegetable marketable surplus (t)

Ghiri 201 205.3 -4.3 1941.1 166.0 1775.1 Serikothi 572.6 216.7 355.9 511.5 175.2 336.3 Rohanda 135.3 302.1 -166.8 6410.4 244.3 6166.1 Jaral 243.6 192.1 51.5 573.5 155.4 418.1 Salwana 572.6 269.7 302.9 0 218.1 -218.1 Chamukha 796.1 233.0 563.1 0 188.4 -188.4


Churd 567.7 422.2 145.5

486 341.4 144.6

Bobar 447.7 216.7 231.0 457.5 175.2 282.3 Barto 578.6 286.0 292.6 228 231.3 -3.3 Jarol 514.8 332.5 182.3 108.5 268.9 -160.4 Slapper 630.7 168.9 461.8 297.7 136.6 161.1 Dhawal 509 281.3 227.7 592.5 227.5 365.0 Total 5769.7 3126.6 2643.1 11606.7 2528.0 9078.7 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 280g Vegetable as per RDA

The data in Table 22 indicate that two panchayats namely Ghiri and Rohanda has negative marketable surplus but it is self sufficient in vegetable surplus. Most of the panchayats has significant marketable food grain surplus but they are deficit in vegetable surplus. There is need to increase the production of vegetables by putting more area out of cultivable wastes in to vegetables and following improved production technologies.


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is

main commercial crop of Jarol, Chamukha, Salwana, Bobber and Barto panchayats. Apple is grown mainly in Rohanda panchayat and to some extent in Ghiri panchayat which have favorable climate for apple production (Table 23). The average yield of most of the fruit crops is low resulting low net returns. We propose to conduct demonstrations on improved production technologies for increasing fruit yield (apple and mango) in the watershed. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed, a significant increase in production and net returns of mango crops can be realized.

Table 23: Existing yield and production of mango in watershed area Pre-project Name of watershed

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost (Rs.) Total Prod (t) Output (Rs.) Net income(Rs.)

Salwana 2 9.75 46840 19.5 292500 245660 Chamukha 15 11.66 351300 174.9 2623500 2272200

Churdh 8 11.56 187360 92.48 1387200 1199840 Bartoo 3 10.66 70260 31.98 479700 409440 Jarol 25 11.8 585500 295 4425000 3839500 Slapper 1.5 8 35130 12 180000 144870 Dhawal 3 10.16 70260 30.48 457200 386940

Table 24: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area Post project

Name of watershed

Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost (Rs.) Total Prod (t) Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

Salwana 4.0 16.42 93680 65.68 985200 891520

Chamukha 22 17.94 515240 394.68 5920200 5404960

Churdh 18 16.83 421560 302.94 4544100 4122540

Bartoo 4 16.20 93680 64.80 972000 878320 Jarol 35 19.32 819700 676.20 10143000 9323300 Salaper 2.5 14.85 58550 37.13 556875 498325

Dhawal 4.5 16.14 105390 72.63 1089450 984060

The current level of mango production in different panchayats is 31 tones with a net income of Rs. 386940/- (Table23). It is expected to be increased up to 73 tones with a total income of Rs. 98460/- (Table 24).


Table 25: Pre-Project yield, production and Net Returns of apple in watershed area

Name of watershed

Area ( ha ) Yield ( t/ha) Input cost (Rs.)

Total Prod (t) Gross income (Rs.)

Net income (Rs.)

Rohanda 180 14.25 6921000 2565 38475000 31554000 Ghiri 38 13.5 1461100 513 7695000 6233900

Table 26: Post-Project expected yield, production and Net Returns of apple in watershed area

Name of watershed

Area ( ha ) Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost (Rs.)

Total Prod (t)

Gross income (Rs.)

Net income (Rs.)

Rohanda 250 22 6921000 5500 82500000 75579000 Ghiri 60 19.25 1461100 1155 17325000 15863900

The major apple growing panchayat is Rohanda with a production of 2565 tones and

net income of Rs. 315540000/- (Table25) follewd by Ghiri which has 513 tones production and Rs/6233900/ net income. The current level of production may be increased to 5500 tones and 1155 tones in Rohanda and Ghiri panchayat (Table26). Te net income is expected to be increased two times in both the panchayats.


Table 27: Expected increase in yield and production of apple in ROHANDA watershed area Name of watershed: Rohanda Area=70 ha. Crop = Apple No. of plants=19250

Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield ( t/ha)

0 0 0 0 0 290 340 400 450 550

Cultivation cost

8798930 2691500 2691500 2691500 2692000 269340 2694600 2700000 2700200 2700200

Gross returns

0 0 0 0 0 4350000 5100000 6000000 6750000 8250000

Net returns -8798930 -2691500 -2691500 -2691500 -2692000 4080660 2405400 3300000 4049800 5549800 Table 28: Expected cost and income from new established apple orchard in GHIRI watershed area

Name of watershed: Ghiri Area=32 ha. Crop = Apple No. of plants=8800 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield ( t/ha) 0 0 0 0 0 132 155 185 205 250

Cultivation cost

4022368 1230400 1230400 1231000 1232000 1233500 1234500 1235600 1235600 1236200

Gross returns 0 0 0 0 0 1980000 2325000 2775000 3075000 3750000 Net returns -4022368 -4022368 -4022368 -4022368 -4022368 746500 1090500 1539400 1839400 2513800

Keeping in view the more availability of cultivable waste land in the watershed area, new orchard of apple can be established to generate more income to the farm families (Table 27 & 28). Table 29: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in SALWANA watershed area

Name of watershed: Salwana Area=2.0 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=280 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield (t) Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 4.2 6 8 10 12 Input cost Input cost 197040 46840 46840 50000 54000 58000 58000 62000 64000 68000

Gross income Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 Net income Net income -197040 -46840 -46840 -50000 -54000 42000 60000 80000 90000 120000


Table 30: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in CHAMUKHA watershed area

Name of watershed: Chamukha Area=7 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=980 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 14 16 18 20 24 Input cost 692650 163940 166000 168000 169000 171000 173000 175000 177000 180000

Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 140000 160000 180000 200000 240000 Net income -692650 -163940 -163940 -163940 -163940 -31000 -13000 5000 23000 60000

Table 31: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in CHURD watershed area Name of watershed: Churd Area=10 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=1400

Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 20 23 25 27 30

Input cost Input cost 985520 234200 235000 237000 239000 241000 245000 247000 249000 250000 Gross income Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 200000 230000 250000 270000 300000 Net income Net income -985520 -234200 -235000 -237000 -239000 -41000 -15000 3000 21000 50000

Table 32: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in BERTO watershed area

Name of watershed: Barto Area=1 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=140 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 3 4 4.5 6 Input cost 98520 23420 23420 25000 27000 29000 29000 31000 32000 34000 Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 21000 30000 40000 45000 60000 Net income -98520 -23420 -23420 -25000 -27000 -8000 1000 9000 13000 26000


Table 33: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in JAROL watershed area Name of watershed: Jarol Area=1.0 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=140

Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 20 23 25 27 30

Input cost Input cost 985520 234200 235000 237000 239000 241000 245000 247000 249000 250000 Gross income Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 200000 230000 250000 270000 300000 Net income Net income -985520 -234200 -235000 -237000 -239000 -41000 -15000 3000 21000 50000

Table 34: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in SLAPPER watershed area

Name of watershed: Slapper Area=10 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=1400 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 3 4 4.5 6 Input cost 98520 23420 23420 25000 27000 29000 29000 31000 32000 34000

Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 21000 30000 40000 45000 60000 Net income -98520 -23420 -23420 -25000 -27000 -8000 1000 9000 13000 26000

Table 35: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in DHAWAL watershed area

Name of watershed: Dhawal Area=1.5 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=260 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield (t) Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 3.2 4.5 6 7 10 Input cost Input cost 147780 35130 36000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 43000

Gross income Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 32000 45000 60000 70000 100000 Net income Net income -147780 -35130 -36000 -38000 -39000 -8000 4000 18000 27000 57000

The establishment of new mango orchard in cultivable wastes or fallow agriculture land with better production techniques in different panchayats of the watershed may be taken up for increasing net income of the farmers (Table 29-35)


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 36: Cattle population in different Panachayts

Table36 (a) Cows

Name of watershed

Indigenous Cow

Total Improved cows

Total Total Cattle

Male Female Male Female Bartoo 358 58 416 2 36 38 454 Bobar 445 167 612 5 49 54 666 Chamukha 269 237 506 16 186 202 708 Churdh 361 83 444 5 58 63 507 Dhawal 243 115 358 3 50 53 411 Salwana 375 17 392 0 10 10 402 Salaper 222 46 268 8 131 139 407 Jaral 162 266 428 0 4 4 432 Serikothi 431 670 1101 0 11 11 1112 Rohanda 402 604 1006 0 243 243 1249 Ghiri 152 206 358 15 97 112 470 Jarol 450 22 472 0 15 15 487

Total 3870 1659 6361 54 890 944 7305

The total cattle population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 7305 out of which 6361 are indigenous and 940 improved (Table36a). Female indigenous cows are maximum (1669) as compared to improve cows (890). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. 36 (b): Buffasloes

Name of watershed Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female M F

Bartoo 8 306 314 0 0 0 314 Bobar 20 322 342 10 139 149 491 Chamukha 2 99 101 2 22 24 125 Churdh 28 383 411 0 8 8 419 Dhawal 21 199 220 6 83 89 309 Salwana 9 401 410 0 0 0 410 Salaper 23 312 335 15 259 274 609 Jaral 1 194 195 0 0 0 195 Serikothi 10 357 367 0 0 0 367 Rohanda 9 52 61 0 0 0 61 Ghiri 3 17 20 1 1 2 22 Jarol 14 502 516 0 1 1 517 Total 148 3144 3292 34 513 547 3839


The total cattle population of male and female buffaloes in the watershed area is 3839 out of which 3292 are indigenous and 547 improved (Table36b). Female indigenous buffaloes are maximum (3144) as compared to improve cows (513). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes for increasing milk production in the watershed area.

Table 36 (c): Sheep and Goat

Name of watershed Sheep Total Goat Acquines M F M F Total Grand Total

Bartoo 69 189 258 194 431 625 883 5 Bobar 45 99 144 179 796 975 1119 5 Chamukha 29 73 102 140 421 561 663 7 Churdh 172 250 422 294 714 1008 1430 0 Dhawal 1 11 12 61 86 147 159 11 Salwana 23 56 79 335 609 944 1023 25 Salaper 7 11 18 102 417 519 537 5 Jaral 28 70 98 146 560 706 804 15 Serikothi 172 330 502 398 1405 1803 2305 42 Rohanda 119 342 461 106 451 557 1018 17 Ghiri 59 34 39 36 72 108 147 5 Jarol 31 76 107 107 56 163 270 20 Total 755 1541 2242 2098 6018 8116 10358 157

The total sheep and goat population in the watershed is 10358, out of which 2242 are sheep and 8116 goats (Table36c). The acquines are 157 in number. The sheep and goat breed is local and have less wool and meat production.

Intervention Required:

The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low.

For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that:

• Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed.

Table 37: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area

Name of watershed Ram Buck Ghiri 10 10 Serikothi 25 50 Rohanda 25 25 Jaral 10 25 Salwana 10 25 Chamukha 10 25


Name of watershed Ram Buck Churdh 25 30 Bobar 10 30 Bartoo 20 25 Jarol 10 10 Salaper 0 10 Dhawal 0 10

The watershed area has sufficient population of indigenous sheep and goats. We propose to provide rams and bucks of improved breed for improving sheep and goat races for higher wool and meet production (Table 37).

In oreder o increase milk production of milch animals in the watershed, the following interventions are proposed (Table 38) for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes:

• FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding and • Balanced feeding through concentrates, green and dry fodder

Table38. Proposed intervention for increasing milk poduction

ame of watershed Proposed Interventions Demonstration for 2 years on FMD vaccination

Demonstration for 2 years on Deworming

Demonstration for 2 years on Mineral Mixture feeding

Ghiri 100 100 100 Serikothi 100 100 100 Rohanda 100 100 100 Jaral 200 200 200 Salwana 100 100 100 Chamukha 100 100 100 Churd 100 100 100 Bobar 100 100 100 Barto 100 100 100 Jarol 100 100 100 Slapper 100 100 100 Dhawal 100 100 100 Total 100 100 100

• FMD vaccination @ Rs 50/animal • Deworming @Rs 60/animals • Mineral Mixture feeding @15kg/animal/year @ Rs 50/kg


Table 39: Existing bovine population their average yield, production and income (Pre-Project)

Name of watershed

Bovine population

Average milk yield/lactation (L)

Production/lactation (L)

Consumption/laction (L)

Surplus/ lactation (L)

sale value /lactation (Rs)

prod cost/ lactation (Rs)

Net Income/ lactation (Rs)

Ghiri 240 720 194400 101014 93386 2334650 2138400 +196249.5 Serikothi 331 993 268110 171082 97028 2425700 2949210 -523510 Rohanda 315 945 255150 198895 56255 1406369 2806650 -1400281

Jaral 315 945 255150 88406 166744 4168591 2806650 +1361941 Salwana 223 669 180630 139372 41258 1031454 1986930 -955476 Chamukha 257 771 208170 180710 27460 686508.8 2289870 -1603361

Churd 309 927 250290 114997 135293 3382324 2753190 +629133.8 Bobar 278 834 225180 129591 95589 2389716 2476980 -87264 Barto 623 1869 504630 122791 381839 9545978 5550930 +3995048 Jarol 539 1617 436590 168255 268335 6708380 4802490 +1905890

Slappar 192 576 155520 252535 -97015 -2425376 1710720 -4136096 Dhawal 323 969 261630 161302 100328 2508212 2877930 -369718

Existing average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L, Milk sale @ Rs 25/L, Milk Consumption/head/day @ 283 ml The Table39 clearly depicts that the milk production is quite low all the panchayats and

the net income is negative in seven panchayts out of 12 panchayts. It definitely needs culling of unproductive animals, improvement of cows and buffaloes breed of to boost the milk production in the watershe

Table40: Expected bovine population their average yield, production and income (Post -Project)

Name of watershed

Bovine population

Pre-Project Post-Project

Av. Milk Yield/day (L)


Av. Milk Yield/day (L)


Ghiri 240 1.5 97200 3.0 194400 Serikothi 331 1.5 134055 3.0 268110 Rohanda 315 1.5

127575 3.0

255150 Jaral 315 1.5 127575 3.0 255150 Salwana 223 1.5 90315 3.0 180630 Chamukha 257 1.5

1040853.0

208170Churd 309 1.5 125145 3.0 250290 Bobar 278 1.5 112590 3.0 225180 Barto 623 1.5 252315 3.0 504630 Jarol 539 1.5 218295 3.0 436590 Slappar 192 1.5 77760 3.0 155520 Dhawal 323 1.5 130815 3.0 261630

Existing Required


Expected milk yield/animal=3.0 L; Milk sale @ Rs 15/L; Milk Consumption/head/day @283

The introduction artificial insemination as well as culling of unproductive animals is strongly advocated (Table40). The above table clearly indicates that the proper management will not only increase the milk production but also improve the health of the people and the socio-economic status of the farmers.

Table 42: Feeding practices of Buffalo in watershed area

Existing Required

Panchyat Total buffeloes

Green Fodder @ 45q/animal/yr

Dry matter @ 15q/ animal/yr

Green fodder @ 90q / animal/yr

Drymatter @ 22q/ animal/yr

Gap in Feeding Practice (q/yr)

Green Dry

Bartoo 314 14130 6908 37680 9106 -23550 -2198

Bobar 491 22095 10802 58920 14239 -36825 -3437

Chamukha 125 5625 2750 15000 3625 -9375 -875

Churdh 419 18855 9218 50280 12151 -31425 -2933

Dhawal 309 13905 6798 37080 8961 -23175 -2163

Salwana 410 18450 9020 49200 11890 -30750 -2870

Salaper 609 27405 13398 73080 17661 -45675 -4263

Jaral 195 8775 4290 23400 5655 -14625 -1365

Serikothi 367 16515 8074 44040 10643 -27525 -2569

Rohanda 61 2745 1342 7320 1769 -4575 -427

Ghiri 22 990 484 2640 638 -1650 -154

Jarol 517 23265 11374 62040 14993 -38775 -3619

Total 3839 172755 84458 460680 111331 -287925 -26873

Name of watershed

Total cow + bullocks

Green Fodder

@ 45q/anim

al/yr

Dry matter @15q/

animal/yr

Green Fodder @

90q /animal/yr

Dry matter @ 22q/

animal/yr

Gap in Feeding Practice (q/yr)

green dry Bartoo 454 20430 6810 40860 9988 -20430 -3178 Bobar 666 29970 9990 59940 14652 -29970 -4662 Chamukha 708 31860 10620 63720 15576 -31860 -4956 Churdh 507 22815 7605 45630 11154 -22815 -3549 Dhawal 411 18495 6165 36990 9042 -18495 -2877 Salwana 402 18090 6030 36180 8844 -18090 -2814 Salaper 407 18315 6105 36630 8954 -18315 -2849 Jaral 432 19440 6480 38880 9504 19440 -3024 Serikothi 1112 50040 16680 100080 24464 -50040 -7784 Rohanda 1249 56205 18735 112410 27478 -56205 -8743 Ghiri 470 21150 7050 42300 10340 -21150 -3290 Jarol 487 21915 7305 43830 10714 -21915 -3409 Total 7305 328725 109575 657450 160710 -289845 -51135


The balance sheet depicts that there is a huge gap between the demand and supply of the green as well as dry fodder in all 12 panchayts. A half fed animal can never be a profitable unit. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop each and every inch of waste land by the introduction of improved forage species, fodder trees with proper fertilization and cutting management to reduce the gap between the demand and supply. The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 41 & Table 42). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:

Demonstration on improved high yielding fodder trees Culling of animals to reduce their population Demonstration on improved high yielding grasses

Table 43: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area

Name of watershed


Approximate Area (ha)

Av. Yield (ha)

Approximate Production (t)

Expected Area (ha)

Expected Yield (q/ha)

Expected Production (t)

Ghiri 125 150 3401 64 350 2240 Serikothi 466 150 4971 440 350 15386 Rohanda 363 150 3476 187 350 6533 Jaral 189 150 4363 361 350 12618 Salwana 244 150 2706 236 350 8267 Chamukha 232 150 3660 158 350 5534

Churd* 291 150 4044 120 350 4204 Bobar 331 150 2836 374 350 13073 Barto * 227 150 6984 179 350 6248 Jarol 254 150 3401 162 350 5665 Slappar 270 150 4971 189 350 6626 Dhawal 180 150 3476 241 350 8433 Total 3172 - 36441 2709 - 94885

Green fodder existing feeding practice=36.5q/animal/year, Green fodder proposed feeding practice=105q/animal/year Table 44: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed area

Name of watershed


Area (ha)

Av. Yield (q/ha)

Production (t) Area (ha)

Av. Yield q/ha)

Production (t) Per cent increase in production

Ghiri 180 18 332 194 47 910 174

Serikothi 278 21 590 362 50 1826 209 Rohanda 275 35 963 285 45 1283 33 Jaral 160 15 236 166 51 839 256


Name of watershed


Salwana 145 36 518 305 54 1658 220 Chamukha 345 21 726 405 54 2198 203 Churd* 183 23 419 218 62 1347 221 Bobar 218 21 458 277 52 1442 215 Barto * 149 21 316 200 54 1082 242 Jarol 187 22 402 230 54 1232 206 Slappar 280 21 588 310 53 1640 179 Dhawal 264 21 559 315 54 1710 206

Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low. The many folds

increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages (Table 43 & 44). Table 45: Post project green and dry matter availability, requirement and deficit /surplus

Green fodder requirement post project DM requirement post project

Budget (q/yr)

Name of watershed

Total cattle

Bovine Population after 40% culling

green fodder year (@105q/ ani/yr)

Green available (q/yr)

DM required q/year (@25q/ ani /yr)

DM Available dry (q/yr)

green surplus

Dry surplus

Ghiri 521 313 32823 22400 7815 9100 -10423 +1285 Serikothi 1940 1164 122220 153860 29100 18260 +31640 -10840 Rohanda 1514 908 95382 65330 22710 12830 -30052 -9880 Jaral 788 473 49644 126180 11820 8390 +76536 -3430 Salwana 1017 610 64071 82670 15255 16580 +18599 +1325 Chamukha 966 580 60858 55340 14490 21980 -5518 +7490 Churd 1212 727 76356 42040 18180 13470 -34316 -4710 Bobar 1381 829 87003 130730 20715 14420 +43727 -6295 Barto 945 567 59535 62480 14175 10820 +2945 -3355 Jarol 1058 635 66654 56650 15870 12320 -10004 -3550Slappar 1123 674 70749 66260 16845 16400 -4489 -445 Dhawal 752 451 47376 84330 11280 17100 +36954 +5820

Table 46: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area

Pre Project Post Project Name of

watershed Total bovine population

Green fodder avail ability

(q/yr)

40% Culling of total bovine

Green fodder avail ability

(q/yr)

Green fodder Requirement (q/yr)

Surplus/ deficit

Ghiri 521 19017 313 22400 32823 -10423 Serikothi 1940 70810 1164 153860 122220 31640 Rohanda 1514 55261 908 65330 95382 -30052

Jaral 788 28762 473 126180 49644 76536

Salwana 1017 37121 610 82670 64071 18599 Chamukha 966 35259 580 55340 60858 -5518

Churd 1212 44238 727 42040 76356 -34316 Bobar 1381 50407 829 130730 87003 43727 Barto 945 34493 567 62480 59535 2945 Jarol 1058 38617 635 56650 66654 -10004

Slappar 1123 40990 674 66260 70749 -4489 Dhawal 752 27448 451 84330 47376 36954


9. Pisciculture

There is no practice of pisciculture in all the panchayats. However, there is a scope to take up the small scale fish farming by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in areas where water is available in plenty. Few farmers have desired to start fish farming for example Serikothi (4 units), Jaral (4 units) and Dhawal (2 units).


10. Drinking Water

The source of irrigation and drinking waterin the Sundernagar watershed is presented in Table47. There is acute shortage of water in a few panchayats during summer months. However, the watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department through lift irrigation schemes or by pipe line from natural sources and on an average, nearly 75-80% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources and water lifting schemes need maintenance for proper tapping. We propose tapping of over flow water from the existing bowries to benefit maximum population.


Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Ghiri Ghiri Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 -

Working Permanent need repair

Drinking -

Serikothi Serikothi Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 1

Permanent source In operation

Drinking & Irrigation drinking

Rohanda Rohanda Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 -

Permanent -

drinking

Jaral Jaral Bowries Water lifting scheme

- 1

Permanent source In operation

Drinking water

Salwana Salwana Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 -

Permanent -

Drinking & irrigation

Chamukha Chamukha Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 -

Permanent -


Churd Churd Bowries Water lifting scheme

9 -

Permanent Working


Bobar Bobar Bowries Water lifting scheme

3 1

Permanent source do

Drinking Drinking

Barto Barto Bowries Water lifting scheme

3 -

Permanent over flow -

Drinking

Jarol Jarol Bowries Water lifting scheme

2 2

One dry one permanent Working

Drinking One drinking one irrigation

Slappar Slappar Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 1

Permanent source abandoned need repair

Drinking water Drinking & irrigation

Dhawal Dhawal Bowries Water lifting scheme

5 1

Permanent source abandoned need repair

Drinking water

Table48 Existing status of drinking water in Ghiri watershed

Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of drinking water (months)

% Beneficiary

Ghiri Bowri and IPH pipe line 9 80-85 Kharloh Bowri and IPH pipe line 9 80-85 Barnog IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Kushla IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Fatehpur IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85


Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe

lines and 70-80 % households are covered (Table48). The natural water coming out of mountains and bowries is another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased in those villages where shortage is high by providing additional water from other schemes of the department (Table49). There is no lift irrigation scheme in this watershed and state department should explore lift irrigation possibility. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water

Table 49. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Ghiri watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Availability of

drinking water (months/year

% Beneficiary

Tapping over flow water of natural sources

Kushla and Barnog villages 11-12 Remaining 25-30

Converting some quantity of water from other scheme

Fatehpur and Kharloh village 11-12 Remaining 25-30

Table50. Existing status of drinking water in Serikothi watershed


% Beneficiary

Seri Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Garahan Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Chiral IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Ropa Bandla IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Lalag IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table50). The natural water coming out of mountains and bowries is another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased by tapping over flow water from bowries (Table51). Proposed activities for availability of drinking water

Table51. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Serikothi watershed Particular Location Expected outcome Availability of


% Beneficiary


Seri and Lalag 11-12 Remaining 15-20

Water supply of tapped water Grahan and Ropa Bandla 10-11 Remaining 15-20


Table52. Existing status of drinking water in Rohanda watershed


% Beneficiary

Jhalanger Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Parala Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Khabora IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Saradhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chauki IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Banwali IPH pipeline and natural sources 10 80-85 Aukal Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Chandakufer IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Nehra IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Rohanda IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Dhar-I IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Dhar-II IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Kheel IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Labot IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chhichhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Majhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Doghari IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Balas IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Saral IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chuhani IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Halai IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Shakohar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Thamandi IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table 51). The natural water coming out of mountains and bowries is another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased in those villages where shortage is high by providing additional water from other schemes of the department (Table 52). There is no lift irrigation scheme in this watershed and state department shouldexplore lift irrigation possibility. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 53. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Rohanda watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Availability of drinking water

(months/year % Beneficiary


Aukal and Rohanda villages

11-12 Remaining 20-25


All villages except Rohanda and Aukal



Table 54. Existing status of drinking water Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of

drinking water (months)

% Beneficiary

Basahu Bowri and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 80

Jaral Natural source and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

10 90

Dharli Natural source and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through lift irrigation and 80-90 % households are covered (Table 53). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water particularly in Basahu and Dharli ward. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to one village (Table 54). However, two villages namely Basahu and Dharli need separate drinking water scheme. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 55. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Jaral watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of

natural sources Dharli village Availability of


% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Dharli 12 Remaining 20 Water supply scheme of IPH department

All villages in Dharli and Basahu ward 11-12 Remaining 20

Table 56. Existing status of drinking water in Chamukha watershed

Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of drinking water

(months)

% Beneficiary

Chamukha Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 75-80 Sabyahan Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 7 75-80 Talsai IPH pipeline 7 75-80 Dhar IPH pipeline 8 75-80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and pipe lines and 75-80 % households are covered (Table55). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (2) and provide water to two villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households (Table 56).


Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 57. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Chamukha watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Chamukha & Sabyahan village Availability of


% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Dhar & Talsai village 12 Remaining 20-25 Table 58. Existing status of drinking water in Churd watershed


% Beneficiary

Bangaloo Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Dhanwani Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 8 >85 Ghowru Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Khera Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 8 >85

lower Kothi Bhanglera Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Bhour Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Nal Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Bhanglehra Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Thalagdhar Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table 57). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are significant in numbers (9) and provide water to all villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households through out the year (Table 58).


Table 59. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Churd watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Availability of drinking

water (months/year % Beneficiary

Tapping over flow water of bowries Bangaloo 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Dhanwani 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Ghowru 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Khera 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries lower Kothi Bhanglera

12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Bhour 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Nal 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Bhanglehra 12 Remaining >15

Tapping over flow water of bowries Thalagdhar 12 Remaining >15

Table60. Existing status of drinking water in Barto watershed


% Beneficiary

Jandron Bowri and IPH pipeline 9 80-85 Nalot Bowri and IPH pipeline 9 80-85 Barto Bowri and IPH pipeline 9 Luhnun IPH pipeline 8 75-80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table59). Bowries are another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased by tapping over flow water from bowries or providing water from other department schemes to Luhnun village (Table60). Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 61. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Barto watershed



% Beneficiary


Jandron, Nalot, Barto 10-11 Remaining 15-20

Water supply of tapped water Jandron, Nalot, Barto & Luhnun 10-11 Remaining 15-20


Table62. Existing status of drinking water in Bobar watershed Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of


% Beneficiary

Bobbar Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Phagla Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Kandar Bowri and IPH pipeline 8 80-85 Phagla Bhawana Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered in Bobbar, fagla and Bhawna wards (Table61). Bowries are another water source to the residents of Bobbar, Kandar and Fagla. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in Kandar I & II villages. Over flow water in Kanda-I need tapping and could provide water to atleast 10-15 % households (Table62). Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 63. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Bobar watershed



% Beneficiary

Tapping over flow water of Bowri

Kandar-I 11-12 Remaining 15-20

Water supply of tapped water Kandar-I & II 10-11 Remaining 15-20

Table 64. Existing status of drinking water in Salwana watershed


% Beneficiary

Salwana Bowri and IPH pipeline 9 80-85 Baih Bowri and IPH pipeline 9 80-85 Gamohu IPH pipeline 8 75-80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 75-85 % households are covered. Bowries are another water source to the people of this watershed (Table63). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased by tapping over flow water from bowries or providing water from other department schemes to all the villages (Table 64).


Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 65. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Salwana watershed



% Beneficiary


Near Jabbal 10-11 Remaining 15-25

Water supply of tapped water Baih, Gamohu 10-11 Remaining 15-25 Table 66. Existing status of drinking water in Jarol watershed


% Beneficiary

Jarol Bowri and Lift irrigation 11 Remaining 5 Sarihani Bowri and Lift irrigation 11 Remaining 5

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through lift irrigation and 90-95 % households are covered (Table65). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The water availability can be increased by providing additional water from other schemes of the department (Table 66).

Proposed activities for availability of drinking water

Table 67. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Jarol watershed



% Beneficiary


All wards covering each village 12 Remaining 5-10

Table 68. Existing status of drinking water in Slapper watershed


% Beneficiary

Slapper BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line 9 75 Khurahal Bowri, BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line 8 75 Sadwahan BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line 8 75

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe line as well as water supply scheme of BBMB and 70-75 % households are covered (Table 67). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water particularly in Khurahal and Sadwahan ward. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to one village. The state department of IPH has recently sanctioned a water lifting scheme for Slapper panchayat and it will benefit all the villages of this watershed (Table 68).


Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 69. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Slapper watershed



% Beneficiary

Water lifting scheme of IPH Department

Saul Khad 12 Remaining 25-30

Table70. Existing status of drinking water in Dhawal watershed


% Beneficiary

Dhawal Bowri and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 75-80

Ahan Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department 7 75-80 Sanihan Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department 7 75-80 Kiyana Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department 8 75-80 Ropa Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department 8 75

Padhana Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department 8 75

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and lift irrigation and 75-80 % households are covered (Table70). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to two villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households in Kiyana and Ropa village. Two villages namely Padhana and Kiyana need separate drinking water scheme (Table71). Proposed activities for availability of drinking water Table 71. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Dhawal watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Dhawal village Availability of


% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Kiyana and Ropa village 12 Remaining 20-25 Water supply scheme of IPH department

Padhana and Kiyana village 11-12 Remaining 20-25


11. Soil Conservation Farm bunds Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 104 hectare area of the watershed (Table72). Table 72: Construction of farm bunds and crate wire check dams in the watershed area Name of watershed

Silvipastoral system Area in ha

Farm Bunds

area (ha)

Crate wire check

dams No.

Size Location

Ghiri 3 3 7 10mx1.25mx2.5m Kharag Khad 31029.071’N 0770 0.213’E Ghiri khad 31028.695N 0760 59.627’ E

Serikothi 5 9 5 10mx1.25mx2.5m Serikothi khad 31028’391” N

0760 40’ 837” E Rohanda 10 16 8 10mx1.25mx2.5m Rohanda Khad N 310 26.727’

E 0770 02.998’, Chowki khad N 310 27.300’ E 0770 02.609’, Bhebal Nalah N 310 27.278’ E 0770 02.635’and Mahu nalah N 310 27.300’

E 0770 02.688’ Jaral 5 10 4 10mx1.25mx2.5m Rava nalah (3)31024.783’ N 076055.116’E

1041m amsl Baghli nalah (2) 31024.806’ N 076056.228’E

1100m amsl Salwana 2 8 6 10mx1.25mx2.5m Salwana khad 31028’391” N

0760 40’ 837” E Chamukha 3 11 5 10mx1.25mx2.5m Chamukha khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’

E Churd 4 4 3 10mx1.25mx2.5m Churd khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E Bobar 3 7 6 10mx1.25mx2.5m Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N

0750 42.234’ E Barto 10 9 5 10mx1.25mx2.5m Barto khad 31028’956” N

0760 50’ 798” E Jarol 8 5 6 10mx1.25mx2.5m Jarol khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E Slappar 10 9 5 10mx1.25mx2.5m Saul khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E Dhawal 5 8 5 10mx1.25mx2.5m Kuta Ra Nal 310 24.768’ N 0760 55.063’ E

Approximately 1 to 5% of total agriculture land in different watersheds is considered under bunds Cost of bunding /ha=Rs. 45000/- Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 72 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in 12 panchayats of Sundernagar watershed (Table72). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the watershed, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 68 hactares of land.


12. Convergence

Due to paucity of funds available with IWMP project, the wholesome development of watershed area is subject to linkages with the other development programmes. The possibilities of identifying these linkages and identifying activities and their association with other developmental programmes have to be done critically through convergence. This will not only ensure support from other developmental programmes but also a guideline for complete development of the area.

The following activities have been converged from other development programmes

• Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities and road development with PMGSY, PWD, IPH and MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Improved seed, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides planting material with department of

Agriculture and Horticulture • Dairy development with Department of Animal Husbandry etc.

Development of common property resources: There are no common property resources in the watershed.


13. Microenterprises

The following microenterprises are proposed in the watershed for livelihood

On Farm

Table73. Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Name of watershed

Polyhouse Capsicum nursery

Tomato nursery

Vermicompost units

Mushroom units

Poultry units

Fishery units

Bee keeping units

Ghiri 5 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 Serikothi 10 300 m2 600 m2 25 4 0 2 3 Rohanda 5 300 m2 600 m2 14 0 0 0 10 Jaral 10 0 600 m2 10 2 5 3 0 Salwana 5 300 m2 600 m2 10 2 0 0 3 Chamukha 5 300 m2 600 m2 10 2 0 0 3 Churd 5 300 m2 600 m2 5 2 0 0 1 Bobar 5 300 m2 600 m2 10 8 0 0 2 Barto 5 300 m2 600 m2 10 0 0 0 1 Jarol 10 300 m2 600 m2 10 2 0 0 1 Slappar 5 300 m2 600 m2 10 0 5 0 2 Dhawal 7 300 m2 600 m2 6 2 5 2 1 77 10 11 125 24X200 15X100 8 27X50

The proposed different on farm micro enterprises for individual watershed are given in

Table 73. The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself Table 73. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 75 & 76). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation so as to enhance income of the farmers (Table 74). The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 77). We also propose mushroom production (Table 78), bee keeping (Table 79), poultry enterprise (Table 80) and fishery (Table 81) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improves their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Some of the panchayats namely Jaral, Serikothi and Dhawal have good water availability. Keeping in view, we propose to demonstrate the production of fish in these panchayats so that the farmers could improve their livelihood.


Table 74: Expected income from proposed protective capsicum production in watershed

Name of watershed

units Total unit cost (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

Net Income in subsequent years (Rs)

Net income/unit

Ghiri 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526

Serikothi 10 1763650 160000 -1603650 95260 9526

Rohanda 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526 Jaral 10 352730 160000 -192730 95260 19052

Salwana 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526 Chamukha 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526 Churd 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526

Bobar 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526

Barto 5 176365 80000 -96365 47630 9526

Jarol 10 352730 160000 -192730 95260 19052

Slappar 5 1763650 160000 -1603650 95260 9526

Dhawal 7 246911 112000 -134911 66682 13336

Table 75: Expected income from proposed capsicum nursery production in watershed

Name of watershed units Total unit cost (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net income/unit (100m2)

Ghiri 0 0 0 0 0

Serikothi 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Rohanda 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723 Jaral 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Salwana 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723 Chamukha 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723 Churd 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Bobar 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Barto 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Jarol 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Slappar 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723

Dhawal 300 m2 127712 1200000 1072288 10723


Table 76: Expected income from proposed tomato nursery production in watershed



Serikothi 0 0 0 0 0

Rohanda 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746 Jaral 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Salwana 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746 Chamukha 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746 Churd 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Bobar 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Barto 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Jarol 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Slappar 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Dhawal 600 m2 75423 450000 374577 3746

Table77: Expected income from proposed vermicompost production in watershed



Ghiri 5 200000 950000 750000 75000 Serikothi 25 1000000 4750000 3750000 375000 Rohanda 14 1400000 2660000 2100000 210000 Jaral 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Salwana 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Chamukha 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Churd 5 200000 950000 750000 75000 Bobar 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Barto 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Jarol 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Slappar 10 600000 5700000 4500000 150000 Dhawal 6 600000 1140000 900000 90000


Table 78: Expected income from proposed mushroom production in watershed

Name of watershed

Units Unit Cost (Rs) Total cost (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

Net Income in subsequent years (Rs)

Ghiri 0 0 0 0 0 0

Serikothi 4 388000 408000 20000 10000 119200

Rohanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jaral 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600

Salwana 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600 Chamukha 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600 Churd 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600

Bobar 8 776000 816000 40000 20000 238400 Barto 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jarol 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600

Slappar 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dhawal 2 194000 204000 10000 5000 59600

Table 79: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area

Name of watershed

Units Unit Size (colonies)

Total cost

Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income

Net Returns Net Returns in subsequent year

Serikothi 3 50 590010 1500 150 225000 -365010 83250 Rohanda 10 50 1966700 5000 150 750000 -1216700 277500 Salwana 3 50 590010 1500 150 225000 -365010 83250 Chamukha 3 50 590010 1500 150 225000 -365010 83250 Churd 1 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750 196670 Bobar 2 50 393340 1000 150 150000 -243340 55500 Barto 1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750 Jarol 1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750 Slappar 2 50 393340 1000 150 150000 -243340 55500 Dhawal 1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750


Table 80: Expected income from poultry in watershed area

Name of watershed

No. of chicks proposed /unit

No. beneficiary Total Capital Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

Net Income in subsequent lots (Rs)

Chamukha 100 5 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Slappar 100 5 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Dhawal 100 5 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Table 81: Economics of fish production in watershed area

Name of watershe

d

No. of units proposed

Total Capital

Cost (Rs)

Fish Production (kg)

Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

Net Income subsequent years

(Rs) Ghiri 1 90020 110 13200 -76820 8200 Jaral 2 180040 220 26400 -153640 16400

Serikothi 3 270060 330 39600 -230460 24600

Dhawal 2 180040 220 26400 -153640 16400

The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in areas where water is available in plenty for example Serikothi, Jaral and Dhawal panchayats have sufficient water availability and some farmers have desired to start fish farming (Table81).

Off Farm

Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

are presented in Table 43. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Mandi watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table83).


Table 82: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

Name of watershed

No. of beneficiaries Total Cost (Rs) Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs) Net Income in subsequent years (Rs)

Ghiri 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Serikothi 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Rohanda 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Jaral 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Salwana 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Chamukha 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Churd 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Bobar 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Barto 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Jarol 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Slappar 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Dhawal 20 2649000 748000 -1901000 599000 Total 240 52980000 14960000 -22812000 7188000

Table 83: Economics of Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

Years No. of beneficiaries Capital Cost (Rs)

Recurring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


14. Livelihood Concerns The livelihood of the local people mainly depends upon horticulture and agriculture and

can be improved by integrated farming system approach involving vermicompost production, bee keeping, vegetable production in small polyhouses and other micro entrepreneurs mentioned in the previous chapter.


15. Monitoring

A Web-based GIS System should be developed for monitoring and evaluating the project

in its planning & implementation phases. The system could be made available on a public domain and can be accessed by all the stakeholders of the project. In other words, the DPR should be made available online in the form of a database which will help the stakeholders know areas of importance viz., already treated areas/historical works in the area, proposed areas for treatment etc., for further treatment and planning. The system should also show the satellite imageries of various years from the project inception stage to the project closing stages. This allows the user to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and thereby plan corrective measures for the project area. The system would serve as an aiding tool to the planners and evaluators for judging the efficacy of the project.


16. Evaluation

During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the

WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project. • Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel • Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products • Increased household incomes of landless and marginal farmers etc.


17. Capacity Building

Capacity building and Institutional collaboration

Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels. This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise.

Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities

Food Processing Post Harvest management practices( Value addition) Fodder development and Management

Crop Information Meteorological Information Alternative Land Use Plan Improved and Scientific agriculture practices Scientific planning of Soil and Moisture conservation Information dissemination on Audio/Video Dairy Development and Management

Table 84: Institutes Identified for Capacity Building

Sr. No.

Organization Training Module

1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices 6. Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural practices 7. Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural practices 8. HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology


Training and Exposure visits: Table85. Estimated cost of training/exposure visits

Name of watershed

No. of Camps

No. of farmers Duration of camp (days)

Subject

Ghiri 20 30 2 Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Small Enetrprises etc

Serikothi 30 30 2 do Rohanda 30 30 2 do Jaral 30 30 2 do Salwana 20 30 2 do Chamukha 20 30 2 do Churdh 20 30 2 do Bobar 30 30 2 do Bartoo 20 30 2 do Jarol 20 30 2 do Salaper 30 30 2 do Dhawal 30 30 2 do Total 300 360 24 -

Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc. On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose a total of 300 such camps to be organized to a group of 30 farmers for two days (Table85).


18. Project Withdrawal and Consolidation

The Project management of any watershed programme is very important. It mainly

depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project.

The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be

watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges.

Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.


19. Activity and Budget GHIRI

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Vegetable peas(1ha/yr)

8400 3600 9240 3960 9800 4200 10640 4560 0 0 54400 38080 16320

Potato(0.5ha/yr) 17500 7500 19250 8250 21175 9075 0 0 0 0 82750 57925 24825 Horticulture 0 0 0 Apple (0.5hayr) 43750 18750 48125 20625 52938 22688 0 0 0 0 206875 144813 62063 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 0 5250 5250 0

Deworming 50+50 animals (100 animals @Rs 60/ani)

3000 0 3300 0 0 6300 6300 0

Mineral Mixture feeding - 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg)

37500 0 41250 0 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (4+2+2+2)

15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0

Improved Buck (4+2+2+2)

17200 0 9460 0 10406 0 0 0 0 0 48513 37066 0


GHIRI

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0

Improved grasses establishment (1ha/yr)

45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 0 0 210000 210000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr)

7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 0 0 34000 34000 0

Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20) 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50000 35000 15000 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950

Water Harvesting Structures

0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (4) 86920 130380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217300 86920 130380 Water tank (6) 249058 373586 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 622644 249058 373586 New Kuhal 1435m 780066 1170099 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950165 780066 1170099 RWH 30(10/ yr) 107636 161454 118400 177600 130240 195360 0 0 0 0 890690 356276 534414 Sprinklers 20No. (5sets/ yr)

62500 62500 68750 68750 75625 75625 83188 83188 0 0 580125 290063 290063

Gutter pipe 30No. (10No./yr) @Rs 900/length

4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900

Alkathane pipe (800m)

55200 55200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110400 55200 55200

Soil Erosion Control 0 0 0


GHIRI

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Measurers (a) Farm Bunds (2+1) @45000/ha

90000 0 50000 0 55000 0 0 0 0 0 195000 195000 0

(b) Check Dams (3+1+1+1+1)

57852 86778 21212 31819 23334 35000 25667 38500 0 0 320162 128065 192097

(c) Silvipastoral System (1ha/yr)

46000 0 48000 0 49000 0 0 0 0 0 143000 143000 0

Livelihood Activities

0 0 0

(a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

46361 0 50997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97358 97358 0

(b)Vermi composting units (5)

50000 50000 0 0 0 0 100000 50000 50000

(c) Small Polyhouse (5)

125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

Microenterprises 0 0 0 Fisheries (1) 67515 22505 0 0 0 0 90020 67515 22505 GT 0 2074908 0 2665602 0 578984 0 320154 0 515467 0 347398 0 210994 0 126248 0 15000 0 0 6866202 3395353 3459402


SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture ( Field Demonstrations)

Ginger (1ha /year) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Maize 1ha /year) 28000 12000 30800 13200 33600 14400 36400 15600 39200 16800 240000 168000 72000 Wheat 1ha/yr 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Pomegranate (1ha/yr) 96250 41250 96761 41469 99400 42600 101500 43500 103600 44400 710730 497511 213219 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0

Mineral Mixture feeding 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg)

37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Poultry Feed 12000 0 13000 0 14000 0 15000 0 18000 0 72000 72000 0 Improved Ram (4+2+2+2)

15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0


17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0

Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

1100 0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2600 2600 0


SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved grasses establishment (1ha/yr)

45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0 Implements 0 0 0 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (2) 72542 108812 0 0 0 0 0 0 181354 72542 108812 Water tank (2) 83019 124529 0 0 0 0 0 0 207548 83019 124529 Repair of Kuhl (3000 m) 163200 244800 0 0 0 0 0 0 408000 163200 244800 New Kuhal (2000+2000+3500m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 1902600 2853900 0 0 0 0 10464300 4185720 6278580

RWH 30No. (10/ yr) 107636 161454 119600 179399 131158 196737 0 0 0 0 895984 358394 537590 Sprinklers 30No. (10sets/ yr)

125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 0 0 0 0 827500 413750 413750


9000 9000 9900 9900 10890 10890 0 0 0 0 59580 29790 29790

Alkathane pipe (350m) 24150 24150 0 0 0 0 0 0 48300 24150 24150 Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+3+3ha) @45000/ha

84750 0 43000 0 44000 0 45000 0 46000 0 262750 262750 0

(b) Check Dams (3+2) 39600 59400 13600 20400 14000 21000 14400 21600 14400 21600 240000 96000 144000 (c) Silvipastoral System / 1 ha/yr

46000 0 48000 0 49000 0 50000 0 52000 0 245000 245000 0

Livelihood Activities 0 0 0


SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 110000 110000 55000 55000 530000 265000 265000

(c) Small Polyhouse (5+3+2)

33473 133892 27400 109600 25200 100800 14000 56000 14800 59200 574365 114873 459492

(d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (4)

97000 97000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000

(e) Bee Keeping Units (2+1)

191753 103252 275388 148286 0 0 0 0 0 0 718679 467141 251538

Microenterprises 0 0 0 (a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 0 0 0 0 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c)Fisheries (1+1) 67515 22505 74267 24756 0 0 0 0 0 0 189042 141782 47261 GT 2721737 3044568 2415068 2632402 0 2707683 0 3490437 0 401870 0 153270 0 403077 0 160677 18130787 8649434 9481353


ROHANDA Year I II III IV V Total

IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture ( Field Demonstrations)

Vegetable Peas (2ha /year)

16800 7200 11480 4920 18480 7920 20328 8712 22361 9583 127784 89449 38335

Potato2ha /year) 70000 30000 77000 33000 77000 33000 0 0 0 0 320000 224000 96000 Horticulture 0 0 0 Apple (1ha/yr) 87500 37500 96250 41250 105875 45375 0 0 0 0 413750 289625 124125 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0


15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved Buck (4+2+2+2)

17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0

Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter (20+15+15)

35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000

Spray Pumps (10+10+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

17500 7500 19600 8400 10500 4500 0 0 0 0 68000 47600 20400


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (2) 72542 108812 63609 95414 0 0 0 0 340377 136151 204226 Water tank (5+5+1) 207548 311322 228303 342454 41925 62887 0 0 0 0 1194439 477776 716663 New Kuhal (2000+2000+1600m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 869760 1304640 328878 493317 0 0 8704395 3481758 5222637


62500 62500 68750 68750 75625 75625 83188 83188 0 0 580125 290063 290063

Gutter pipe 40No. (10No./yr) @Rs

4500 4500 4950 4950 5445 5445 5990 5990 0 0 41769 20885 20885



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F 900/length Alkathane pipe (2000+2000+2000m)

138000 138000 151800 151800 166980 166980 0 0 0 0 913560 456780 456780

Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (4+4+4+4ha) @45000/ha

180000 0 198000 0 218000 0 240000 0 0 0 836000 836000 0

(b) Check Dams (4+4)

95627 143441 84691 127037 0 0 0 0 0 0 450796 180318 270478

(c) Silvipastoral System / 2 ha/yr

92000 0 101200 0 111300 0 122500 0 134800 0 561800 561800 0

Livelihood Activities 0 0 0 (a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


140000 140000 0 0 0 0 280000 140000 140000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

(d) Bee Keeping Units (2+2+2+2+2)

255671 137669 275388 148286 0 0 333219 179426 366542 197369 1893569 1230820 662749


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 0 0 0 0 158742 79371 79371



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2977905 0 3392545 0 2866413 0 2954813 0 1966074 0 1853132 0 1326171 0 886951 0 633479 0 216928 19074411 9770043 9304368


JARAL Year I II III IV V Total

IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV.

P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Ginger (1ha /year)

5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240

Tomato (0.5ha /year)

31500 13500 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 66500 28500

Cucumber (0.5ha /year)

24500 10500 27300 11700 0 0 0 0 0 0 74000 51800 22200

Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr)

34650 14850 38500 16500 0 0 0 0 0 0 104500 73150 31350

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0

FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram 38000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38000 38000 0




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (10) Improved Buck (15)

64500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64500 64500 0

Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000

0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000

0 45000 45000 0


17500 7500 19600 8400 0 0 0 0 0 0 53000 37100 15900


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (4)

77136 115704 0 0 0 0 0 0 192840 77136 115704

Water tank (4) 166038 249058 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 415096 166038 249058 Repair of Kuhl (1000 +1000+1000m)

54400 81600 59840 89760 65824 98736 450160 180064 270096

New Kuhal (2000+1000 +1100m)

1087200 1630800

543600 815400 657756 986634 0 0 0 0 5721390 2288556

3432834




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F RWH 40No. (10/ yr)

107636 161454 118400 177599 130240 195359 143264

214895

0 0 1248847 499539 749308

Sprinklers 10No. (5sets/ yr)

67273 67273 74000 74000 0 0 0 0 0 0 282544 141272 141272


900 900 990 990 0 0 0 0 0 0 3780 1890 1890

Alkathane pipe (1000+1000+750m)

69000 69000 75900 75900 56925 56925 0 0 0 0 403650 201825 201825


0 0 0


180000 0 198000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 477000 477000 0


29328 43992 32261 48391 0 0 0 0 0 0 153972 61589 92383

(c) Silvipastoral System (3+2ha)

276000 0 202400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 478400 478400 0


(a) Women empowerment (value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0

(b)Mushroom Cultivation Units (2)

97000 97000 194000 97000 97000

(c)Vermi composting units

100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (10) (d) Small Polyhouse 10

250000 1000000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1250000 250000 1000000


255671 137669 140619 75717 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213386

Microenterprises 0 0 0 (a)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(b)Fisheries (2+1)

135030 45010 74267 24756 279062 209297 69766

(c) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 60000 163000 163000 0

GT 0 3415682 0 3869304 0 1858731 0 1444248 0 1145415 0 1348899 0 190533 0 227265 0 53877 0 13877 13567831 6664237 6903593


SULWANA

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture ( Field Demonstrations)

Wheat ( 1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr) 35000 15000 42000 18000 0 0 0 0 0 0 110000 77000 33000 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (4+4+2) 15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0 Improved Buck (4+4+2) 17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0 Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


SULWANA

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20+15+15) 35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000 Spray Pumps (10+10+4) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

17500 7500 19600 8400 7700 3300 0 0 0 0 64000 44800 19200

Water Harvesting Structures 0 0 0 0 0 0 Check Dam PCC (1+1) 53600 80400 53600 80400 0 0 0 0 268000 107200 160800 Water tank (3) 124529 186793 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311322 124529 186793 New Kuhal (1500+1500m) 815400 1223100 896940 1345410 0 0 0 0 0 0 4280850 1712340 2568510 RWH 45 (10/ yr) 107636 161454 123200 184800 135200 202800 148720 223080 59200 88800 1434890 573956 860934 Sprinklers 10No. (5sets/ yr)

125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 166500 166500 146400 219600 1526500 726650 799850


9000 9000 9900 9900 11000 11000 12000 12000 10560 15840 110200 52460 57740


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (2ha/yr) @45000/ha

90000 0 99000 0 110000 0 121000 0 0 0 420000 420000 0

(b) Check Dams (2+2+2) 26320 39480 28960 43440 39840 59760 0 0 0 0 237800 95120 142680 (c) Silvipastoral System (0.5ha/yr)

23000 0 25300 0 27830 0 30613 0 0 0 106743 106743 0


66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000

(c) Small Polyhouse 5 125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000


SULWANA

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (2)

97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000

(e) Bee Keeping Units (2+1) 255671 137669 140619 75718 0 0 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213387 Microenterprises 0 0 0 (a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2283355 0 2737970 0 1814592 0 1952740 0 691405 0 480970 0 609203 0 414850 0 337137 0 339017 11661237 5735690 5925547


CHAMUKHA Year I II III IV V Total

IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Maize(1ha/yr) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Wheat ( 1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr)

34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 0 0 229500 160650 68850

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (4+4+2)

15200 0 16720 0 18392 0 9000 0 0 0 59312 59312 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved Buck (4+4+2)

17200 0 18920 0 20812 0 12000 0 0 0 68932 68932 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


0 0 0 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 180000 180000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0

Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20+15+15)

35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000

Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (1)

36271 54406 0 0 0 0 0 0 90677 36271 54406

Water tank (5+5) 207548 311322 228303 342454 0 0 0 0 0 0 1089627 435851 653776 New Kuhal (2000+1000m)

1087200 1630800 597960 896940 0 0 0 0 0 0 4212900 1685160 2527740

RWH 20 (5/ yr) 53818 80727 61600 92400 66000 99000 148720 223080 163600 245400 1234345 493738 740607 Sprinklers 20No. (5sets/ yr)

62500 62500 68750 68750 75000 75000 166500 166500 146400 219600 1111500 519150 592350



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Gutter pipe 40No. (10No./yr) @Rs 900/length

4500 4500 4950 4950 5500 5500 12000 12000 10560 15840 80300 37510 42790

1.5 hp Water lifting pumps 10 (5+5)

112500 112500 0 0 225000 112500 112500


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (4+4+3ha/yr) @45000/ha

169500 0 186450 0 205095 0 121000 0 0 0 682045 682045 0

(b) Check Dams (1/yr)

14664 21996 16000 24000 17600 26400 0 0 0 0 120660 48264 72396

(c) Silvipastoral System (1.0ha/yr)

46000 0 50600 0 55650 0 0 0 0 0 152250 152250 0


0 0 0


66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000

(c) Small Polyhouse 5

125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000


194000 194000 0 0 0 388000 194000 194000


255671 137669 140619 75718 0 0 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213387



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Microenterprises 0 0 0

(a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2751871 0 3286994 0 1615304 0 1577725 0 702134 0 279760 0 631790 0 437650 0 450637 0 499517 12233380 6151735 6081645


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Tomato (1ha /year) 31500 13500 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 66500 28500

Cucumber (1ha /year) 24500 10500 27300 11700 0 0 0 0 0 0 74000 51800 22200

Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 0 0 0 0 164500 115150 49350 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (10+10) 38000 0 42000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80000 80000 0 Improved Buck (10+10) 43000 0 47300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90300 90300 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000

0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000

0 45000 45000 0


17500 7500 19600 8400 0 0 0 0 0 0 53000 37100 15900


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (1) 19284 28926 0 0 0 0 0 0 48210 19284 28926 Water tank (4+4+1) 166038 249058 182642 273964 20067 30100 0 0 0 0 921869 368748 553121 Repair of Kuhl (1000m) 90000 135000 0 0 0 0 225000 90000 135000 New Kuhal (1500+1500m)

815400 1223100

896940 1345410

0 0 0 0 0 0 4280850

1712340

2568510


67273 67273 74000 74000 0 0 0 0 0 0 282544 141272 141272


4500 4500 4950 4950 0 0 0 0 0 0 18900 9450 9450

Alkathane pipe (900+800m)

58900 58900 60720 60720 0 0 0 0 0 0 239240 119620 119620



CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Measurers (a) Farm Bunds (2ha/yr) @45000/ha

90000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 189000 189000 0

(b) Check Dams (1/yr) 13200 19800 14400 21600 16000 24000 0 0 0 0 109000 43600 65400 (c) Silvipastoral System (2.0ha/yr)

92000 0 102200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194200 194200 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 0 0 0 0 100000 50000 50000



97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000

(e) Bee Keeping Units (1)

127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2283379

0 2677815

0 1852824

0 1958516

0 175752

0 109360

0 39570 0 9070 0 44777

0 9977 9161038

4396302

4764736


BOBAR Year I II III IV V Total

IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstration)

Tomato (2+1+1+1ha /year)

63000 27000 35000 15000 38500 16500 42000 18000 0 0 255000 178500 76500


24500 10500 27300 11700 30030 12870 33033 14157 0 0 164090 114863 49227

Paddy (0.5ha/yr)

4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 27800 19460 8340

Horticulture 0 0 0 Anoala 30905 13245 31710 13590 34881 14949 0 0 0 0 139280 97496 41784 Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0

Mineral Mixture feeding 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr;

37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg) Improved Ram (5+5)

19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0

Improved Buck (10+10+10)

43000 0 47300 0 52030 0 0 0 0 0 142330 142330 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600


8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950

Total 0 43750 0 18750 0 40600 0 17400 0 33600 0 14400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168500 117950 50550 Water Harvesting Structures

0 0 0 0 0 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Check Dam PCC (1)

28913 43370 0 0 0 0 0 0 72283 28913 43370

Water tank (5+5+1)

207548 311322 228303 342454 45660 68491 0 0 0 0 1203778 481511 722267

New Kuhal (1500+1500m+950m)

815400 1223100 896940 1345410 568062 852093 0 0 0 0 5701005 2280402 3420603

RWH 40 (10/ yr)

107636 161454 118400 177599 130240 195359 143264 214895 0 0 1248847 499539 749308


125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 166375 166375 0 0 1160250 580125 580125


6750 6750 7425 7425 8168 8168 8985 8985 0 0 62654 31327 31327


62100 62100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124200 62100 62100


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 0 0 0 0 342900 342900 0


71720 107581 78892 118339 0 0 0 0 0 0 376532 150613 225919

(c) Silvipastoral

92000 0 102200 0 111300 0 122500 0 134800 0 562800 562800 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F System (2.0ha/yr) Livelihood Activities

0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

(d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (4+4)

194000 194000 213400 213400 0 814800 407400 407400

(f) Bee Keeping Units (2)

255671 137669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393340 255671 137669

Microenterprises

0 0 0


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (200+100+100+100+100) GT 0 2759393 0 3081214 0 2236262 0 2435670 0 1470346 0 1373500 0 621326 0 433881 0 244577 0 9977 14666144 7331903 7334242


BARTO Year I II III IV V Total

IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture ( Field Demonstrations)

Wheat (1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 0 0 47000 32900 14100 Paddy (0.5ha/yr) 4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 6160 2640 36600 25620 10980 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5hayr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (5+5) 19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0 Improved Buck (5+5) 21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0 Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0

Improved grasses 22500 0 24750 0 27225 0 0 0 0 0 74475 74475 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F establishment (0.5ha/yr) Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0 Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20) 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50000 35000 15000 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (2+2+2)

40080 60120 44088 66132 48497 72745 0 0 0 0 331662 132665 198997

Water tank (4+2+1) 166038 249058 91321 136982 41510 62264 0 0 0 0 747173 298869 448304New Kuhal (1500+500m) 815400 1223100 298980 448470 0 0 0 0 0 0 2785950 1114380 1671570RWH 15(5/ yr) 53818 80727 59200 88799 65120 97679 0 0 0 0 445343 178137 267206Sprinklers 15No. (5sets/ yr)

62500 62500 68750 68750 76000 76000 0 0 0 0 414500 207250 207250


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900

Alkathane pipe (350m) 24150 24150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48300 24150 24150 Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 462680 462680 0

(b) Check Dams (2+1+1+1)

29328 43992 16130 24196 17744 26615 19518 29277 0 0 206800 82720 124080


92000 0 102200 0 111300 0 0 0 0 0 305500 305500 0




IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0

(b)Vermi composting units (5+5)

50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000

(c) Small Polyhouse 5 125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000(d) Bee Keeping Units (1)

127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2037549 0 2442955 0 1066312 0 953131 0 654870 0 401774 0 239768 0 64447 0 101337 0 34217 7996358 4099834 3896524


JAROL


Wheat (1ha/yr)

7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900

Paddy (0.5ha/yr)

4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 6160 2640 36600 25620 10980

Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5hayr)

34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Mineral Mixture feeding - 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg)

37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (5+5)

19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0

Improved Buck (5+5)

21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0

Implements 0 0 0 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Water Harvesting Structures

0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (3)

65059 97589 0 0 0 0 0 0 162648 65059 97589

Water tank (5)

207548 311322 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 518870 207548 311322

New Kuhal (1350+1000m)

733860 1100790 597960 896940 0 0 0 0 0 0 3329550 1331820 1997730

RWH 40(10/ yr)

107636 161454 118400 177600 130240 195360 143264 214896 0 0 1248850 499540 749310


62500 62500 68750 68750 76000 76000 82500 82500 0 0 579500 289750 289750


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


48300 48300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96600 48300 48300


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 234000 234000 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (b) Check Dams (3+3)

71720 107581 78892 118339 0 0 0 0 0 0 376532 150613 225919


92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122640 0 0 0 427160 427160 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000


125000 500000 82500 330000 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 1312500 262500 1050000


97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000


127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835

Microenterp 0 0 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F rises (a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2227358 0 2670844 0 1458595 0 1711431 0 531135 0 557830 0 448874 0 332566 0 112537 0 39017 10090185 4778498 5311687


SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Wheat (1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Maize (1ha/yr) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5hayr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450 Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Buck (5)

21500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21500 21500 0

Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees 5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant ) Improved grasses establishment (1ha/yr)

45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 0 0 0 0 150000 150000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600


0 0 0 0 0 0

Water tank (2) 83019 124529 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207548 83019 124529 New Kuhal (1375m)

747450 1121175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868625 747450 1121175

RWH 60(15/ yr) 161454 242181 177600 266399 195360 293039 214896 322343 0 0 1873272 749309 1123963 Sprinklers 60No. (15sets/ yr)

187500 187500 206250 206250 226875 226875 229144 229144 0 0 1699538 849769 849769


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


69000 69000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138000 69000 69000


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2+2)

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 462680 462680 0


SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F @45000/ha (b) Check Dams (3+2)

57852 86778 42425 63637 0 0 0 0 0 0 250692 100277 150415


92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122640 0 134800 0 561960 561960 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000


125000 500000 0 0 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 900000 180000 720000

(d) Bee Keeping Units (2)

255671 137669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393340 255671 137669


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 30000 133000 133000 0


SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F GT 0 2325495 0 2596156 0 970257 0 665749 0 976590 0 821624 0 789029 0 587557 0 250277 0 40277 10023010 5311647 4711363

DHAWAL


Wheat (1ha/yr)

7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900

Maize (1ha/yr)

5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240

Ginger (1ha/yr )

28000 12000 30800 13200 33600 14400 18480 7920 0 0 158400 110880 47520

Colocacia (0.5ha/yr

6300 2700 6930 2970 7630 3270 8400 3600 9240 3960 55000 38500 16500


34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0

FMD vaccination 50+50

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani) Deworming 50+50 animals (100 animals @Rs 60/ani)

3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Buck (5+5)

21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 0 0 210000 210000 0

Forage crops 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (1ha/yr) Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20+15+15)

35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600


8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0


36271 54406 39898 59847 43888 65832 0 0 0 0 300142 120057 180085

Water tank (3)

124529 186793 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311322 124529 186793

New Kuhal (2000+2000+1475m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 881991 1322986 0 0 0 0 7912777 3165111 4747666

RWH 10(5/ yr)

53818 80727 59200 88800 0 0 0 0 0 0 282545 113018 169527


62500 62500 68750 68750 0 0 0 0 0 0 262500 131250 131250

Gutter pipe 30No. (10No./yr) @Rs

4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F 900/length Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (2+2+2+2) @45000/ha

90000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 417680 417680 0


71720 107581 52595 78892 0 0 0 0 0 0 310788 124315 186473


92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122452 0 134697 0 561669 561669 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0

(b)Vermi composting units (2+2+2)

20000 20000 22000 22000 24200 24200 132400 66200 66200

(c) Small Polyhouse

125000 500000 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 0 0 900000 180000 720000


DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (5+2) (d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (2)

97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000


127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835

Microenterprises

0 0 0


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c)Fisheries (1+1)

67515 22505 74267 24756 0 0 189042 141782 47261

(d) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 30000 133000 133000 0

GT 0 2459988 0 2926921 0 2127792 0 2451757 0 1490664 0 1512398 0 431682 0 47590 0 259414 0 44237 13752440 6769538 6982902

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Barto


Government of Himachal Pradesh under

Integrated Watershed Management Programme for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Barto)

Prepared by:



Contents

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1. Introduction 1

2. General Description of Project Area 5

3. SWOT Analysis 11

4. Entry Point Activities 14

5. Water Harvesting 15

6. Agriculture 16

7. Horticulture 18

8. Animal Husbandry 19

9. Pisciculture 22

10. Drinking Water 23

11. Soil Conservation 24

12. Convergence 25

13. Microenterprises 26

14. Livelihood Concerns 28

15. Monitoring 29

16. Evaluation 30

17. Capacity Building 31

18. Project Withdrawal and Consolidation 33

19. Activity and Budget 34


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Barto No. of Micro Watersheds : 2 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 31028’956” N

760 50’ 798” E Total geographical area : 410 ha Treatable area : 370 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 398 BPL families : 75 Landless : - Marginal farmers / Small farmers : 255 Medium : 140 Others : 03 Total Population : 1607 Schedule Caste : 275 General : 1332 Live stock population : 1651 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

- -

Infrastructure facilities Credit institutions Agri./ Hort. Input sale depot Co-operative societies Fair price shops Post office Primary schools Middle schools High schools Higher secondary

: : : : : : : : :

- - - - 1 - 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi IV: Panchayat Barto Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting/degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis.

The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Barto watershed comprises 2 micro watersheds covering 5 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 980 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-


off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt. of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:


Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in a sustainable manner. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile rain fed eco-system by greening these areas through appropriate mix of trees and shrubs and grasses. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rain fed areas. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural population.

Problems • The area under study is beset with the following problems: • Due to dissected terrain, there is severe erosion which is eating up the cultivated area. • Lack of irrigation facilities and lack of water harvesting structures. • Low fertility and problem of nutrient losses due to erosion in rainy season. • Severe weed menace • Monkeys and stray animal menace • Deforestation in hilly area. • Poor socio-economic condition of the farmers. Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports.

Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram: - With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine, timber etc. were noted. Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: BUDGET

Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Jandron(48) 115 1725000 Nalot (45) 127 1905000 Barto (89) 60 900000 Luhnu (88) 68 1020000 Total 370 5550000

The total budget outlay for the Barto watershed is 5550000 (Table1).


II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lakhs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 550000

Monitoring 1 55000 Evaluation 1 55000

2. Preparatory Phase Entry point activities 4 220000 Institution & capacity building 5 275000 Detailed project report (DPR) 1 55000

3. Watershed Works Phase Watershed development works 50 2775000 Livelihood activities 10 550000 Production system & microenterprises

13 721500

4. Consolidation phase 5 275000 Total 100 5550000

METHODOLOGY

The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transect walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.


2. General Description of Project Area Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The watershed lies between 31028’956” N0760 50’ 798” E. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

There are 2 sub watersheds in the panchayat covering 5 villages (Table2). Geology

There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography

Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North.

The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Jandron (48) 1A2B1A2b Nalot (45) 1A2B1A2b Barto (89) 1A2B1A2a Barto (89) 1A2B1A2b Luhnun (88) 1A2B1A2a


Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes

(450-6500m). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900m) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400m) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800m) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification

It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table 3). Table 4: Trend in average rainfall (mm); 1990-91 to 2003-04


1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3


1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During

the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02 (Table4). Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area (Table 5). Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District

Block Year in which effected (last 10 years) Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected

Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34


During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate. Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District

AES Soil Topography % area Important crops Valley areas








Hilly to moderate slope 12 Wheat, paddy, maize, pea, potato, sarson, linseed, vegetables








The watershed falls in the agro-climate zone - moderate rainfall mid-hill areas (Table

6). The topography is hilly terrain with mild slopes.


Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity

Very severe Severe Mild Soil erosion 350 155 60 135 Micro-nutrient deficiency 20,000 - - 20,000

The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area (Table 7). The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures. Demography Table 8: Demographic features of Sundernagar block

SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households

275 - - 1342 1607 75 398

There are 398 households in the entire watershed with total population of 1607 (Table

8). Out of the total population, 1342 are under general category and 275 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 75 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area

Category Small Medium Large 255 140 3

The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but

large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermi-composting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area


Commodity handled


Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 All items under public distribution system

Dhanotu Vegetasbles and fruits etc.

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the watershed area (Table10). The

nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11).


Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area Location Commodity processed Type of processing Jarol HPMC




Means of transportation The Barto panchayat in watershed areas is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource

There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-

West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions:

The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial

position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use:

The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12) and the present land use map

reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing Fodder Trees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegate Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba


Table 12A: Existing Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp

Table 12B: Existing Weeds & Grasses

Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulate Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martini Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrical Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

Table 12C: Existing Timber Trees

Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Tuna Toona ciliate Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors

A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors. Strengths The key strengths of the IWMP have been identified as under:


The high altitude areas of, Sundernagar block provide excellent environment for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,


The district receives well distributed and sufficient rainfall which augurs well for overall agricultural development. It is also rich in groundwater.

Situated in the heart of the state and two national high ways passing through it, the district enjoys an enviable potential of emerging as a mega market center of the state.



The moderate climate and presence of green fodder and various grasses in the watershed area provide salubrious environment for development of small scale commercial dairy.


The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.


The existence of fish farm at Dehar and Karsog, is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.


Weaknesses


The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which hampers agricultural growth.

Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the district is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming.

The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the areas having poor connectivity is a vital weak link.



Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops Pastures and grazing lands are severely infested with weeds and poor quality grasses. Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.

Opportunities


Scope for enhancing area under irrigation through lift irrigation, rain water harvesting, natural water sources and ground water exploitation.


Potential for developing commercial dairy and rearing sheep and goat because of availability of pastures and grass lands on the one hand and huge local demand for milk on the other.

Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in watershed area like Jaral, Dhawal, etc. and apiculture in Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobber and Barto.


Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield,


the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger in Panchayats like Jaral and Serikothi.

Threats


Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands. Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses

like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and on-going process of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.












4. Entry Point Activities Entry point activities are integral part of the project to orient the community members

towards thrift and credit activities of the project. Success of government initiated programme largely depends upon the preference given to the entry point activities suggested under the programme. Main objective of the entry point activities is to increase people participation in various developmental activities initiated by the government. The money earmarked for entry point activities is 4 per cent of total budget outlay and the amount plays vital role in involving more people in different project developmental activities.


5. Water Harvesting Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses

Existing type of water sources No. Permanent/seasonal UsesKuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

12 1 - 25 - 3 -

Working Seasonal - Working - Permanent over flow -

Irrigation Do Do Do Do Drinking Water + Irrigation Drinking Water + Irrigation

The existing water sources in Barto panchayat are presented in Table13. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. The irrigation is done through kuhls and significant numbers of pucca tanks have been constructed under MNREGA (table13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed water harvesting structures

Location Size/length No.

Check dams Barto khad (Barto vill.) 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

10mx1.25m,2mx2m 5

Construction of new kuhl Karla ka dhaon to Thala 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

2000m (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1

storage tank Thala 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E at 1284m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 4

Tapping of over flow from a perennial source of water (bowri)

Luhnu vill. 31028’122” N 0760 50’ 769” E at 1122m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 2

Storage tanks Luhnu 5mx4mx1m 3 Check dams near house of Sh. Khimi Chand

Nal vill. 31029’670” N 0760 50’ 847” E at 1142m abmsl

10mx1.25m,2mx2m 1

RWH tanks Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 2mx2mx1m 15 Gutter pipe for roof water collection

Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 30

Sprinkler systems Barto, Nalot, Luhnu 15 sets 28 HD pipe

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14. We propose tapping of water, roof top rain water harvesting and loose boulder crate wire structures for erosion control (Table14). With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level and check soil erosion. Irrigation

Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 48.2% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility.


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favorable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops.

The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures


Cultivable Non-Cultivable

Jandron 48 121 0 49 49 0 66 06 115 Nalot 45 141 23 48 48 0 56 14 127 Barto 89 70 0 42 42 0 18 10 60 Luhna 88 78 10 31 31 0 27 10 68 Total - 410 33 170 170 0 167 40 370

The land use pattern of Barto panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total geographical area is 410 ha. Out of which area under agriculture is 170 ha, which is completely rainfed. The total area proposed for treatment is 370 ha (Table 16). Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Barto panchayat of Sundernagar Block

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Paddy=20, Cucumber=115q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q

Name of Panchayat


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)

Barto Maize-wheat Maize 156 Wheat 166 170 Paddy-wheat Paddy 11 Maize-barley Barley 04 Cucumber-wheat


The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. Maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. The cucumber has huge potential in the watershed area. The production of cucumber under protected can also be taken up. Table 18: Expected increase in area, yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 156 2.4 374.4 Wheat 166 1.8 298.8 Total 322 2.1 673.2 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 156 3.5 546 Wheat 166 2.2 365.2 Total 322

- 911.2 Av 35% increase

Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area


Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 0 0 0 5 3.2 16

It is expected that by increasing irrigated area and adopting improved crop production technologies, the yield of cereals and vegetables could be enhanced to a significant level (Table 18 & 19). Table 20 : Status of Cereals and vegetables

Total cereal prod. (t)

cereals consumption(t)

Marketable cereals (t)

Total Veg. Prod. (t)

Veg consumption (t)

Marketable vegetables (t)

911.2 205.3 705.9 16 164.2 -148.2 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA

The watershed is deficit with regard to vegetable production as the available surplus of vegetables is negligible (Table 20). However, the area is self sufficient with respect to food grain production. The production levels can be increased further and intervention is required for increasing production of major crops of the watershed. Demonstration on • Improved seed • Balanced fertilizers use • Insect-Pest and disease management • Efficient use of water • Mulching for moisture conservation • Herbicides etc.


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is the main fruit crop of this watershed which have favorable climate for their production. The average yield of mango fruits is low (Table21) as compared to desire level. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of mango fruit (Table21). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area (Table22) and significant net income is expected. Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area

Pre-project

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Production(t) Net income

3 10.66 31.98 409440 Post –project Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Production (t) Net income (Rs)

4 16.20 64.80 878320

Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in Barto watershed area.

Name of panchayat: Barto Area=1 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=140 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 3 4 4.5 6 Input cost 98520 23420 23420 25000 27000 29000 29000 31000 32000 34000 Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 21000 30000 40000 45000 60000

Net income -98520 -23420

-23420

-25000 -27000 -8000 1000 9000 13000 26000


8. Animal Husbandry

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 454 out of

which 358 are indigenous and 38 are improved cows (Table23a). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. There are 314 buffaloes and majority of these are indigenous type (table23b). The goats are higher in number (625) than sheep (258) (Table23c). The acquines are very less in number. Table 23: Cattle Population in Barto panchayat (a) Cow

Indigenous Cow Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks) Male Female Male Female

58 358 416 2 36 38 454

(b): Buffaloes

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes

Male Female Male Female 8 306 314 0 0 0 314

(c): Sheep and Goat

Sheep Total Goat Acquines

M F M F Total Grand Total 69 189 258 194 431 625 883 5

There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes: • FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding • Balanced feeding through concentrates, green and dry fodder Proposed intervention for increasing milk production

Proposed Intervention No. animals to be taken for demonstration

Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100 Demonstration on Deworming 100 Demonstration on Mineral Mixture feeding 100

FMD vaccination @ Rs 50/animal Deworming @Rs 60/animals Mineral Mixture feeding @15kg/animal/year @ Rs 50/kg


Intervention Required

The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 24). Table 24: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area

Bucks cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 10 38000 18000 56000 Rams 10 43000 18000 61000

Table 25: Milch animals population their average yield and production

Pre-Project Milch Animals

Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs)

623 1.5 252315 3784725

Post-Project Milch Animals


623 3.0 504630 Av. Production double

7569450

Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day Milk sale @ Rs 15/L, The average milk production of indigenous cows and buffaloes is low (Table 25) which can be increased with the adoption of better animal management options (Table 25). Table 26: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area

Existing Required Total cow+ bullocks

Green Fodder 45q/animal/ yr

dry 15q/ animal/yr

green 90q / animal/yr

Dry22q/ animal/yr

Gap in Feeding Practice

green dry 454 20430 6810 40860 9988 20430 3178




dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 314 14130 4710 28260 6908 -14130 -2198


The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 26 & 27). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability and current fodder requirement in the watershed. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed: • Demonstration on improved high yielding fodder trees • Culling of animals to reduce their population • Demonstration on improved high yielding grasses Forages Table 28: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)



227 150 6984 179 350 6248 Green fodder existing feeding practice=36.5q/animal/year, Green fodder proposed feeding practice=105q/animal/year Table 29: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed area

Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha)

Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


149 21 316 200 54 1082 242 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table28 & 29). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area

Pre Project Post Project Panchayat Total bovine

population Green fodder avail ability (q)


Green fodder avail ability (q)

Green fodder Requirement (q)

Surplus/ deficit

Barto 945 34493 567 62480 59535 2945 The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table 30, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. Pisciculture

The watershed area has not sufficient water for fish farming. Hence we do not

propose fish farming in Barto watershed.


10. Drinking Water

Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department through lift irrigation schemes

or by pipe line from natural sources and on an average, nearly 75-80% of household has drinking water facility. (Table 31). Most of the natural sources and water lifting schemes need maintenance for proper tapping. We propose tapping of over flow water from the existing bowries to benefit maximum population (Table 32). Table 31: Existing status of drinking water


% Beneficiary

Jandron Bowri and IPH pipe lines 9 75-80 Nalot IPH pipe lines 8 75-80 Barto Bowri and IPH pipe lines 9 75-80 Luhnun Bowri and IPH pipe lines 9 75-80

Table 32: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Barto watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Jandron, Barto & Luhnun

village Availability of drinking water (months/year

% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Jandron, Barto & Luhnun village



11. Soil Conservation

Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion

and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 9 ha area (Table 33) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 33: Proposed farm bunds and crate wire check dams (loose boulders)

Farm Bunds

Area (ha) Size Location 9 1 m bottom width and 0.4 m top width with side slope 1:1 All villages to be covered

Crate wire check dams No. Proposed Size Location 5

(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Barto khad 31028’956” N 0760 50’ 798” E

Silvipastoral system 10 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees) Whole panchyat Approximately 5% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Cost of bunding /ha=Rs. 45000/- Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Stone and wire Crated check dams

Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the panchayat. The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds (Table 33). Silvi-pastoral system

For soil erosion control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 10 hectares of land.


12. Convergence

Due to binding of funds available with IWMP project, the wholesome development of

watershed area is subject to linkages with the other development programmes. The possibilities of identifying these linkages and identifying activities and their association with other developmental programmes have to be done critically through convergence. This will not only ensure support from other developmental programmes but also a guideline for complete development of the area. The following activities have been converged from other development programmes • Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities with MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Demonstration on vermocomposting, nursery raising and crops with Agriculture

Department • Demonstration on fruit crops with Horticulture Department • Demonstration on fodder trees, forages crops and Dairy development with Animal

Husbandry and Forest Department • Bee keeping with Apiculture Department



The following microenterprises are proposed in the watershed for livelihood On Farm Table 34: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 5 105 m2 Capsicum nursery raising 3 300 m2 Tomato nursery raising 6 600 m2

Table 35: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 10 100 m2 Bee Keeping 1 50 colonies

The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato,

capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table34 &35). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 36). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping (Table 35) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 36: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (300 m2)

Units Recurring Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Income (Rs) 3 681129 2400000 1718871

The per unit income from capsicum (300m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is

expected to be Rs. 1718871/- and Rs. 2247457/-, respectively (Table 36 & 37). Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)

Units Recurring Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Income (Rs)

6 452543 2700000 2247457

Table 38: Expected income from proposed vermicompost production in watershed area

Units Total Capital Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income/Unit (Rs)

10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000


The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 38). Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area

Units Unit Size (colonies) Unit Cost Total cost Yield (kg) Rate Rs/kg Gross Income Net Returns 1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 6 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 27750/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 39). OFF Farm Table 40: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women

Enterprises No. proposed Capet Area Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest

technology) are presented in Table 40. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Barto watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 41). Table 41: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Recurring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


14. Livelihood Concerns

The livelihood of the local people mainly depends upon horticulture and agriculture

and can be improved by integrated farming system approach involving vermicompost production, bee keeping, vegetable production in small polyhouses and other micro entrepreneurs mentioned in the previous chapter.


15. Monitoring

A Web-based GIS System should be developed for monitoring and evaluating the project in its planning & implementation phases. The system could be made available on a public domain and can be accessed by all the stakeholders of the project. In other words, the DPR should be made available online in the form of a database which will help the stakeholders know areas of importance viz., already treated areas/historical works in the area, proposed areas for treatment etc., for further treatment and planning. The system should also show the satellite imageries of various years from the project inception stage to the project closing stages. This allows the user to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and thereby plan corrective measures for the project area. The system would serve as an aiding tool to the planners and evaluators for judging the efficacy of the project.


16. Evaluation

During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project. • Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel



Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels. This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities

Stitching Food Processing Post Harvest management practices Fodder development and Management

Crop Information

Meteorological Information Alternative Land Use Plan Improved and Scientific agriculture practices Scientific planning of Soil and Moisture conservation Information dissemination on Audio/Video Dairy Development and Management


Sr. No. Organization Training Module 1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture

practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture

practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural

practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural

practices 6 HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology


Training and Exposure visits

Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table42). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 30 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 43). Table 43: Year wise expenditure on training camps

Two days Training Module Rs 200 per trainee Years Camps 20

Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 264000




depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project.

The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be

watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges. Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.


19. Activity and Budget

BARTO


Wheat (1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 0 0 47000 32900 14100 Paddy (0.5ha/yr) 4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 6160 2640 36600 25620 10980 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5hayr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (5+5) 19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0 Improved Buck (5+5) 21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0 Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0

Improved grasses 22500 0 24750 0 27225 0 0 0 0 0 74475 74475 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F establishment (0.5ha/yr) Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0 Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20) 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50000 35000 15000 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0


40080 60120 44088 66132 48497 72745 0 0 0 0 331662 132665 198997

Water tank (4+2+1) 166038 249058 91321 136982 41510 62264 0 0 0 0 747173 298869 448304New Kuhal (1500+500m) 815400 1223100 298980 448470 0 0 0 0 0 0 2785950 1114380 1671570RWH 15(5/ yr) 53818 80727 59200 88799 65120 97679 0 0 0 0 445343 178137 267206Sprinklers 15No. (5sets/ yr)

62500 62500 68750 68750 76000 76000 0 0 0 0 414500 207250 207250


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900

Alkathane pipe (350m) 24150 24150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48300 24150 24150 Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 462680 462680 0

(b) Check Dams (2+1+1+1)

29328 43992 16130 24196 17744 26615 19518 29277 0 0 206800 82720 124080


92000 0 102200 0 111300 0 0 0 0 0 305500 305500 0




IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000

(c) Small Polyhouse 5 125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000(d) Bee Keeping Units (1)

127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2037549 0 2442955 0 1066312 0 953131 0 654870 0 401774 0 239768 0 64447 0 101337 0 34217 7996358 4099834 3896524

IWMP MandiIV Panchayat Bobar




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Bobar)

Prepared by:



Contents

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1

2 General Description of Project Area 5

3 SWOT Analysis 11

4 Entry Point Activities 14

5 Water Harvesting 15

6 Agriculture 17

7 Horticulture 20

8 Animal Husbandry 21

9 Pisciculture 24

10 Drinking Water 25

11 Soil Conservation 26

12 Convergence 27

13 Microenterprises 28

14 Livelihood Concerns 31

15 Monitoring 32

16 Evaluation 33

17 Capacity Building 34

18 Project Withdrawal and Consolidation 36

19 Activity and Budget 37


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Bobar No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 26.169’ N

0760 52.394’ E Total geographical area : 729 ha TreaTable area : 670 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 362 BPL families : 74 Landless : 1 Marginal farmers/ Small farmers : 272 Medium : 86 Others : 03 Total Population : 1696 Schedule Caste : 41 General : 1255 Live stock population : 890 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

- 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 - 1 1 1 4 1 0 1

IWMP Mand‐IV: Panchayat Bobar Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis. The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Bobar panchayat comprises 2 micro watersheds covering 5 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude varied from about 900 meter to 1500 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the


watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Problems • The area under study is beset with the following problems: • Due to dissected terrain, there is severe erosion which is eating up the cultivated area. • Lack of irrigation facilities and lack of water harvesting structures. • Low fertility and problem of nutrient losses due to erosion in rainy season. • Severe weed menace • Monkeys and stray animal menace • Deforestation in hilly area. • Poor socio-economic condition of the farmers.

Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Croping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget

Panchayat Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Bobar Fagla(97) 70 1050000 Kandar(80) 229 3435000 Bobar (96) 245 3675000 DPF Fagla 126 1890000 Total 670 10050000

The total budget outlay for the Barto watershed is 10050000 (Table1).


II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 1005000




13 1306500


METHODOLOGY The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transect walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.


2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use

pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The panchayat area lies between 310 26.169’ N 0760 52.394’ E t 1002 m amsl. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

There are 2 sub watersheds in the panchayat covering 5 villages (Table2). Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Bobar (96) 1A2B1A3a Phagla (97) 1A2B1A3b Kandar (80) 1A2B1B1b D.P.F. Phagla Bhawana 1A2B1A3a D.P.F. Phagla Bhawana 1A2B1A3b


Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suiTable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices.The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table3). Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04


1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3


1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02 (Table 4). Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area (Table 5). Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi

District Block Year in which effected (last 10

years) Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area

affected

Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate. Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District


Important crops

Valley areas

















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%) (Table 6). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area (Table 7). The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures. Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity

Very severe Severe Mild Soil erosion 350 155 60 135 Micro-nutrient deficiency

20,000 - - 20,000

Demography

Table 8 Demographic features of Sundernagar block Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total

Population BPL families Households

Bobar 41 - - 1285 1696 74 362

There are 362 households in the entire panchayat with total population of 1696 (Table 8). Out of the total population, 1285 are under general category, 41 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are negligible and OBC category does not exist. There are 74 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less Table 9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities

Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area Banking facilities Fair Price

Shops Commodity handled


Kangra Co-operative Bank 1 All items under public distribution system


Banking facilities are available in the watershed area (Table 10. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. The panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11).






Means of transportation This panchayat is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC. Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba Ban Quercus incana Dudhla Ficus sp.

Table 12A: Existing Fruits

Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp Plum Prunus domestica


Table12B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens


Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Tuna Toona ciliata Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors. Strengths The key strengths of the IWMP have been identified as under:









The presence of suiTable flora for beekeeping in far flung area of Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobar and Barto can be very good nitches for beekeeping.



The existence of fish farm at Dahar and Karsog, is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.


Weaknesses





Poor extension backup as a result of inadequate extension manpower is yet another important weakness. Inadequate irrigation facilities despite huge potential to bring additional area under irrigation.


Opportunities





Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in watershed area like Jaral, Dhawal, Bobar etc. and apiculture in Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobar and Barto.

Vast potential for area expansion under mango in Jarol, Slapper, Churd, Barto, Salwana and Bobar in Sundernagar block exists.

Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average


farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield, the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger in Panchayats like Jaral and Serikothi.

Threats The rapid spread of obnoxious weeds like Ageratum conyzoids, Parthenium

hystrophorus, Lantana camara, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, , Cyprus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyprus iria, Commelina communis, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fimbristylis sp., Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Juncus bufonius is posing threat to pastures and cultivable lands.














4. ENTRY POINT ACTIVITIES

Entry point activities are integral part of the project to orient the community members



5. WATER HARVESTING

Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Bobar Bobar Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

15 3 1 14 - 3 1

- 3 permanent - - Permanent source do

Irrigation Need tapping Irrigation - Drinking Drinking

The existing water sources in Bobar panchayat are presented in Table13. The

watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. The irrigation is done through kuhls and significant numbers of pucca tanks have been constructed under MNREGA (Table13). Drinking water is provided by the State IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed water harvesting structures Location Size / legth No. Lift irrigation from Bhunka ra nal to Kandar-1 village (1000m head). It is proposed through water lifting pump and Check dam in nalah. Water storage tank has already been constructed at Kutli by IPH deptt.

Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N 0750 42.234’ E

- 1

Check dam for tapping water Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N 0750 42.234’ E

8mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Lifting of water from Bhunka ra nal to Kandar village

Kandar village 310 26.169’ N 0760 52.394’ E

1.5 horse power

1

Alkathene pipe Bhunka ra nal to Kutli

2” 900m

Construction of water storage tanks at an interval of 100m (Total head=1100m)

Between nalah and kutli

5mx4mx1m 11

Tapping water from bowri in to a community tank in Kandhar-I village

310 26.169’ N 0760 52.394’ E 1002 m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

Construction of new kuhl Kandar to fields (0.5m B x 0.4m H) 3950m

1

RWH Tank Fagla Dhar (10 HH) and Kandhar-1 (30 HH)

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 60 Sprinkler systems same 40 28 HD pipe


The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14. We propose tapping of water, roof top rain water harvesting and loose boulder crate wire structures for erosion control (Table14). With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level and check soil erosion. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. A significant increase in irrigated area (69.1%) is expected in the watershed (Table 15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Bobar

panchayat

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)

Pre-Project Irrigated area (ha)

Post-Project Irrigated area (ha)


139 139 0 96 69.1


6. AGRICULTURE


The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favourable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”.

The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agric. use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures



Fagla 97 83 01 27 27 0 42 13 70 Kandar 80 244 85 50 50 0 94 15 229 Bobar 96 275 128 61 61 0 56 30 245 DPF Fagla

127 124 01 01 0 01 01 126

Total 729 338 139 139 0 193 59 670

The land use pattern of Bobar panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total geographical area is 729ha. Out of which area under agriculture is 139 ha, which is completely rainfed. The total area proposed for treatment is 670 ha (Table 16).


Table 17: Existing Cropping System

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Paddy=20,Tomato=375q, Cucumber=115q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q

The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. Maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. The cucumber and tomato has huge potential in the watershed area. The production of cucumber and tomato under protected can also be taken up. Table 18: Expected increase in area, yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 98 2.2 215.6 Wheat 125 1.7 212.5 Paddy 14 1.4 19.6 Total 237 447.7 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 98 3.1 303.8 Wheat 125 2.2 275 Paddy 14 2 28

Total 237 2.4 606.8 Av 35% increase

Average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is low

due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The details of interventions for increasing crop productivity has been provided in Table 18.

Sr. No.

Name of Panchayat


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)

1. Bobar Paddy-wheat Maize 88 Wheat 112 139

Maize-Wheat Paddy 18

Maize-Barley Tomato-wheat

Tomato

10

Cucumber-Wheat

cucumber 07


Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Post-Project Crop Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) Area

(ha) Av. Yield (ha)

Production (t)

Tomato 12 21.5 258.0 12 30.0 360.0 Cucumber 7 28.5 199.5 7 34.0 238.0 Total 19 25.0 457.5 19 32.0 618

Av 35% increase

It is expected that by increasing irrigated area and adopting improved crop production

technologies, the yield of cereals and vegetables could be enhanced to a significant level (Table 18 & 19). Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables in watershed area



Cereal markeTable surplus (t)



Vegetable markeTable surplus (t)

447.7 216.7 231.0 457.5 175.2 282.3

The area is self sufficient with respect to food grain and vegetable production.

However, there is scope for enhancing their production (Table 20). The production levels can be increased further and intervention is required for increasing production of major crops of the watershed. Demonstration on

• Improved seed • Balanced fertilizers use • Insect-Pest and disease management • Efficient use of water • Mulching for moisture conservation • Herbicides etc.


7. HORTICULTURE

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. Aonla plantation can be encouraged in the Bobar Panchyat. This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area (Table 21 & 22).

Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area Pre-project Area (ha) Yield

( t/ha) Total Production(t) Net income

0 0 0 0 Post –project Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Production (t) Net income (Rs)

1.5 100 150 1259433

Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of aonla in Bobar watershed area.

Name of panchayat: Bobar Area=1 ha. Crop = Aonla No. of plants=200 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 50 60 80 100 Input cost 82300 90530 99583 109541 120495 132544 145798 160378 Gross income -82300 -90530 -99583 -109541 500000 600000 800000 1000000 Net income -82300 -90530 -99583 -109541 379505 467456 654202 839622


8. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 666 out which 612 are indigenous and 54 improved cows (Table 23a).The total population of buffaloes are 491 out of which 342 are indigenous and 149 are improved (Table 23b). The goats are 975 whereas sheep population is 144 (Table 23c). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Table 23: Cattle Population in Bobar Panchayat. a) Cow

Indigenous cow Total Improved cows Total Total (cow/bullocls)

Male Female 612

Male Female 54 666 445 167 5 49

(b) Buffaloes

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female

342 M F

149 491 20 322 10 139 (c) Sheep and Goat

Sheep Total Goat Total Grand Total Acquines

Male Female 144

Male Female 975 1119 5 45 99 179 796

There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes for increasing milk

production in the watershed area. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes: • FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding and • Balanced feeding through concentrates, green and dry fodder

Proposed intervention for increasing milk production

Proposed Intervention No. animals to be taken for demonstration Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100 Demonstration on Deworming 100 Demonstration on Mineral Mixture feeding 100

FMD vaccination @ Rs 50/animal Deworming@Rs 60/animals Mineral Mixture feeding @15kg/animal/year @ Rs 50/kg


Intervention Required The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and

meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 24).






278 1.5 112590 1688850 Post-Project Milch Animals


278 3.0 225180 3377700 Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L,

The average milk production of indigenous cows and buffaloes is low (Table 25)

which can be increased with the adoption of better animal management options (Tabe 25). Table 26: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area

Existing Required Total cow+bullocks

Green Fodder 45q/animal/yr

dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 666 29970 9990 59940 14652 -29970 -4662


Existing Required Total cow+bullock


dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 491 22095 10802 58920 14239 -36825 -3437


The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 26 & 27). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:

• Demonstration on improved high yielding fodder trees • Culling of animals to reduce their population • Demonstration on improved high yielding grasses

Forages

Table 28: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area Pre-Project Post-Project Approximate Area (ha)

Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


218 21 458 277 52 1442 215 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year

The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28 & 29).

The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area

Pre Project Post Project Total bovine population





Surplus/ deficit

1381 50407 829 130730 87003 43727

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table 30, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. PISCICULTURE

The watershed area has not sufficient water for fish farming. Hence we do not propose

fish farming in Barto watershed.


10. DRINKING WATER

Table 31: Existing status of drinking water Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of drinking

water (months) % Beneficiary

Bobbar Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Phagla Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85 Kandar Bowri and IPH pipeline 8 80-85 Phagla Bhawana Bowri and IPH lift irrigation scheme 9 80-85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered in Bobbar, fagla and Bhawna wards (Table 31). Bowries are another water source to the residents of Bobbar, Kandar and Fagla. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in Kandar I & II villages. Over flow water in Kanda-I need tapping and could provide water to atleast 10-15 % households (Table 32). Table 32 : Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Bobar watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Availability of drinking water (months/year)

% Beneficiary

Tapping over flow water of Bowri

Kandar-I 11-12 Remaining 15-20

Water supply of tapped water Kandar-I & II 10-11 Remaining 15-20


11. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 7 ha area (Table 33) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 33: Proposed farm bunds and crate wire check dams (loose boulders) in Bobar

Farm Bunds

Area (ha) Size Location

7 1 m bottom width and 0.4 m top width with side slope 1:1

All villages to be covered


(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Bhunka ra nal 310 25.107’ N 0750 42.234’ E

Silvipastoral system 3 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees)

Whole panchyat

Approximately 5% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Cost of bunding /ha=Rs. 45000/- Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Stone and wire Crated check dams

Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 6 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the panchayat. The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds (Table 33). Silvipastoral system

For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 3 hactares of land.


12. CONVERGENCE

Due to binding of funds available with IWMP project, the wholesome development of watershed area is subject to linkages with the other development programmes. The possibilities of identifying these linkages and identifying activities and their association with other developmental programmes have to be done critically through convergence. This will not only ensure support from other developmental programmes but also a guideline for complete development of the area. The following activities have been converged from other development programmes

• Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities with MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Demonstration on vermocomposting , nursery raising and crops with

Agriculture Department • Demonstration on fruit crops with Horticulture Department • Demonstration on fodder trees, forages crops and Dairy development with

Animal Husbandry and Forest Department • Bee keeping with Apiculture Department


13. MICROENTERPRISES

The following microenterprises are proposed in the watershed for livelihood On Farm

Table 34: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 5 105 m2 Capsicum nursery raising 3 300 m2 Tomato nursery raising 6 600 m2


Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 10 100 m2 Mushroom cultivation 8 200 bags Bee Keeping 2 50 colonies


capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 34 & 35). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 35). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping (Table) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 36: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (300 m2)


The per unit income from capsicum (400m2) and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 2291828/- and Rs. 2247457/-, respectively (Table 36 & 37). Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 452543 2700000 2247457



10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000


The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 38). Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from proposed mushroom production in watershed area

Unit Total unit cost (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income in subsequent years (Rs)

8 776000 816000 20000 119200

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome

returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 119200/- (Table 39). Table 40: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area


Unit Cost Total cost Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income Net Returns

Net Returns in subsequent year

2 50 78189.6 390948.3 167 150 25050 -365898 78750

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 2 demonstration

units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 78750/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 40). Off Farm

Table 41: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women Enterprises No. proposed Capet Area Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

20 300 m2


technology) are presented in Table 41. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Jaral watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 42).


Table 42: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) Years No. of beneficiaries Capital

Cost (Rs) Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600

Table 43: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2


technology) are presented in Table 43. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Bobar watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 44). Table 44: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


14. LIVELIHOOD CONCERNS

The livelihood of the local people mainly depends upon horticulture and agriculture and can be improved by integrated farming system approach involving vermicompost production, bee keeping, vegetable production in small polyhouses and other micro entrepreneurs mentioned in the previous chapter.


15. MONITORING SYSTEM (WATERSHED LEVEL)




16. EVALUATION

During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project.

• Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel


17. CAPACITY BUILDING AND INSTITUTIONAL COLLABORATION



Crop Information




practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajaura Training in modern and scientific agriculture


practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura Training in modern and better horticultural



Training and Exposure visits:



Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 10 0 0 120000 144000 158400 0 0 422400


18. PROJECT WITHDRAWL AND CONSOLIDATION

The Project management of any watershed programme is very important. It mainly depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project. The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges. Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.


19. ACTIVITY BUDGET PROPOSED PLAN-BOBAR WATERSHED


IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstration)

Tomato (2+1+1+1ha /year)

63000 27000 35000 15000 38500 16500 42000 18000 0 0 255000 178500 76500


24500 10500 27300 11700 30030 12870 33033 14157 0 0 164090 114863 49227

Paddy (0.5ha/yr)

4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 27800 19460 8340

Horticulture 0 0 0 Anoala 30905 13245 31710 13590 34881 14949 0 0 0 0 139280 97496 41784 Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0

Mineral Mixture feeding 50+ 50animals

37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg) Improved Ram (5+5)

19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0

Improved Buck (10+10+10)

43000 0 47300 0 52030 0 0 0 0 0 142330 142330 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600


8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950

Total 0 43750 0 18750 0 40600 0 17400 0 33600 0 14400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168500 117950 50550 Water Harvesting

0 0 0 0 0 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Structures Check Dam PCC (1)

28913 43370 0 0 0 0 0 0 72283 28913 43370

Water tank (5+5+1)

207548 311322 228303 342454 45660 68491 0 0 0 0 1203778 481511 722267

New Kuhal (1500+1500m+950m)

815400 1223100 896940 1345410 568062 852093 0 0 0 0 5701005 2280402 3420603

RWH 40 (10/ yr)

107636 161454 118400 177599 130240 195359 143264 214895 0 0 1248847 499539 749308


125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 166375 166375 0 0 1160250 580125 580125


6750 6750 7425 7425 8168 8168 8985 8985 0 0 62654 31327 31327


62100 62100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124200 62100 62100


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 0 0 0 0 342900 342900 0


71720 107581 78892 118339 0 0 0 0 0 0 376532 150613 225919



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (c) Silvipastoral System (2.0ha/yr)

92000 0 102200 0 111300 0 122500 0 134800 0 562800 562800 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

(d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (4+4)

194000 194000 213400 213400 0 814800 407400 407400

(f) Bee Keeping Units (2)

255671 137669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393340 255671 137669

Microenterprises

0 0 0


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2759393 0 3081214 0 2236262 0 2435670 0 1470346 0 1373500 0 621326 0 433881 0 244577 0 9977 14666144 7331903 7334242

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Chamukha




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Chamukha)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 16

7 Horticulture 18


9 Pisciculture 23



12 Convergence 26



15 Monitoring 31

16 Evaluation 32





PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : CHAMUKHA No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 24.429’ N latitude and 0770 39.166’ E longitude.

Total geographical area : 624ha Treatable area : 562 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 535 BPL families : 83 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 223 Small farmers : 309 Others : 03 Total Population : 2365 Schedule Caste : 831 General : 1534 Live stock population : 1503 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

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: : : : : : : : :

1 - 1 1 1 4 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Chamukha Page 1

1. Introduction The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion

and depleting/degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis.

The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Chamukha panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 5 villages. The entire watershed area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude varied from 660 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm


and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the panchayat are dependent on agriculture. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in l the panchayat. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the panchayat 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed


8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted. Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget


Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Chamukha 182 2730000 Sabyahan 93 1395000 Talsai 78 1170000 Dhar 209 3135000 Total 562 8430000

I. Executive Summary




3. Watershed Works Phase Watershed development works 50 4215000 Livelihood activities 10 843000 Production system & microenterprises 13 1095900


METHODOLOGY The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transect walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.



Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The panchayat area lies between 310 24.429’ N latitude and 0770 39.166’ E longitude. Table: 2. Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

The details of sub micro watershed in Chamukha panchayat are presented in Table 1. The Chamukha panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 5 villages. Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The panchayat area is characterized by low hills and forests. The altitude varies between 650 meters to 2000 meters above the sea level. The Dhawal panchayat of Sundernagar block falls in lower Himalayas commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej. Climate The climatic condition of the panchayat varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (650-2000mtrs). It has hot and sub-humid tropical climate. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Chamukha (41) 1A2B1A3c Chamukha (41) 1A2B1A3b Sabyahan (46) 1B1C3E2a Talsai (43) 1A2B1A2c Dhar (40) 1B1C3E2a


comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all.

Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts AES Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm) Valley areas 651-1,300 1,000 Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas 651-1,300 1,540 High rainfall mid-hill areas 1,100-1,800 2,376 Mid hill-sub temperate areas 1,300-1,800 1,080, light snowfall High hill temperate wet areas >1,800 1,000

Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 650 m to more than 2000 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm. Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04

Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3 1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area.


Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District Year in which effected (last 10 years) Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected

2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block as a whole adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate. Table 6: Information on Soils of watershed area


Important crops

Valley areas








Hilly to moderate slope

12 Wheat, paddy, maize, pea, potato, sarson, linseed, vegetables








The watershed area falls under soil order Entisole, Inseptisole and Mollisole. The topography is more or less leveled in valley area and Hilly terrain, soils shallow to deep, frost prone particularly on northern aspects (Table 5). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area in the district. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures.


Table 7: Information on Problem Soils of watershed area Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity


Demography Table 8: Demographic features of watershed area


831 - - 1534 2365 83 535 There are 546 households in the entire panchayat with total population of 2111. Out of the total population, about 50% are under general category, 50% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 43 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less. The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities


Shops Commodity handled Markets Commodity handled

Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 All items under public distribution

system


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole panchayat. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area.






Means of transportation The Chamukha panchayat, is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams and nalahs in the watershed area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. The bowries are less in number (2) but 1 seasonal nalahs and one khad exist in the panchayat which can be used to tap water during rainy season and utilize during water stress conditions. Existing permanent nalah may be useful source of irrigation water if its water is tapped through kuhl. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba

The panchayat have a variety of natural green fodder tress (Table 11) and are main source of green fodder during winter when there is fodder scarcity. Table 12.A: Existing Fruits

Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp

None of the fruit trees are grown commercially. However, mango has huge production potential and there is scope to put more area under this crop.


Table 12 B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Botanical Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

The weed infestation is very high and need scientific intervention to eradicate these weeds. This will help in increasing crop and fodder production in the panchayat. Table 12C: Existing Timber Trees

Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Tuna Toona ciliata

Tuna and Shishum are found at lower height and serve the purpose of timber.


3. SWOT Analysis



The watershed area has favorable agro-climatic conditions for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,




The location of the Chamukha watershed near to market in the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi as compared to other districts of the state gives it an added advantage.



There is presence of suitable flora which may be very good niche for beekeeping. The panchayat has poor infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks.

There is one seed farm at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.


The existence of fish farm at Dahar is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.


Weaknesses Small and fragmented holdings, besides undulating topography of high terrain areas are

major impediments in accelerating growth of agriculture and allied sectors. The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which hampers

agricultural growth. Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the district

is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming. The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the areas having

poor connectivity is a vital weak link. Poor extension backup as a result of inadequate extension manpower is yet another

important weakness. Inadequate irrigation facilities despite huge potential to bring additional area under

irrigation. Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops Pastures and grazing lands are severely infested with weeds and poor quality grasses. Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.

Opportunities Potential to emerge as leading producer of high value cash crop like exotic vegetables

(broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like fish farming, small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, mango, litchi, plum, apple and vermicomposting production.


Potential to expand organic farming under ginger wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.


Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation and apiculture in watershed area. Vast potential for area expansion under mango and ginger. Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident

from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield, the


watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger.



Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands. Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses

like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and on-going process of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.












5. Water Harvesting

Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses Existing type of water sources No. Permanent/seasonal Uses Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

- 1 1 - - 2 -

- Permanent Permanent

- -

Permanent -

- irrigation

- -

Drinking Drinking

There is one nalahs in the panchayat which is temporary source of water. The nearby khad has permanent availability of water. No pucca tanks has been constructed under MNREGA for irrigation purposes. There are two bowries in the panchayat and are use for drinking water (Table 13). Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities


Check dam in Chail khad 310 25.654’ N latitude and 0750 44.219 E longitude.


1

lifting of water from check dam to a height of 1000m by installing water lifting pumps at 100m interval

Check dam to Chamukha village 1.5 horse power 10

Construction of a new kuhl Chail khad to different villages 3000m (1500+1500m) (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

2

Water storage tanks at 100 m interval Talsai and Dhar village 5mx4mx1m

10

Tank roof top harvesting RCC Talsai (8HH), Dhar (7HH) and Sabyahn (5HH)

2mx2mx1 m 20

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same 40

Sprinkler systems same 20 sets 28 HD pipe

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in table 14. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 54.6% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed. It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation

Agri. Land Rainfed area (ha) Pre-Project Irrigated area Post-Project Irrigated area


213 213 0 82 38.5


6. Agriculture


The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”.

The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

An increase in average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops is expected after creating different water harvesting structures in the watershed. A significant increase in yield of in cereals and vegetables is expected from the project. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo. area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Perma nent Pastures



Chamukha 41 203 05 63 63 0 114 21 182 Sabyahan 46 109 0 49 49 0 44 16 93 Talsai 43 87 0 32 32 0 46 09 78 Dhar 40 225 22 69 69 0 118 16 209 Total 624 27 213 213 0 322 62 562

The land use pattern of Dhawal panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total

geographical area in the panchayat is 624 ha, out of which land under agriculture is merely 213 ha which is 100% rainfed. The area under cultivable waste is 322ha, whereas it is 62 ha area under non-cultivable waste. There is scope to develop cultivable waste lands into mango orchard, fodder trees and forages.


Table 17: Existing Cropping System in different panchayats of Sundernagar Block

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 14. Maize is the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Table18: Existing area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

213 1.6 341

The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield (Table 18). The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills.

Table 19: Expected increase yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed area

Table 20: Status of Cereals in watershed

Total cereal production (q) Cereals consumption Marketable cereals

341 205 136

Cereal consumption 350g/day/person Table 21: Status of Cereals in watershed (Post- Project) Expected Area (ha) Total Veg. production (q) Veg. consumption Marketable Veg.

10 155 117 38

Name of Panchayat


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)

Chamukha Maize-wheat Maize 150 Wheat 195 213

Pre-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

213 1.6 341

Post-Project

Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

213 2.4 469


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is main commercial crop of Chamukha panchayat. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops. This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area.

Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area

Pre-project

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod Output Net income

15 11.66 351300 174.9 2623500 2272200 Post –project

Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod (t) Gross income (Rs) Net income (Rs)

22 17.94 515240 394.68 5920200 5404960

Table 23: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in Chamukha watershed area

Name of panchayat: Chamukha Area=7 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=980 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 14 16 18 20 24

Input cost 692650 163940 166000 168000 169000 171000

173000

175000

177000

180000

Gross income 0 0 0 0 0

140000

160000

180000

200000

240000

Net income -692650 -163940

-163940

-163940

-163940 -31000 -13000 5000 23000 60000


8. Animal Husbandry

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 411 out of which 358 are indigenous and 53 improved cows (Table 25a).The total population of buffaloes are 309 out of which 220 are indigenous and 89 are improved (Table 25b). The goats are 147 whereas sheep population is merely 12 in number (Table 25c). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Table 25: Cattle Population in different panchayats Table 25 (a): Cow

Indigenous cow Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks)

Male Female 358 Male Female 53 411 243 115 3 50

Table 25 (b): Buffaloes

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female 220 Male Female 89 309

21 199 6 83 Table 25 (c): Sheep and Goat




Rams Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital Cost (Rs) 10 38000 18000 56000 Bucks Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital cost 10 43000 18000 61000

Intervention Required: For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that:

• Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 24). Table 26: Existing bovine population their average yield, production and income (Pre-Project)

Bovine population



Consumption/ lactation (L)

Surplus/ lactation (L)


323 969 261630 161302 100328 -369718 Existing average milk yielday/animal=3.0 L, Milk sale @ Rs 25/L, Milk Consumption/head/day @ 283 ml


The total bovine population is less as a result the milk production is also low and hence

little surplus milk is available to be sold in market (Table 26). Keeping in view, net returns are in the negative side which indicates that high returns are possible after improving indigenous cows and buffaloes through artificial insemination. Intervention for increasing milk production Table 23 : Increasing milk production of milch animals in Rohanda watershed




Table 27: Milch animals population with their average yield and production

Pre-project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 388 1.5 157140 2357100

Post-project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 388 3.0 314280

Av. Production double 4714200

Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L,

The better animal disease and nutritional management would increase milk production from current level of 2357100 lts. to 4714200 lts. in the watershed area, which will generate income to the farm families (Table27). Table 28: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area



dry 15q/ animal/yr

conc.3.5q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 411 18495 6165 1439 36990 9042 -18495 -2877



Forages

Table 30: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area Pre-Project Post-Project


Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)

Production (t)

Area (ha) Av. Yield q/ha) Production (t)

Per cent increase in production


The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 31). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:


Existing Feeding Practice Required Practice

Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr



Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry 309 13905 6798 2163 37080 8961 -23175 -2163


Table 32: Post project green and dry matter availability, requirement and deficit /surplus

Green fodder requirement post project

DM requirement post project Budget (q)

Total cattle


green fodder year 105q/a/y

Green available

DM required q/year 25q/animal/y

DM Available dry (q)

green surplus

Dry surplus

752 451 47376 84330 11280 17100 36954 5820







Surplus/ deficit

752 27448 451 84330 47376 36954

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from Table 30, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population (Table 33).


9. Pisciculture

The watershed area has not sufficient water for fish farming and hence Pisciculture is not possible in this watershed.


10. Drinking Water Table 34: Existing status of drinking water

Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of drinking water

(months)

% Beneficiary

Chamukha Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 75-80 Sabyahan Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 7 75-80 Talsai IPH pipeline 7 75-80 Dhar IPH pipeline 8 75-80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and pipe lines and 75-80 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (2) and provide water to two villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households.

Table 35: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Chamukha watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Chamukha & Sabyahan village Availability of


% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Dhar & Talsai village 12 Remaining 20-25



Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in about 11 ha. area (Table 36) which will improve soil water retention capacity of soil.

Table 36: Farm bund and check dam construction in the watershed area Farm Bunds

Area (ha) Size Location 11 1 m bottom width and 0.4 m top width with side slope

1:1 All villages to be covered

Crate wire check dams No. Proposed Size Location

5

(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Chamukha khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E

Silvipastoral system 3 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees) Whole panchyat

Approximately 5% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Cost of bunding /ha=Rs. 45000/- Stone and wire crated check dams

Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in this panchayat for soil erosion control (Table 36). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system

For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 3 hactares of land.


12. Convergence


• Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities with MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Demonstration on vermocomposting , nursery raising and crops with Agriculture






On Farm



capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 37&38). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 37). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table 37) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 38: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 10 100 m2 Mushroom cultivation 2 200 bags Bee keeping 3 50 colonies

Table 39: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (300 m2)


The per unit income from capsicum (600m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 2578306/- and Rs. 2247457/- respectively (Table 39 & 40 ). Table 40: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 543052 3240000 2696948


Table 41: Expected income from proposed vermicompost production in watershed area Units Total Capital Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income/Unit (Rs)

10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000

The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of

vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 41). Table 42: Expected income to BPL families from proposed mushroom production in watershed area

Units Total unit cost (Rs)


2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns

and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- (Table 42). Table 43: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area



Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income


3 50 117284 586422 250 150 37500 -548922 118125

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 6 demonstration

units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 118125/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 43). Off Farm


20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)

are presented in Table 44. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each


panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Chamukha watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 45). Table 45: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


14. Livelihood Concerns The livelihood of the local people mainly depends upon horticulture and agriculture and

can be improved by integrated farming system approach involving vermicompost production, bee keeping, vegetable production in small polyhouses and other micro entrepreneurs mentioned in the previous chapter.


15. Monitoring



16. Evaluation


Increased surface and ground water Reduced un-off and soil erosion Improved vegetative cover Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed Increased availability of fodder and fuel





Crop Information



Sr. No. Organization Training Module 1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural practices 7 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural practices 8 HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology



Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc. On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 20 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 47). Table 47: Year wise expenditure on training camps


Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0

120000 144000 0 0 0 264000



The Project management of any watershed programme is very important. It mainly depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project.

The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges.

Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.




IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Maize(1ha/yr) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Wheat ( 1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr)

34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 0 0 229500 160650 68850

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (4+4+2)

15200 0 16720 0 18392 0 9000 0 0 0 59312 59312 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved Buck (4+4+2)

17200 0 18920 0 20812 0 12000 0 0 0 68932 68932 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


0 0 0 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 180000 180000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000


8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (1)

36271 54406 0 0 0 0 0 0 90677 36271 54406

Water tank (5+5)

207548 311322 228303 342454 0 0 0 0 0 0 1089627 435851 653776


1087200 1630800 597960 896940 0 0 0 0 0 0 4212900 1685160

2527740

RWH 20 (5/ yr) 53818 80727 61600 92400 66000 99000 148720

223080 163600 245400 1234345 493738 740607

Sprinklers 20No.

62500 62500 68750 68750 75000 75000 166500

166500 146400 219600 1111500 519150 592350



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (5sets/ yr) Gutter pipe 40No. (10No./yr) @Rs 900/length

4500 4500 4950 4950 5500 5500 12000 12000 10560 15840 80300 37510 42790

1.5 hp Water lifting pumps 10 (5+5)

112500 112500 0 0 225000 112500 112500


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (4+4+3ha/yr) @45000/ha

169500 0 186450 0 205095

0 121000

0 0 0 682045 682045 0

(b) Check Dams (1/yr)

14664 21996 16000 24000 17600 26400 0 0 0 0 120660 48264 72396


46000 0 50600 0 55650 0 0 0 0 0 152250 152250 0


0 0 0


66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

(d)Mushroom 194000 194000 0 0 0 388000 194000 194000



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Cultivation Units (2) (e) Bee Keeping Units (2+1)

255671 137669 140619 75718 0 0 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213387

Microenterprises

0 0 0


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2751871 0 3286994 0 1615304

0 1577725 0 702134

0 279760

0 631790

0 437650 0 450637 0 499517 12233380 6151735

6081645

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Churad




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Churad)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27




16 Monitoring 33

17 Evaluation 34




PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : CHURD No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 31030’512” N 0760 50’ 366” E at 1198m abmsl

Total geographical area : 437 ha Treatable area : 402 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 333 BPL families : 44 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 124 Small farmers : 207 Others : 02 Total Population : 1505 Schedule Caste : 125 General : 1380 Live stock population : 1294 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

1 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Churad Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69m ha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis.

The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Churd panchayat comprises of 3 micro watersheds covering 4 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 1198 m meter above mean sea level. Average annual


rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Problems The area under study is beset with the following problems:

• Due to dissected terrain, there is severe erosion which is eating up the cultivated area. • Lack of irrigation facilities and lack of water harvesting structures. • Low fertility and problem of nutrient losses due to erosion in rainy season. • Severe weed menace • Monkeys and stray animal menace • Deforestation in hilly area. • Poor socio-economic condition of the farmers.

Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed




Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc.

In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table 1: Budget Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Churad 101 1515000 Nall 80 1200000 Ghauru 134 2010000 Bhanglehra 87 1305000 Total 402 6030000

The total budget for the different villages in the watershed is 6030000 (Table1).

II. Executive Summary Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 603000


2. Preparatory Phase Entry point activities 4 241200 Institution & capacity building

5 301500

Detailed project report (DPR)

1 60300

3. Watershed Works Phase Watershed development works

50 3015000

Livelihood activities 10 603000 Production system & microenterprises

13 783900


METHODOLOGY

The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transact walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.



Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The Churd watershed lies between 31030’512” N 0760 50’ 366” E at 1198m amsl Table: 2. Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

The watershed is comprised of four villages and 3 micro watersheds (Table2). Geology


Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate

The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Churad (39) 1B1C3E2b Nal (38) 1A2B1A2c Ghauru (47) 1B1C3E2a Bhanglehra (36) 1B1C3E2f


There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification

It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all.

Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table 3). Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04


1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9


The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area (Table4). Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34


During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table5).

Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District AES Soil Topography % area Important crops Valley areas










Alfisole & Inseptisole Hilly terrain, slop moderate to steep, during winter northern aspects have frost for longer period





The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by

Valley Areas (25%) (Table6).The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measure s (Table7).




Demography

Table 8: Demographic features of Sundernagar block SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households

125 - - 1380 1505 44 333

There are 333 households in the entire watershed with total population of 1505 (Table8). Out of the total population, about 95% are under general category, 5% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are negligible and OBC category does not exist. There are 44 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising.

Infrastructural Facilities Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area


Commodity handled


Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 do Dhanotu Vegetables, fruits and food grain

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar (Table10). The panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table11). Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area






Means of transportation Except Serikothi panchayat, all the panchayats in watershed areas are well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table120 and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba




Table 13 B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens




3. SWOT Analysis


The varied agro-climatic conditions give rise to micro climatic niches conducive for the cultivation of a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops both, seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables along with concomitant avocations like, commercial vermin-compost production, vegetable nursery raising, rearing of poultry, crossbred cows, particularly Jersey cross with local cows and improved buffalo.









The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and


Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.

The existence of fish farm at Dehar and Karsog, is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.


Weaknesses








Opportunities

Potential to emerge as leading producer of high value cash crop like exotic vegetables (broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like fish farming, small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, mango, litchi, plum, apple and vermin composting production.




Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in watershed area like Jaral, Dhawal, Bobber etc. and apiculture in Panchayats like Serikothi, Bobber and Barto.


Vast potential for area expansion under mango in Jarol, Slapper, Churd, Barto, Sulwana and Bobber in Sundernagar block exists.


Threats




Unplanned construction of roads and other infrastructures, mining and removal of sand aggregates from the river and local nalah are posing serious threat to fragile hilly ecosystem.









5. Water Harvesting


5 3 1 4 - 9 -

Working Seasonal Permanent Working - Permanent -

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking & irrigation -

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs (3), bowries (9), khad (1) and other naturally occurring water sources (Table 14). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 15: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities


Location Size/ Length No.

One Check dam near Nal village

Near PWD Bridge 31030’512” N 0760 50’ 366” E at 1198m abmsl

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m 1

Renovation of existing Kuhl

Churadh-II to Churadh-I 31030’352” N 0760 50’ 911” E at 1094m abmsl

1000 m 1

Construction of new kuhls

Churadh-II to Churadh-I 31030’352” N 0760 50’ 911” E at 1094m abmsl

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) (1500 m each)

2

Tapping over flow water of 9 Bowdies in to storage tanks

1. Bangaloo vill. Near Sangam public school (1) 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 141” E at 1079m abmsl 2.Near Dhanwani vill. 31030’840” N 0760 51’ 171” E at 1053m abmsl 3.Ghowru vill. 31030’155” N 0760 50’ 225” E at 1378m abmsl 4. Nal vill. Near harijan basti 31030’409” N 0760 50’ 449” E at 1193m abmsl 5.Khera 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 214” E at 1009m abmsl 6. lower Kothi 31030’835” N 0760 50’ 205” E at 1000m abmsl 7.Bhour 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 234” E at 1012m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 9


8.Bhanglera 31030’835” N 0760 50’346” E at 1050m abmsl 9.Thalagdhar 31030’835” N 0760 51’ 145” E at 1029m abmsl

Water distribution through alkathane pipe

Storage tank to fields falling in Khera, lower Kothi, Balngloo, Dhanwani, Bhour (2), Bhanglera

1700m 9

RWH Tank Aran Kothi, Mandehri, Dah 2mx2mx1m 10

Gutter pipe for roof water collection

Same 20

Sprinkler systems Same 10sets 28 HD pipe

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 15. We propose construction of check dams, kuhl and tapping of over flow water from bowries (Table15) .With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 53% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table 16). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 16: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in

Sundernagar Block

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)




169 169 0 90 53.2


6. Agriculture


The main cereals that are grown in the watershed include wheat, maize and rice. Although the Churd is deficit in production of vegetables yet it has been successful in production sphere viz. cereals. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favourable according to the agro climatic conditions. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs.

The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

The land use pattern of Churd is presented in Table17. Out of 437 ha geographical area, the land under agriculture use is 169 ha which is complete rained. Cultivable wastes constitute significant area which can be utilized for fruit, fodder and food grain production. Table 17: Land Use Pattern of Churd watershed

Table18: Existing Cropping System in Churad watershed

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, , Paddy=20, Tomato=375q, Cucumber=115q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Permanent Pastures



Churd 39 110 07 46 46 0 48 09 101 Nall 36 90 0 38 38 0 42 10 80 Ghouru 47 142 0 43 43 0 91 08 134 Bhanglehra 26 95 0 42 42 0 45 08 87 Total 437 07 169 169 0 226 35 402


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop Area under Major Rabi crops (ha)

Cultivated Area(ha)

Maize-wheat Maize 125 Wheat 148 169


Tomato-wheat Tomato 10

Cucumber-wheat cucumber 08


(Table 18). The vegetables are grown only for table purposes and have huge potential

in the watershed area. The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is

low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills (Table19 & 20). The details of interventions with respect to improved production and protection technology for increasing crop productivity has been provided in Annexure XVIII. Table 19: Expected increase in yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 183 1.8 329 183 3.3 604

Table 20: Expected increase in yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 17 15.5 263 17 30.0 510

Table 21: Status of Cereals and vegetables in Churd watershed

Total cereal production (t)

cereals consumption (t)


Total Veg prod. (t)

Veg consumption(t

Marketable Veg.(t)

329 192 137 263 241 22 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA

The watershed is deficit with regard to food grain and production as the available surplus of cereals and vegetables is negligible (Table21). Intervention is required for increasing production of major crops of the watershed.


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is main commercial crop of Churd watershed. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops. An increase in total production of Mango from 93 t to 303 t is expected from the project (Table23). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area.

The horticulture area can also be increased by developing non cultivable wastes and establishment of new orchard will give net income of Rs. 50000/- in the tenth year (Table22). Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in CHURD watershed area Area=10 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=1400 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 20 23 25 27 30 Input cost 985520 234200 235000 237000 239000 241000 245000 247000 249000 250000 Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 200000 230000 250000 270000 300000 Net income -985520 -234200 -235000 -237000 -239000 -41000 -15000 3000 21000 50000 Table 23: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area

Pre-project

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs.)

8 11.56 92.48 1199840 Post-project Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha) Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs)

18 16.83 302.94 4122540


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 24: Cattle Population in different panchayats (a) Cow

(b) Buffaloes

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female M F 28 383 411 0 8 8 419

(c) Sheep and Goat

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 507, out of which

83 are indigenous and 58 improved cows. The indigenous buffaloes are 383 and improved are only 8 in number. There are 1430 sheep and goats in the watershed (Table24). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes:


(d) Proposed intervention for increasing milk production


Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100 Demonstration on Deworming 100 Demonstration on Mineral Mixture feeding) 100


Indigenous Cow Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks) Male Female Male Female 361 83 444 5 58 63 507




Intervention Required: The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that: Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed.



Pre-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs)

309 1.5 125145 1877175 Post-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 309 3.0 250290


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0

L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L, Table 26: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area




Existing Required Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


419 18855 9218 50280 12151 Green Dry

-31425 -2933



dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 507 22815 7605 45630 11154 -22815 -3549


Forages



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


183 23 419 218 62 1347 221

Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28). The many folds increase in forage yield and production (Table29) is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area






Surplus/ deficit

1212 44238 727 42040 76356 -34316

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table30, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. Pisciculture

The watershed area has not sufficient water for fish farming and hence Pisciculture is not possible in this watershed.


10. Drinking Water

Table 31: Existing status of drinking water Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of


% Beneficiary

Bangaloo Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Dhanwani Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 8 >85 Ghowru Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Khera Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 8 >85 lower Kothi Bhanglera Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Bhour Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Nal Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Bhanglehra Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Thalagdhar Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through

hand pumps and pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are significant in numbers (9) and provide water to all villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households through out the year. Table 32: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Churd watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Availability of

drinking water (months/year % Beneficiary

Tapping over flow water of bowries Bangaloo 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Dhanwani 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Ghowru 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Khera 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries lower Kothi Bhanglera 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Bhour 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Nal 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Bhanglehra 12 Remaining >15 Tapping over flow water of bowries Thalagdhar 12 Remaining >15



Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 2 ha area (Table33) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 33: Farm bund construction in the watershed area Farm Bunds





(10mx1.25mx2.5m) Churd khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E


Whole panchyat

Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Crate wire check dams

Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the Churd watershed (Table 33). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system

For soil erosion control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 4 hactares of land.


12. Convergence


• Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities with MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Demonstration on vermocomposting, nursery raising and crops with Agriculture







The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 34 & 35). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 38). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 35: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement




The per unit income from capsicum (400m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 429718/- and Rs. 374576/- respectively (Table 36 & 37 ) . Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 377119 2250000 1872881



5 100000 190000 180000 10000


The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 10000/- (Table 38). Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from proposed mushroom production in

watershed area units Total unit cost

(Rs) Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income in subsequent years (Rs)

2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- (Table 39). Table 40: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area Units Unit Size

(colonies) Total cost

Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income

Net Returns


1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 6 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 277500/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 40). Off Farm


20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 41. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Churd watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 42). Table 42: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600



Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table 43). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 20 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 44). Table 44. Year wise expenditure on training camps


Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 264000


16. Monitoring System




17. Evaluation





CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Tomato (1ha /year) 31500 13500 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 66500 28500

Cucumber (1ha /year) 24500 10500 27300 11700 0 0 0 0 0 0 74000 51800 22200

Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 0 0 0 0 164500 115150 49350 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (10+10) 38000 0 42000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80000 80000 0 Improved Buck (10+10) 43000 0 47300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90300 90300 0 Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000

0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000

0 45000 45000 0


17500 7500 19600 8400 0 0 0 0 0 0 53000 37100 15900


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (1) 19284 28926 0 0 0 0 0 0 48210 19284 28926 Water tank (4+4+1) 166038 249058 182642 273964 20067 30100 0 0 0 0 921869 368748 553121 Repair of Kuhl (1000m) 90000 135000 0 0 0 0 225000 90000 135000 New Kuhal (1500+1500m)

815400 1223100

896940 1345410

0 0 0 0 0 0 4280850

1712340

2568510


67273 67273 74000 74000 0 0 0 0 0 0 282544 141272 141272


4500 4500 4950 4950 0 0 0 0 0 0 18900 9450 9450

Alkathane pipe (900+800m)

58900 58900 60720 60720 0 0 0 0 0 0 239240 119620 119620


0 0 0


CHURAD Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a) Farm Bunds (2ha/yr) @45000/ha

90000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 189000 189000 0

(b) Check Dams (1/yr) 13200 19800 14400 21600 16000 24000 0 0 0 0 109000 43600 65400 (c) Silvipastoral System (2.0ha/yr)

92000 0 102200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194200 194200 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 0 0 0 0 100000 50000 50000



97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000


127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2283379

0 2677815

0 1852824

0 1958516

0 175752

0 109360

0 39570 0 9070 0 44777

0 9977 9161038

4396302

4764736

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Dhawal




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Dhawal)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 17

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27



15 Monitoring 32

16 Evaluation 33





PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Dhawal No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 24.768’ N 0760 55.063’ E 635 m amsl Total geographical area : 670 ha Treatable area : 619 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 546 BPL families : 43 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 214 Small farmers : 327 Others : 03 Total Population : 2111 Schedule Caste : 1073 General : 1038 Live stock population : 890 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

- 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 - 1 1 1 4 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Dhawal Page 1

1. Introduction


The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Dhawal watershed comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 7 villages. The entire panchayat area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude varied from 650 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the


form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the panchayat are dependent on agriculture. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:





Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in l the panchayat. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the panchayat 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer,

Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District

Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine, timber etc. were noted . Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table 1: Budget Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) D.P.F. Dhawal (236) 229 3435000 Ahan (243) 138 2070000 Snihan (241) 124 1860000 Kiyana (240) 95 1425000 Ropa (239) 29 435000 Padhana (237) 04 60000 Total 619 9285000

II Executive Summary Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 928500





METHODOLOGY




Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The panchayat area lies 310 24.768’ N Latitude 0760 55.063’ E Longitude at 635 m amsl. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

The details of sub micro watershed in Dhawal panchayat are presented in Table 1. The Dhawal panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 7 villages. Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The panchayat area is characterized by low hills and forests. The altitude varies between 650 meters to 2000 meters above the sea level. The Dhawal panchayat of Sundernagar block falls in lower Himalayas commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej. Climate The climatic condition of the panchayat varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (650-2000mtrs). It has hot and sub-humid tropical climate. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. The summer season starts from May and continues till September.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code D.P.F. Dhawal (236) 1A2B1E1d Ahan (243) 1A2B1E2b Snihan (241) 1A2B1E2a Kiyana (240) 1A2B1E2a Ropa (239) 1A2B1E2a Padhana (237) 1A2B1E1d


This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts




1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years (Table4). During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area.


Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District

Year in which effected (last 10 years) Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block as a whole adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table 5). Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District


Important crops

Valley areas
















The watershed area falls under soil order Entisole, Inseptisole and Mollisole. The topography is more or less leveled in valley area and Hilly terrain, soils shallow to deep, frost prone particularly on northern aspects (Table 6). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area in the district. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures (Table 7). Table7: Information on Problem Soils in the District




Demography Table 8: Demographic features of Sundernagar block

SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households 1073 - - 1038 2111 43 546

There are 546 households in the entire panchayat with total population of 2111. Out

of the total population, about 50% are under general category, 50% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 43 BPL families in the watershed area (Table8). The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood.

Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but

large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities




Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 All items under public distribution system


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole panchayat (Table10). The

nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11). Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area






Means of transportation The Dhawal panchayat, is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams and nalahs in the panchayat area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. The bowries are less in number but 2 seasonal nalahs exist in the panchayat wchich can be used to tap water during rainy season and utilize during water stress conditions. Existing permanent nalah may be useful source of irrigation water if its water is tapped through kuhl. The near by Dhawal khad has huge water availability through year and this permanent water source can be exploited for irrigation purposes. River Sutlej is main source of irrigation water. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12) and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing FodderTrees


The panchayat have a variety of natural green fodder tress (Table 11) and are main source of green fodder during winter when there is fodder scarcity. Table 12.A: Existing Fruits

Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp


None of the fruit trees are grown commercially. However, mango has huge production potential and there is scope to put more area under this crop.

Table12 B: Existing Weeds & Grasses

Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

The weed infestation is very high and need scientific intervention to eradicate these weeds. This will help in increasing crop and fodder production in the panchayat. Table 12C: Existing Timber Trees


Tuna and Shishum are found at lower height and serve the purpose of timber, whereas some pine plantation exists at high hills.


3. SWOT Analysis



The watershed area has favorable agro-climatic conditions for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,




The location of the Dhawal watershed near to market in the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi as compared to other districts of the state gives it an added advantage.



There is presence of suitable flora which may be very good nitches for beekeeping. The panchayat has poor infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks.

There is one seed farm at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.


The existence of fish farm at Dahar is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the watershed area.


Weaknesses








Opportunities



Potential to expand organic farming under ginger wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.

Potential for developing commercial dairy and rearing sheep and goat because of

availability of pastures and grass lands on the one hand and huge local demand for milk on the other.

Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation and apiculture in watershed area. Vast potential for area expansion under mango and ginger. Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident

from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize


yield, the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger.

Threats

The rapid spread of obnoxious weeds like Ageratum conyzoids, Parthenium hystrophorus, Lantana camara, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, Cyprus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyprus iria, Commelina communis, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fimbristylis sp., Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Juncus bufonius is posing threat to pastures and cultivable lands.















Existing type of water sources No. Permanent/seasonal Uses Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

1 3 1 18 - 1 1

(24 ha area covered) Permanent sources Permanent source - - Seasonal -


There are three nalahs in the watershed which are permanent source of water. The nearby Saul khad has permanent availability of water. A significant number of pucca tanks has been constructed under MNREGA for irrigation purposes. One water lifting scheme has been provided by IPH department for drinking water (Table 13). Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities Proposed water structures Location Size No Check dams for tapping water Kuta Ra Nal (near Bridge)

310 24.768’ N 0760 55.063’ E 635 m amsl


1

Supply of water to the fields through kulhs Dhawal village 310 24.760’ N 0760 55.058’ E

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 2000 m

1

Water storage tank Ropri 310 25.408’ N 0760 53.186’ E At 591 m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

Check dams for tapping water Panihar (310 22.997’ N 0760 53.062’ E) at 613 and Dhawal nalah (310 25.774’ N 0760 53.160’ E 645 m amsl)


2

Supply of water to the fields through kulhs Panihar and Dhawal (310 25.774’ N 076053.160’ E)

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 3475 m (2000m+1475m)

2

Water storage tank Panihar and Dhawal (310 25.774’ N 076053.160’ E)

5mx4mx1m 2

Tank roof top harvesting RCC Padhana (5 HH) Snihan (5 HH) Kiyana (5 HH)

2 mx2mx1 m 10

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 6” 30 Sprinkler systems same 10set 28 HD pipes

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14.

Roof top rainwater harvesting, check dams for tapping water and loose boulder check dams are proposed in the watershed area of Dhawal. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the


irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 53% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Dhawal

panchayat

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)




166 166 0 88 53.0


6. Agriculture


The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”.

The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas.

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

An increase in average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops is expected after creating different water harvesting structures in the watershed. A significant increase in yield of in cereals and vegetables is expected from the project. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures


Cultivable Non-Cultivable Dhawal 236 234 84 87 87 0 58 05 229 Ahn 243 145 0 20 20 0 118 07 138 Sanihan 241 140 0 28 28 0 96 16 124 Kayana 240 106 0 18 18 0 77 11 95 Ropa 239 39 0 10 10 0 19 10 29 Padhana 237 06 0 03 03 0 01 02 04 Total 670 84 166 166 0 369 51 619

The land use pattern of Dhawal panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total

geographical area in the watershed is 670 ha, out of which land under agriculture is merely 166 ha which is 100% rainfed. The area under cultivable waste is 369 ha, whereas it is 51 ha


area under non-cultivable waste. There is scope to develop cultivable waste lands into mango orchard, fodder trees and forages. Table17: Existing Cropping System in different panchayats of Sundernagar Block

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Ginger=115q, Colocacia=110q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q, The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. Maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Ginger and colocacia is grown in limited areas. Table 18: Area, average yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Ginger 30 1.15 34.5 Colocacia 5 1.25 6.25 Total 35 40.75 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Ginger 30 1.60 48.0 Colocacia 5 1.55 7.75 Total 35


Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of major cereal crops in

watershed area Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 120 2.4 288 Wheat 144 1.8 259 Total 264 547 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 120 3.5 420 Wheat 144 2.2 317 Total 264

- 737 Av 35% increase

The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is

low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack


Major Kharif crop



Cultivated Area(ha)

Maize-Wheat maize 120 wheat 144 166 Ginger-Wheat Ginger 25 Colocacia-Peas Colocacia 10


of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield (Table 18 & 19). The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed area. Demonstration on

• Improved seed • Insect-Pest and disease management • Efficient use of water • Mulching • Herbicides etc.

Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables in different panchayats in S. Nagar bock

Total cereal prod. (t)

cereals consumption(t)


Total Veg. Prod. (t)

ve g consumption (t)


547 206 341 41 117 -76 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA

The watershed area has self sufficient in food grains, however it has vegetable deficit (Table20). The area has huge potential for vegetable production and farm families should take lead in vegetable production for their livelihood improvement.


7. Horticulture Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is

main commercial crop of Dhawal watershed. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of mango crop. An increase in total production of mango from 31 t to 73 t and net income from Rs 386940 to 984060 is expected (Table21). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area (Table 22).

Table 21: Yield, production and Net Returns of mango in watershed area

Pre-project

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod (t) Net income

3 10.16 70260 30.48 386940 Post –project Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs)

4.5 16.14 105390 72.63 984060

Table22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in DHAWAL watershed area

Area=1.5 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=260

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 3.2 4.5 6 7 10 Input cost 147780 35130 36000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 43000 Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 32000 45000 60000 70000 100000 Net income -147780

-35130

-36000 -38000 -39000 -8000 4000 18000 27000 57000


8. Animal Husbandry The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 411 out of which

358 are indigenous and 53 improved cows (Table 24).The total population of buffaloes are 309 out of which 220 are indigenous and 89 are improved. The goats are 147 whereas sheep population is merely 12 in number. The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed (Table23) for enhancing milk production of cows and buffaloes:


Proposed intervention for increasing milk production Table23: Increasing milk production of milch animals in Dhawal watershed


Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100 Demonstration on Deworming 100 Demonstration on Mineral Mixture feeding ) 100


Table 24: Cattle Population in (a) Cow Indigenous Improved Total Cattle (cow/

& bullocks) Male Female Total Male Female Total 243 115 358 3 50 53 411

(b) Buffaloes

Indigenous Improved Total Buffaloes Male Female Total Male Female Total 21 199 220 6 83 89 309

(C)Sheep and Goat Sheep Goat Acquines

Male Female Total Male Female Total Grand Total 1 11 12 61 86 147 159 11


The sheep and goat population is only 159 which are local type (Table24C). The sheep and goat rearing is done for wool and meat production, however, their production is low. There is scope to increase sheep and goat population for making it as livelihood enterprise. Intervention Required: For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that: Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed. Table25: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area

Bucks cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 10 38000 18000 56000


Pre-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L)

323 1.5 130815 Post-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) 323 3.0 261630

Av. Production double Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day,

The better animal disease and nutritional management through is likely to increase milk production from current level of 130815 lts. to 261630 lts. in the watershed area, which will generate income to the farm families (Table26). Table 27: Feeding practices of cows and bullocks in watershed area

Existing Required

Total cow+bullocks

45q/animal/yr

15q/ animal/yr

90q / animal/yr

22q/ animal/yr

Gap in Feeding Practice (q)

Green Dry Total Green Dry Total

411 18495 6165 24660 36960 9042 46002 -21342


Table 28: Feeding practices of buffaloes in watershed area Existing Required

Total buffaloes 45q/animal/yr

15q/ animal/yr

90q / animal/yr 22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry Total Green Dry Total

-25338 309 13905 6798 20703 37080 8961 46041

There is acute deficiency of green as well as dry fodder in the watershed area (Table

27 & 28). We propose to increase the fodder production through conducting demonstration on improved production technologies. The better planting material will be provided by animal husbandry and forest department. FORAGES Table 29: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)

Production (t)

Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha)

Production (t)

% increase in production

264 2.1 554 264 5.4 1425 157 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table29 & 30). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages.


9. Pisciculture

The watershed area has sufficient water for fish farming. The nearby Saul khad and Kuta-Ra-Nal has plenty of water and can be exploited for pisciculture. We propose to set up two demonstration units of pisciculture in this watershed. Fish farming would generate income to farm families.


10. Drinking Water



% Beneficiary

Dhawal Bowri and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 75-80

Ahan Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

7 75-80

Sanihan Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

7 75-80

Kiyana Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

8 75-80

Ropa Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

8 75

Padhana Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

8 75

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and lift irrigation and 75-80 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to two villages. However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households in Kiyana and Ropa village. Two villages namely Padhana and Kiyana need separate drinking water scheme. Table 32: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Dhawal watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowries Dhawal village Availability of


% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Kiyana and Ropa village 12 Remaining 20-25

Water supply scheme of IPH department

Padhana and Kiyana village 11-12 Remaining 20-25


11. Soil Conservation Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in about 8 ha. area (Table 33) which will improve soil water retention capacity of soil. Stone and wire crated check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in this panchayat. The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 5 hactares of land. Table 33: Proposed farm bunds and crate wire check dams (loose boulders) In Dhawal

Farm Bunds





(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Kuta Ra Nal 310 24.768’ N 0760 55.063’ E


Whole panchyat

Approximately 5% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Cost of bunding /ha=Rs. 45000/-


12. Convergence







On Farm


Table 35: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 6 100 m2 Mushroom cultivation 2 200 bags Bee Keeping 1 50 colonies Fishery 2 6mx4mx2m Poultry 5 100 chicks


capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself (Table 34). This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers. The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation (Table 34). The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table35). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table35) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 36: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (400 m2)


The per unit income from capsicum (400m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 2291828/- and Rs. 2247457/-, respectively (Table 36 & 37). Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 452543 2700000 2247457



6 120000 2280000 2160000 20000




2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- (Table39). Table 40: Expected income from poultry in watershed area


No. beneficiary

Total chicks

Cost of chicks

Cost of Shed)

Recurring cost (Feed)t

Total Capital Cost

Gross income

Net income

Net Income in subsequent lots

100 5 500 10000 75000 36000 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Poultry rearing can also be taken up by the farmers to increase their income in the subsequent years to about Rs. 6000/- (Table 40). Table 41: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area Units

Unit Size (colonies)

Unit Cost

Total cost

Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income

Net Returns

1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 6 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 27750/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 41).


Table 42: Year wise input and out put scenario of fish production in watershed area Years No. of units

proposed Capital Recurring

cost (Rs) Total Capital Cost (Rs)


Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

1 2 175040 5000 180040 220 26400 -153640 2 0 0 6000 6000 330 39600 33600 3 0 0 7000 7000 440 52800 45800 4 0 0 8000 8000 440 52800 44800 5 0 0 9000 9000 440 52800 43800

The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in watershed area where water is available in plenty. High income can be generated from fish farming in Dhawal watershed (Table 42).

Off Farm


20 300 m2


technology) are presented in Table 43. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Dhawal watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 44). Table 44: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


15. Monitoring

A Web-based GIS System should be developed for monitoring and evaluating the

project in its planning & implementation phases. The system could be made available on a public domain and can be accessed by all the stakeholders of the project. In other words, the DPR should be made available online in the form of a database which will help the stakeholders know areas of importance viz., already treated areas/historical works in the area, proposed areas for treatment etc., for further treatment and planning. The system should also show the satellite imageries of various years from the project inception stage to the project closing stages. This allows the user to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and thereby plan corrective measures for the project area. The system would serve as an aiding tool to the planners and evaluators for judging the efficacy of the project.


16. Evaluation






Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 158400 0 0 422400


DHAWAL


Wheat (1ha/yr)

7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900

Maize (1ha/yr)

5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240

Ginger (1ha/yr )

28000 12000 30800 13200 33600 14400 18480 7920 0 0 158400 110880 47520

Colocacia (0.5ha/yr

6300 2700 6930 2970 7630 3270 8400 3600 9240 3960 55000 38500 16500


34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0

Deworming 50+50 animals (100

3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0

DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F animals @Rs 60/ani) Mineral Mixture feeding - 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg)

37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Buck (5+5)

21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 0 0 210000 210000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600

Spray Pumps 8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950

DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump) Water Harvesting Structures

0 0 0 0 0 0


36271 54406 39898 59847 43888 65832 0 0 0 0 300142 120057 180085

Water tank (3)

124529 186793 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311322 124529 186793

New Kuhal (2000+2000+1475m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 881991 1322986 0 0 0 0 7912777 3165111 4747666

RWH 10(5/ yr)

53818 80727 59200 88800 0 0 0 0 0 0 282545 113018 169527


62500 62500 68750 68750 0 0 0 0 0 0 262500 131250 131250


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds

90000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 417680 417680 0

DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (2+2+2+2) @45000/ha (b) Check Dams (3+2)

71720 107581 52595 78892 0 0 0 0 0 0 310788 124315 186473


92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122452 0 134697 0 561669 561669 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0

(b)Vermi composting units (2+2+2)

20000 20000 22000 22000 24200 24200 132400 66200 66200

(c) Small Polyhouse (5+2)

125000 500000 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 0 0 900000 180000 720000


97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000

(e) Bee 127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835

DHAWAL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Keeping Units (1) Microenterprises

0 0 0


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c)Fisheries (1+1)

67515 22505 74267 24756 0 0 189042 141782 47261

(d) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 30000 133000 133000 0

GT 0 2459988 0 2926921 0 2127792 0 2451757 0 1490664 0 1512398 0 431682 0 47590 0 259414 0 44237 13752440 6769538 6982902

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Ghiri




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Ghiri)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr. No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1. Introduction 1

2. General Description of Project Area 5

3. SWOT Analysis 11

4. Entry Point Activities 14

5. Water Harvesting 15

6. Agriculture 17

7. Horticulture 20

8. Animal Husbandry 21

9. Pisciculture 25

10. Drinking Water 26

11. Soil Conservation 27

12. Convergence 28

13. Microenterprises 29

14. Capacity Building 31

15. Livelihood Concerns 33

16. Monitoring 34

17. Evaluation 35

18. Project Withdrawal and Consolidation 36

19. Activity and Budget 37


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Ghiri No. of Micro Watersheds : 2 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 31° 28' 695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude Total geographical area : 370 ha Treatable area : 320 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 330 BPL families : 77 Landless : - Marginal farmers : - Small farmers : 198 Others : 132 Total Population : 1322 Schedule Caste : 768 General : 548 Live stock population : 665 Health institutions Human (PHC) Animal

: :

1 1

Infrastructure facilities Credit institutions Agri. / Hort. Input sale depot Co-operative societies Fair price shops Post office Primary schools Middle schools High schools Higher secondary

: : : : : : : : :

1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 -

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Ghirfi Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food,

environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by

resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to

total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha

additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining

confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with

effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural

growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse

to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has

resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important

natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis.

The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources.


The panchayat comprises 2 micro watersheds covering 6 villages. The panchayat area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 1900 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops.

The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Problems


Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village


5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine, timber etc. were noted. Cropping Pattern: - Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table 1: BUDGET

Name of watershed


Ghiri Ghiri Ghiri 41 6,15,000 Kharloh 34 5,10,000 Nahindal 41 6,15,000 Barnog 19 2,85,000 Kushla 69 10,35,000 Fatehpur 116 17,40,000 Total 320 48,00,000

The total area to be treated in Ghiri panchayat under the watershed is 320 hectares with a total budget outlay of Rs. 4800000 (Table 1).

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1 Administrative Cost 10 480000


2 Preparatory Phase Entry point activities 4 192000 Institution & capacity building 5 240000 Detailed project report (DPR) 1 48000

3 Watershed Works Phase Watershed development works 50 2400000 Livelihood activities 10 480000 Production system & microenterprises 13 624000

4 Consolidation phase 5 240000 Total 100 4800000

METHODOLOGY




Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use

pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location

IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The geographical area of Ghiri is 370 hectares and it comprises of 2 sub watersheds covering 6 villages. It lies between 31° 28' 695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude at 1898 m amsl. Table: 2. Details of the sub micro watersheds in Ghiri panchayat

Geology

There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include

alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podozols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority of areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography

Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India

covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Ghiri (148) 1B1C3D2b Kharloh (144) 1B1C3D2b Barnog (145) 1B1C3D2b Kushla (142) 1B1C3D2c Fatehpur (150) 1A2B1B2c Fatehpur (150) 1B1C3D2b


Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate

The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes

(450-6500 mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900 mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800 mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400 mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800 mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000 mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification

It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics,

external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm.


Table 4: Trend in average rainfall (mm); 1990-91 to 2003-04 Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total (mm) 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3

1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area. Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34


During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table 5).


Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District
















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by

Valley Areas (25%). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures. Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District



Demography

Table 8: Demographic features SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households

768 6 - 548 1322 77 330

There are 330 households in the panchayat with total population of 1322. Out of the

total population, about 40% are under general category, 58% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are negligible and OBC category does not exist. There are 77 BPL

families in the Ghiri panchayat. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood.


Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area

Panchayat Category Small Medium Large Ghiri 198 129 3

The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less. The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising.

Infrastructural Facilities




Nil (nearest bank at Rohanda) 1 All items under public distribution system


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the panchayat area. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area. Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area





Means of transportation The Ghiri panchayat is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar.

Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-

West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km.


Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial

position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in the panchayat. Present Land Use:

The watershed area has wide plant diversity and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing Fodder Trees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba Ban Quercus incana Dudhla Ficus sp.

Table 12A: Existing Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Apple Malus domestica Plum Prunus domestica

Table 12B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

Table 12C: Existing Timber Trees Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Tuna Toona ciliata Deodar Cedrus deodara Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis

A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a

region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors. Strengths The key strengths of the IWMP have been identified as under:













Weaknesses








Opportunities





Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield, the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol.


4. Entry Point Activities Entry point activities are integral part of the project to orient the community members



5. Water Harvesting

Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Ghiri Ghiri Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

9 4 1 4 - 2 -

Working 1 seasonal 3 permanent Permanent Working - Permanent need repair -

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking -

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs (4), bowries (2) and other naturally occurring water sources (Table13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed rainwater harvesting structures Location Size/ Length No.

Storage tank for carrying over flow water from existing bowri in Kharloh village


5mx4mx1m 1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia to carry water from tank to fields Kharloh village N 310.28.954’ E 0760.59.593’ Elevation 1712 m

800 m 1

Check Dams for tapping water from Barog nalah Kusla village N 310.28.772’ E 0760.59.382’ Elevation 1726 m

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation Kusla village N 310.28.884’ E 0760.59.355’ Elevation 1678 m

5mx4mx1m 1

Check Dams for tapping water from Kharag Khad Gehri village N 310.29.071’ E 0770.00.213’ Elevation 1638 m

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation Gehri village N 310.28.971’ E 0770.00.125’ Elevation 1731 m

5mx4mx1m 1

Check Dams for tapping water from Katal nalah Kathiyal village N 310.28.847’ E 0760.59.210’ Elevation 1743 m

8mx1m, 2mx2m 1

New Kuhl Barog nala to Kushla village

1435m(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1


Proposed rainwater harvesting structures Location Size/ Length No.

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation Kathiyal village N 310.28.889’ E 0760.59.265’ Elevation 1737 m

5mx4mx1m 1

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation same 5mx4mx1m 1 Check Dams for tapping water existing nalah near Ghiri Ghiri village31° 28'

695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia to carry water from tank to fields Ghiri village31° 28' 695" N latitude to 076° 59' 627" E longitude

1000 m 1

Water storage tank to store water for irrigation Ghiri 31° 28' 693" N latitude to 076° 59' 622" E longitude

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH tank Lower Kusla (10 HH), Drahal (10HH), Baghiyar (10 HH)

- 30

Gutter pipe for roof water collection - 30 Sprinkler systems 28 HD pipe 20

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 61.9% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Ghiri

panchayat of Sundernagar Block

Agri. Land (ha) Rainfed area (ha)




113 104 09 70 61.9


6. Agriculture


The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)



Ghiri 148 50 0 32 32 09 09 41 Kharloh 144 45 0 22 18 16 07 34 Nahindal 50 0 20 16 25 05 41 Barnog 145 22 0 14 14 05 03 19 Kushla 142 83 27 20 19 23 13 69 Fatehpur 150 120 0 05 05 111 04 116 Total 370 27 113 104 189 41 320

The land use pattern of Serikothi panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total

geographical area is 370 ha. Out of which area under agriculture are 113 ha., approximately 94% is rain fed and rest is irrigated. The total area proposed for treatment is 320 ha (Table 16). Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Ghiri watershed

The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17.

Potato and vegetable peas are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Other vegetables are grown only for table purposes but have huge potential in the watershed area.

Existing cropping System Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)

Potato-peas Potato 75 Wheat 75 113

Maize –Peas Maize 15 Peas 13



Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Potato=225q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q, Peas green=80q

The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 18. Maize and potato are the main kharif crops. Wheat and pea is important Rabi crop. The peas and potato are the main vegetable crops being grown in Ghiri panchayat. Other vegetables are grown only for table purposes. Table 19: Area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Maize 75 2.0 150 Wheat 15 1.8 27 Total 90 3.8 177 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 75 3.1 233 Wheat 15 2.8 42 Total 90

5.9 275 Av 55% increase

The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is

low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills (Table19). The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed area Demonstration on



Major Kharif crop



Cultivated Area(ha)

Potato-peas Maize 75 Wheat 80 113

Maize –Peas Potato 25 Peas 25 Maize-wheat


Table 20: Existing area, average yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed a

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Potato 75 2.25 169 Pea 13 0.80 10.4 Total 88 - 179.4 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Potato 75 3.75 281 Pea 13 1.25 16.2 Total 88


The total area under vegetable crops is 50 ha with production level of 750 tonnes. The average yield of vegetable crops in the panchayat is 150 q/ha which is far below than the national average. Table 21: Status of Cereals and vegetables in watershed area Cereal production (t)


Cereal marketable surplus (t)




177 168 9 179 135 44 The above Table indicates that Ghiri panchayat has sufficient vegetable marketable surplus but it has deficit of food grains (Table 21). There is need to increase the production of vegetables by putting more area out of cultivable wastes in to vegetables and following improved production technologies.


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, apple is main commercial crop of Ghiri watershed. This area have favorable climate for apple production. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of apple crop. An increase in total production of apple from 513 t to 1155 t and net income from Rs 6233900 to 15863900 is expected (Table22 & 23). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area (Table24). Table 22: Pre-Project yield, production and Net Returns of apple in watershed area

Area (ha ) Yield ( t/ha) Input cost Total Prod ( t) Gross income Net income 38 13.5 1461100 513 7695000 6233900

Sale price= Rs 1500/q Table 23: Post-Project expected yield, production and Net Returns of apple

Area ( ha ) Yield ( t/ha) Input cost Total Prod (t) Gross income Net income 60 19.25 1461100 1155 17325000 15863900

Sale price= Rs 1500/q Table 24: Expected cost and income from new established apple orchard in Ghiri watershed area Name of panchayat: Ghiri Area=32 ha. Crop = Apple No. of plants=8800 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yield ( t/ha)

0 0 0 0 0 132 155 185 205 250

Cultivation cost

4022368 1230400 1230400 1231000 1232000 1233500 1234500 1235600 1235600 1236200

Gross returns

0 0 0 0 0 1980000 2325000 2775000 3075000 3750000

Net returns

4022368 4022368 4022368 4022368 4022368 746500 1090500 1539400 1839400 2513800


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 25 (a): Cattle Population in different panchayats Table 25 (a): Cow

Indigenous Cow

Total Improved cows

Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks)

Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks)

Male Female Male Female 152 206 358 15 97 112 470

Table 25 (b): Buffaloes





The sheep and goat population is 147 which are local type. Out of the total sheep and goat population, female sheep and goats are 34 and 72, respectively (Table 25c). The sheep and goats rearing are done for wool and meat production, however, their production is low. Table 26: Existing milch bovine population their average yield, production and income (Pre-Project)

Bovine population



Consumption/laction (L)

Surplus/lactation (L)

sale value/lactation (Rs)

Prod cost/lactation (Rs)

Net Income /lactation (Rs)

240 720 194400 101014 93386 2334650 2138400 +196249.5

Existing average milk yielday/animal=3.0 L, Milk sale @ Rs 25/L, Milk Consumption/head/day @ 283 ml The total bovine population is less as a result the milk production is also low and hence little surplus milk is available for sale in market (Table 26). Keeping in view, net returns are in the negative side which indicates that high returns are possible after improving indigenous cows and buffaloes through artificial insemination. Table 27: Milch animals population with their average yield and production

Pre-project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 240 1.5 97200 145800 Post-project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 240 3.0 194400 583200


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L, As evident from the Table 27, exiting average milk yield and production of indigenous milch animals is 1.5 lts/day. and 97200 lts/lactation , respectively. The average yield and production can be enhanced to 3.0 lts/day with a production potential of 194400 lts. per lactation due to adoption of scientific dairy management. The total cattle population of male and female buffaloes in the watershed area is 492 out of which 20 are indigenous and 2 improved (Table36b). Female indigenous buffaloes are maximum (20) as compared to improved cows (2). The cow population is 470 out of which 358 are local type and 112 improved. There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes: • FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding and • Balanced feeding through concentrates, green and dry fodder

Intervention for increasing milk production Table 28: Increasing milk production of milch animals in Ghiri watershed


Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100 Demonstration on Deworming 100 Demonstration for 2 years on Mineral Mixture feeding ) 100


Intervention Required: For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that:

• Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table29). Table 29: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area

Rams Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital Cost (Rs) 10 38000 18000 56000 Bucks Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital cost 10 43000 18000 61000


Table 30: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area



dry 15q/ animal/yr



Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 470 21150 7050 - 42300 10340 -21150 -

3290


It is evident from the above data that the animals are getting half of their feeding requirement. Consequently, poor in health and low in yield. Hence the watershed area needs scientific intervention for the production of quality forages to harness their yield potential.

Forages Table 32: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)

Production (t)

Area (ha) Av. Yield q/ha)

Production (t)

Per cent increase in production



Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr



Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry 22 990 484 - 2640 638 -1650 -154


The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 31). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 34: Post project green and dry matter availability, requirement & deficit /surplus

Green fodder requirement post project

DM requirement post project Budget (q)

Total cattle



Green available



green surplus

Dry surplus

521 313 32823 22400 7815 9100 -10423 +1285







Surplus/ deficit

521 19017 313 22400 32823 -10423

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from Table 32, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population (Table 35).


9. Pisciculture

Most of the villages in the watershed area do not have sufficient water in the form of natural sources. We do not propose any fishery demonstration unit in this watershed.


10. Drinking Water

Table 36: Existing status of drinking water


% Beneficiary

Ghiri Bowri and IPH pipe line 9 80-85 Kharloh Bowri and IPH pipe line 9 80-85 Barnog IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Kushla IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Fatehpur IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85


pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table36). The natural water coming out of mountains and bowries is another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased in those villages where shortage is high by providing additional water from other schemes of the department. There is no lift irrigation scheme in this watershed and state department should explore lift irrigation possibility. Table 37: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Ghiri watershed



% Beneficiary


Kushla and Barnog villages 11-12 Remaining 25-30


Fatehpur and Kharloh village 11-12 Remaining 25-30

We propose tapping of over flow of water from the bowries and its supply to drinking water deficit villages (Table37).


11. Soil Conservation Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding along the field boundaries. So as to increase moisture retention capacity of soil, approximately 5% of the total cultivated area has been taken in to consideration for construction of farm bunds in the watershed. We propose farm bunding in 6 hectares land in the current watershed (Table 38). Crate wire loose boulders check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 7 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the watershed (Table38). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 3 hactares of land. Table 38: Proposed farm bunds and crate wire check dams (loose boulders) in Ghiri

Farm Bunds




Crate wire check dams No. Proposed Size Location 7 Kharag Khad Ghiri khad

10mx1.25mx2.5m 8mx1.25mx2.5m

Kharag Khad 31029.071’N 0770 0.213’E Ghiri khad 31028.695N 0760 59.627’ E

Silvipastoral system 3 ha improved grasses and fodder trees

Whole panchayat



12. Convergence

Due to binding of funds available with IWMP project, the wholesome development of

watershed area is subject to linkages with the other development programmes. The possibilities of identifying these linkages and identifying activities and their association with other developmental programmes have to be done critically through convergence. This will not only ensure support from other developmental programmes but also a guideline for complete development of the area. The following activities have been converged from other development programmes






On Farm Table 39: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 5 105 m2

Table 40: Proposed Micro enterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Fishery 1 Standard size Vermicomposting 5 300 m2

The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation (Table 39). The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 40). We also propose mushroom production and bee keeping enterprise (Table 40) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouses. Table 41: Expected income from proposed vermicompost production in watershed area


5 100000 450000 375000 15000

The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 75000/- (Table 41). Table 42: Year wise input and out put scenario of fish production in watershed area

Years No. of units proposed

Capital Recurring cost (Rs)

Total Capital Cost (Rs)


Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

1 1 87520 2500 90020 220 26400 -63620 2 0 0 3000 3000 330 39600 36600 3 0 0 3500 3500 440 52800 49300 4 0 0 4000 4000 440 52800 48400 5 0 0 4500 4500 440 52800 48300

The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in watershed area where water is available in plenty. High income can be generated from fish farming in Ghiri watershed (Table 42).


OFF Farm Table 43: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 43. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Ghiri watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 44). Table 44: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600





Crop Information


Table 45: Institutes identified for Capacity Building


practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura, Kullu Training in modern and scientific agriculture

practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and improved agriculture

practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and improved agriculture

practices 5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and improved horticultural

practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and improved horticultural





Two days Training Module Rs 200 per trainee Years Camps 10/year

Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 0 264000


16. Monitoring




17. Evaluation

During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the

WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project. • Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel • Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products • Increased household incomes of landless and marginal farmers etc.



GHIRI


Vegetable peas(1ha/yr)

8400 3600 9240 3960 9800 4200 10640 4560 0 0 54400 38080 16320

Potato(0.5ha/yr) 17500 7500 19250 8250 21175 9075 0 0 0 0 82750 57925 24825 Horticulture 0 0 0 Apple (0.5hayr) 43750 18750 48125 20625 52938 22688 0 0 0 0 206875 144813 62063 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 0 78750 78750 0


15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0


17200 0 9460 0 10406 0 0 0 0 0 48513 37066 0


GHIRI

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 0 0 210000 210000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 0 0 34000 34000 0


8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (4) 86920 130380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217300 86920 130380 Water tank (6) 249058 373586 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 622644 249058 373586 New Kuhal 1435m 780066 1170099 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950165 780066 1170099 RWH 30(10/ yr) 107636 161454 118400 177600 130240 195360 0 0 0 0 890690 356276 534414 Sprinklers 20No. (5sets/ yr)

62500 62500 68750 68750 75625 75625 83188 83188 0 0 580125 290063 290063


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


55200 55200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110400 55200 55200



GHIRI

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Measurers (a) Farm Bunds (2+1) @45000/ha

90000 0 50000 0 55000 0 0 0 0 0 195000 195000 0

(b) Check Dams (3+1+1+1+1)

57852 86778 21212 31819 23334 35000 25667 38500 0 0 320162 128065 192097


46000 0 48000 0 49000 0 0 0 0 0 143000 143000 0


0 0 0


46361 0 50997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97358 97358 0


50000 50000 0 0 0 0 100000 50000 50000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

Microenterprises 0 0 0 Fisheries (1) 67515 22505 0 0 0 0 90020 67515 22505 GT 0 2074908 0 2665602 0 578984 0 320154 0 515467 0 347398 0 210994 0 126248 0 15000 0 0 6866202 3395353 3459402

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Jaral




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Jarol)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27



15 Monitoring 32

16 Evaluation 33





I. PROJECT AT A GLANCE Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Jarol No. of Micro Watersheds : 4 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 31024.783’ N076055.116’E, 1041m amsl

Total geographical area : 692 ha Treatable area : 610 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 255 BPL families : 55 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 112 Small farmers : 140 Others : 02 Total Population : 1157 Schedule Caste : 300 Schedule Tribes : 48 General : 809 Live stock population : 1446 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

1 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Jaral Page 1

1. Introduction


The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Jaral panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 4 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 1198 m meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form


of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Problems The area under study is beset with the following problems:

• Due to dissected terrain, there is severe erosion which is eating up the cultivated area. • Lack of irrigation facilities and lack of water harvesting structures. • Low fertility and problem of nutrient losses due to erosion in rainy season. • Severe weed menace • Monkeys and stray animal menace • Deforestation in hilly area. • Poor socio-economic condition of the farmers.

Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to:

Demographic features Land holding Water availability Water source details within the village


Community engagement Livelihood Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed Desire to do more activities related to occupation Productivity of farms Cattle population Fodder availability etc.

The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Output generated through these exercise is placed below.

Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different


Sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget

Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Basahu 175 2625000 Jaral 164 2460000 Dharli 271 4065000 Total 9150000

The total budget for the different villages in the watershed is 9150000 (Table 1).

II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of

BudgetAmount (lacs)

1. Administrative Cost 10 915000 Monitoring 1 91500 Evaluation 1 91500



13 1189500


METHODOLOGY




Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The Jaral watershed lies between 31024.783’ N Latitude 076055.116’E Longitude at 1041m amsl. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

The watershed is comprised of four villages and 3 micro watersheds (Table 2). Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography

Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North.

The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Basahu 1A2B1C2a Jaral 1A2B1F1a Dharli 1A2B1D2c


Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices.The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table 3).


Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04 Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3

1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area (Table4). Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table5). Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District


Important crops

Valley areas









Mid hill-sub Alfisole & Inseptisole Hilly terrain, slop 15 Potato, wheat, maize,



Important crops

temperate areas moderate to steep, during winter northern aspects have frost for longer period

paddy, off-season vegetables (pea, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, capsicum), apple, pear, plum




The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%) (Table6).The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measure s (Table 7). Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District



Demography Table 8: Demographic features of Sundernagar block


125 - - 1380 1505 44 333

There are 333 households in the entire watershed with total population of 1505 (Table8). Out of the total population, about 95% are under general category, 5% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are negligible and OBC category does not exist. There are 44 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising.


Infrastructural Facilities Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area


Commodity handled


Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 do Dhanotu Vegetables, fruits and food grain

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar (Table10). The panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11). Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area





Means of transportation Except Serikothi panchayat, all the panchayats in watershed areas are well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table120 and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area:


Table 12a: Existing FodderTrees Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba

Table 12b: Existing Fruits


Table 12c: Existing Weeds & Grasses

Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens

Table 12d: Existing Timber Trees



3. SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors











The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits


at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.



Weaknesses







Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops Pastures and grazing lands are severely infested with weeds and poor quality grasses.

Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.

Opportunities







Vast potential for area expansion under mango in Jarol, Slapper, Jaral, Barto, Salwana and Bobber in Sundernagar block exists..


Threats




Unplanned construction of roads and other infrastructures, mining and removal of sand aggregates from the river and local nalah are posing serious threat to fragile hilly ecosystem.






5. Water Harvesting


Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Jaral Jaral Kuhls Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

3 2 1 12 - 2 1

All Permanent Permanent source In operation

Irrigation do do Drinking water

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs (2), bowries (2), khad (1), water lifting scheme (1) and other naturally occurring water sources (Table 13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities


Proposed water structures New kuhl Jaral-I to Jaral-II (0.5m B x 0.4m

H) 4100 m

Renovation of kuhl Jaral - 3000 m Check dam in Rava nalah for water tapping and further supply to storage tank through pipe (1000m) for irrigation.

Rava nalah 31024.783’ N 076055.116’E 1041m amsl

8mx1.25m, 2mx2m

4

Alkathane pipe Rava nalah to Rava village

1” 1000m

Water storage tank Rava village 31024.783’ N 076055.116’E 1041m amsl

5mx4mx1m 4

Alkathane pipe to carry water up to tank Baghli nalah to Baghli village 31024.806’ N 076056.228’E 1100m amsl

1” 1750 m

RWH tanks Dehra (8 HH), Berpat (7 HH), Neri (15 HH, Ghachara (10 HH) village

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same - 20 Sprinkler systems same 10 28 HD

pipe


The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14. We

propose construction of check dams, kuhl and tapping of over flow water from bowries (Table 14) .With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 53% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table 16). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Sundernagar Block





94 62 32 44 44.8


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favourable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops. The main cereals that are grown in the watershed include wheat, maize and rice. Although Jaral is deficit in production of vegetables yet it has been successful in production sphere viz. cereals. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favourable according to the agro climatic conditions. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. The land use pattern of Jaral is presented in Table 16. Out of 437 ha geographical area, the land under agriculture use is 169 ha which is complete rained. Cultivable wastes constitute significant area which can be utilized for fruit, fodder and food grain production. Table 16: Land Use Pattern of Jaral watershed Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Perma nent Pasture



Basahu 229 191 0 08 07 0 168 15 175 Jaral 232 215 70 59 28 0 66 20 164 Dharli 230 286 65 27 27 0 179 15 271 Total 692 135 94 62 0 413 50 610


Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Jaral watershed

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, , Paddy=20, Tomato=375q, Cucumber=115q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q Maize, tomato, cucumber and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop (Table 17). The vegetables are grown only for table purposes and have huge potential in the watershed area. The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills (Table 18 & 19). The details of interventions with respect to improved production and protection technology for increasing crop productivity has been provided in Annexure XVIII. Table 18: Expected increase in yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed

area Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 160 1.5 240 160 2.7 432

Table 19: Expected increase in yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed

area Pre-Project Post-Project

Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 35 15.5 543 35 26.0 910

Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables in Jaral watershed




Total Veg prod. (t)

Veg consumption(t

Marketable Veg.(t)

240 192 48 910 110 800 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA .

Sr. No. Name of Panchayat


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop

Area under Rabi crops (ha)

Cultivated Area(ha)

1. Jaral Maize-wheat Ginger 35 Wheat 70 94

Maize+Pulses-Wheat

Maize 40 barley 10

Ginger-Wheat Paddy 05

Paddy-Wheat


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, wild apricot and pomegranate are in abundance indicating thereby that this area can be brought under fruit cultivation. The climate of the watershed is also suitable for mango cultivation and it can be grown on commercial basis. This will provide livelihood to the farm families. Establishment of New orchard under cultivable wastes can generate handsome returns to the farmers. Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in Jaral watershed area Area=10 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=1400 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t)

Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 20 23 25 27 30

Input cost

Input cost 985520 234200 235000 237000 239000 241000 245000 247000 249000 250000

Gross income

Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 200000 230000 250000 270000 300000

Net income

Net income -985520 -234200

-235000 -237000 -239000 -41000 -15000 3000 21000 50000


Area (ha)

Yield (t/ha)

Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs)

18 30 540 8100000


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 23: Cattle Population in different panchayats (a) Cow Indigenous Cow Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks) Male Female Male Female Total Male+Female 162 266 428 0 4 4 432

(b) Buffaloes

(c) Sheep and Goat

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 507, out of which 83 are indigenous and 58 improved cows. The indigenous buffaloes are 383 and improved are only 8 in number. There are 1430 sheep and goats in the watershed (Table 23). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes:










Intervention Required: The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that: • Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed.

Ram cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 10 38000 18000 56000 15 Bucks 43000 18000 61000


Pre-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs)

315 1.5 127575 1913625 Post-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) Net Income/lactation (Rs) 315 3.0 255150


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 25 & 26). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:


Table 25: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area



dry 15q/ animal/yr

Green 90q/ animal/yr

Dry22q/ animal/yr


green dry 432 19440 6480 38880 9504 -19440 -3024


Existing Required

Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry

195 8775 4290 23400 5655 -14625 -1365


Forages

Table 27: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)



189 150 4363 361 350 12618 Green fodder existing feeding practice=36.5q/animal/year, Green fodder proposed feeding practice=105q/animal/year Table 28: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed


Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


160 15 236 166 51 839 256 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28). The many folds increase in forage yield and production (Table29) is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 29: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area






Surplus/ deficit

788 28762 473 126180 49644 76536 The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table 29, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. Pisciculture

The watershed area has sufficient water in the form of natural sources but the farmers are not willing for fish farming. We have not proposed any fishery unit in this watershed; however, the department may organize awareness camp to prepare farmers for fish farming.


10. Drinking Water

Table 30: Existing status of drinking water


% Beneficiary

Basahu Bowri and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 80

Jaral Natural source and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

10 90

Dharli Natural source and Lift irrigation scheme of IPH department

9 80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through lift irrigation and 80-90 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water particularly in Basahu and Dharli ward. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to one village. However, two villages namely Basahu and Dharli need separate drinking water scheme. Table 31: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Jaral watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of natural sources

Dharli village Availability of drinking water (months/year

% Beneficiary

Supply of drinking water Dharli 12 Remaining 20 Water supply scheme of IPH department

All villages in Dharli and Basahu ward 11-12 Remaining 20



Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 2 ha area (Table 32) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 32: Farm bund construction in the watershed area

Farm Bunds





(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Rava nalah (3)31024.783’ N 076055.116’E 1041m amsl Baghli nalah (2) 31024.806’ N 076056.228’E 1100m amsl

Silvipastoral System 5 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees)

Whole panchayat

Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the Jaral watershed (Table 32). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 5 hactares of land.


12. Convergence








Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 10 105 m2 Tomato nursery raising 6 600 m2

The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 33 & 34). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 36). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table 33) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 34: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 10 100 m2 Mushroom cultivation 2 200 bags Poultry 5 100 chicks Fishery 3 Standard size Bee keeping 3 50 colonies

The per unit income from tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 2247457/- respectively (Table 35). Table 35: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


5 452543 2700000 2247457



10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000





2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 90000/- (Table 37). Table 38: Expected income from poultry in watershed area


No. beneficiary

Total chicks

Cost of chicks

Cost of Shed)

Recurring cost (Feed)t

Total Capital Cost

Gross income

Net income


100 5 500 10000 75000 36000 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Poultry rearing can also be taken up by the farmers to increase their income in the subsequent years to about Rs. 6000/- (Table 38). Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area



Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income


3 50 117285 586422 250 150 37500 -548922 118125

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 6 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 118125/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 39). Table 40: Year wise input and out put scenario of fish production in watershed area





Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

1 2 175040 5000 180040 220 26400 -153640 2 1 87520 8000 95520 330 39600 -55920 3 0 0 9500 9500 440 52800 43300 4 0 0 10000 10000 440 52800 42800 5 0 0 11000 11000 440 52800 41800


The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in watershed area where water is available in plenty. High income can be generated from fish farming in Jaral watershed (Table 40). OFF Farm Table 41: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2

Value addition & post harvest technology: The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 41. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Jaral watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 42). Table 42: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


15. Monitoring

A Web-based GIS System should be developed for monitoring and evaluating the project in

its planning & implementation phases. The system could be made available on a public domain and can be accessed by all the stakeholders of the project. In other words, the DPR should be made available online in the form of a database which will help the stakeholders know areas of importance viz., already treated areas/historical works in the area, proposed areas for treatment etc., for further treatment and planning. The system should also show the satellite imageries of various years from the project inception stage to the project closing stages. This allows the user to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and thereby plan corrective measures for the project area. The system would serve as an aiding tool to the planners and evaluators for judging the efficacy of the project.


16. Evaluation





Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of

farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels. This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities

Stiching Food Processing Post Harvest management practices Fodder development and Management

Crop Information


Table 43: Institutes identified for Capacity Building

Sr. No. Organization Training Module 1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural practices 6 HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology


Training and Exposure visits: Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table 44). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 20 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 45). Table 44: Year wise expenditure on training camps


Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 264000





P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Ginger (1ha /year)

5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240

Tomato (0.5ha /year)

31500 13500 35000 15000 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 66500 28500


24500 10500 27300 11700 0 0 0 0 0 0 74000 51800 22200

Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr)

34650 14850 38500 16500 0 0 0 0 0 0 104500 73150 31350

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (10)

38000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38000 38000 0




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved Buck (15)

64500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64500 64500 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000

0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000

0 45000 45000 0


17500 7500 19600 8400 0 0 0 0 0 0 53000 37100 15900


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (4)

77136 115704 0 0 0 0 0 0 192840 77136 115704

Water tank (4) 166038 249058 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 415096 166038 249058 Repair of Kuhl (1000 +1000+1000m)

54400 81600 59840 89760 65824 98736 450160 180064 270096

New Kuhal (2000+1000 +1100m)

1087200 1630800

543600 815400 657756 986634 0 0 0 0 5721390 2288556

3432834

RWH 40No. (10/ 107636 161454 118400 177599 130240 195359 14326 21489 0 0 1248847 499539 749308




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F yr) 4 5 Sprinklers 10No. (5sets/ yr)

67273 67273 74000 74000 0 0 0 0 0 0 282544 141272 141272


900 900 990 990 0 0 0 0 0 0 3780 1890 1890


69000 69000 75900 75900 56925 56925 0 0 0 0 403650 201825 201825


0 0 0


180000 0 198000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 477000 477000 0


29328 43992 32261 48391 0 0 0 0 0 0 153972 61589 92383

(c) Silvipastoral System (3+2ha)

276000 0 202400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 478400 478400 0



66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0

(b)Mushroom Cultivation Units (2)

97000 97000 194000 97000 97000

(c)Vermi composting units

100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000




P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (10) (d) Small Polyhouse 10

250000 1000000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1250000 250000 1000000


255671 137669 140619 75717 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213386

Microenterprises 0 0 0 (a)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(b)Fisheries (2+1)

135030 45010 74267 24756 279062 209297 69766

(c) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 60000 163000 163000 0

GT 0 3415682 0 3869304 0 1858731 0 1444248 0 1145415 0 1348899 0 190533 0 227265 0 53877 0 13877 13567831 6664237 6903593

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Jarol




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Jarol)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 25



12 Convergence 28



15 Monitoring 33

16 Evaluation 34





PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : JAROL No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 24.710’ N latitude and 0760 55.056’ E longitude. Total geographical area : 537 ha Treatable area : 437 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 570 BPL families : 65 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 112 Small farmers : 140 Others : 02 Total Population : 2202 Schedule Caste : 479 General : 1723 Live stock population : 1294 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

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IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Jarol Page 1

1. Introduction


The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Jarol panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 3 villages. The panchayat is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 635 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also


carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Problems






Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table 1: Budget Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Jarol 416 6240000 Sanihan 21 315000 Total 437 6555000

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 6.55

Monitoring 1 0.655 Evaluation 1 0.655

2. Preparatory Phase Entry point activities 4 2.622 Institution & capacity building

5 3.277


1 0.655


50 32.775

Livelihood activities 10 6.55 Production system & microenterprises

13 8.221

4. Consolidation phase 5 3.59 Total 100 65.55

METHODOLOGY




Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The Jarol watershed lies between 310 24.692’ N latitude and 0750 55.050’ E longitude. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in Jarol watershed

Geology


Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 metres. The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba. The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate

The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Jarol (94) 1A2B1A3a Sarihani (292) 1A2B1G2c Sarihani (292) 1A2B1H1a


There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification

It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 2: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm. Table 3: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04


1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9


The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area. Table 4: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate. Table 5: Information on Soils for Sundernagar block
















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures. Table 6: Information on Problem Soils in the watershed area




Demography


479 - - 1723 2202 65 570

There are 570 households in the panchayat with total population of 2202. Out of the total population, 1723 are under general category and 479 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 62 BPL families in the panchayat area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 8: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category (140 farmers) followed by medium farmers (112 farmers) but large farmers are very less. The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities




Kangra Co-operative Bank 1 All items under public distribution system

Dhanotu Vegetables and fruits etc.

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the watershed area. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. The panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area. Table 10: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area






Means of transportation The panchayat is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use The watershed area has wide plant diversity and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 11: Existing FodderTrees





Table11B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens




3. SWOT Analysis











The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits


at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.



Weaknesses


The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which

hampers agricultural growth. Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the

district is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming.





Opportunities









Threats













6 10 2 13 - 2 2

9 seasonal one permanent Permanent sources - One dry one permanent Working

Irrigation Need tapping Do Irrigation - Drinking One drinking one irrigation

The watershed area has one main water sources in the form of khad. There are two bowries in the watershed (Table12). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility but the drinking water supply is severely affected during peak simmer season. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 13: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed water structures Location Size/ Length No. Tapping over flow water from bowri in storage tank Trimi village310 26.722’

N latitude and 0760 32.233’ E longitude

5mx4mx1m 1

Construction of kuhl for water distribution same (0.5m B x 0.4m H)

2350 m

Loose bolder crate wire check dams at 100 m interval in main Jarol khad for soil erosion control

Jarol khad 310 26.588’ N latitude and 0760 46.219’ E longitude

6mx1.25mx2.5m

6

Check dam for tapping water from nalah Bhalokri village 310 28.528’ N latitude and 0760 49.098’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 1 Water supply through alkathane pipe to Storage tanks. same 2” 700 m Check dam for tapping water from nalah Saragi and Kalsog

village310 26.690’ N latitude and 0760 55.067’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 2 Check dam for tapping water from nalah Gehri vilage310 25.589’

N latitude and 0750 45.079’ E longitude

6mx1m, 2mx2m

1

Storage tanks same 5mx4mx1m 1 RWH Tank Swardu (10 HH) Trimi

(10 HH), Tali (10 HH), Dhari (7 HH), Tikri (5 HH)

2mx2mx1m 40

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same 6” 30 Sprinkler systems same 40 sets 28 HD

pipe


The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 13. We

propose check dams for tapping water, loose boulders check dams for soil erosion control and roof top rain water harvesting (Table17). With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation

Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 54.6% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table18). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 14: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in the

panchayat

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)




155 155 0 112 72.2


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favourable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops. The main cereals that are grown in the watershed include wheat, maize and rice. Although the Slappar is deficit in production of vegetables yet it has been successful in production sphere viz. cereals. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favourable according to the agro climatic conditions. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

Table 15: Land Use Pattern Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Perma nent Pastures


Cultivable Non-Culti vable

Jarol 94 516 123 143 143 0 150 99 416 Sarihani 292 21 0 12 12 0 09 01 21 Total 537 123 155 155 0 159 100 437


Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Paddy=20, Ginger=115q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 16. Maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Ginger is grown by some of the farmers. The vegetables are grown only for table purposes and have huge potential in the watershed area.


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)

Maize-wheat Maize 88.0 Wheat 82.0 155

Maize+mash- Wheat

Paddy

17.0

Sarson 5.0

Paddy-wheat Ginger-

Ginger 3.0


Table 17: Existing area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 187 1.8 406.0

The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. Table 18: Existing area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 187 1.8 337 Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 187 2.8 524

Table 19: Existing area, average yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed

Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 5 11.5 57 Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 5 18.5 92

The average yield and production of cereals is low (Table 18) due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The vegetable production is negligible in the watershed area (Table 19), however, some of the area out of cultivable wastes can be converted in to vegetable cultivation which could produce 340 tones of vegetables. The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed area. Demonstration on


Table 20: Status of cereals and vegetables in Jarol panchayat Total cereal production (t)



Total Veg. Prod.

Veg. consumption (t)


337 333 04 570 190 380 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is main commercial crop of this panchayat. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops (Table 21 & 22). The increased fruit production through new interventions will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area. Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area Pre-

project

Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area Post -

project Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod (t) Gross income (Rs) Net income (Rs)

35 19.32 819700 676.20 10143000 9323300

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Input cost Total Prod Output Net income

25 11.8 585500 295 4425000 3839500


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 23: Cattle Population in different panchayats Table 23(a): Cow



The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 407 out of

which 268 are indigenous and 139 improved cows (Table 23a). Likewise, indigenous buffaloes 335 and improved are 274. There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Goat population is high (519) but sheep are very less (18). The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes:






The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 487 out of which

472 are indigenous and 15 improved cows (Table 23b). Total buffaloes are 517 in numbers which are indigenous. There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes through artificial insemination for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The sheep and goat population is only 270 (Table 23c).


Table 23 (b): Buffaloes Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female M F 14 502 516 0 1 1 517



31 76 107 107 56 163 270 20 Intervention Required: The whole population of sheep and goats are indigenous type and need improvement For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that: • Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed.

Bucks cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 10 38000 18000 56000 Ram 10 43000 18000 61000

Table 24: Existing milch animals their average yield, production and income


539 1.5 218295

Post-Project

Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L)


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day The better animal disease and nutritional management through is likely to increase milk production from current level of 218295 lts. to 436590 lts. in the watershed area, which will generate income to the farm families (Table 27).



The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 25 & 26). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. We Propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:

Demonstration on improved high yielding fodder trees Culling of animals to reduce their population Demonstration on improved high yielding grasses

Forages



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)

Production (t) % increase in production

187 22 402 230 54 1232 206 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28). The many folds increase in forage yield and production (Table 29) is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages.


Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr



Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry 517 23265 11374 3619 62040 14993 38775 3619


Table 29: Post project green and dry matter availability, requirement & deficit /surplus

Green fodder requirement post project DM requirement post project Budget (q)

Total cattle



Green available



green surplus

Dry surplus

1058 635 66654 56650 15870 12320 -10004 -3550 Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area






Surplus/ deficit

1058 38617 635 56650 66654 -10004

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table 27 to 29, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals (Table 30) so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. Pisicilture

The watershed area has sufficient water in the form of natural sources but the farmers are not willing for fish farming. We have not proposed any fishery unit in this watershed; however, the department may organize awareness camp to motivate farmers for fish farming.


10. Drinking Water Existing status of drinking water


% Beneficiary

Jarol Bowri and Lift irrigation 11 Remaining 5 Sarihani Bowri and Lift irrigation 11 Remaining 5

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through lift irrigation and 90-95 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The water availability can be increased by providing additional water from other schemes of the department. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Jarol watershed



% Beneficiary


All wards covering each village 12 Remaining 5-10



Farm bund

Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 6 ha area (Table31) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 6 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the watershed (Table34). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 8 hactares of land. Table 31: Farm bund construction in the watershed area

Farm Bunds





(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Jarol khad 310 24.708’ N 0760 55.056’ E

Silvipastoral system 8 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees) Whole panchayat



12. Convergence









Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 5 105 m2

Capsicum nursery raising 3 300 m2 Tomato nursery raising 6 600 m2

The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself (Table 32). This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 32). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation (Table 32). The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 33). We also propose mushroom production and bee keeping enterprise (Table 33) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 33: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement




The per unit income from capsicum (300m2) and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 330847/- and Rs. 1872881/- respectively (Table 34 & 35). Table 35: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 543052 3240000 2696948



10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000 Area for compost preparation=100m2 The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 36).

Table 37: Expected income to BPL families from proposed mushroom production in

watershed area Units Total unit cost

(Rs) Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income in

subsequent years (Rs) 2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- in the subsequent years (Table 37). Table 38: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area Units Unit Size

(colonies) Unit Cost Total cost Yield (kg) Rate

Rs/kg Gross Income

Net Returns

1 50 196670 500 150 75000 -121670 27750

The Jarol area has mango and other plantation in abundance and bee keeping may be successful enterprise in this watershed. We propose 6 unit demonstrations on bee keeping and a net income of Rs. 27750/- is expected in the subsequent years (Table 38). OFF Farm Table 39: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2


technology) are presented in Table 39. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Slappar


watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 40). Table 40: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


15. Monitoring



16. Evaluation


• Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel


17. Capacity Building Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of

farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels. This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise.

A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce,

traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities


Crop Information


Table 41: Institutes identified for Capacity Building Sr. No.

Organization Training Module

1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices 5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural practices 6 HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology



Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table41). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 10 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table42). Table 42: Year wise expenditure on training camps

Two days Training Module Rs 200 per trainee

Camps 20

Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 0 264000



JAROL


Wheat (1ha/yr)

7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900

Paddy (0.5ha/yr)

4200 1800 4620 1980 5040 2160 5600 2400 6160 2640 36600 25620 10980


34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450

Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0

Mineral 37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Mixture feeding - 50+ 50animals (15kg/ani/yr; 100 ani @ Rs 50/kg) Improved Ram (5+5)

19000 0 21000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40000 40000 0

Improved Buck (5+5)

21500 0 23650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45150 45150 0


5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95000 95000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0

Implements 0 0 0 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950

Water 0 0 0 0 0 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Harvesting Structures Check Dam PCC (3)

65059 97589 0 0 0 0 0 0 162648 65059 97589

Water tank (5)

207548 311322 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 518870 207548 311322


733860 1100790 597960 896940 0 0 0 0 0 0 3329550 1331820 1997730

RWH 40(10/ yr)

107636 161454 118400 177600 130240 195360 143264 214896 0 0 1248850 499540 749310


62500 62500 68750 68750 76000 76000 82500 82500 0 0 579500 289750 289750


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


48300 48300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96600 48300 48300


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 234000 234000 0

(b) Check 71720 107581 78892 118339 0 0 0 0 0 0 376532 150613 225919


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Dams (3+3) (c) Silvipastoral System (2ha/yr)

92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122640 0 0 0 427160 427160 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000


125000 500000 82500 330000 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 1312500 262500 1050000


97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000


127836 68835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196670 127836 68835

Microenterprises

0 0 0


JAROL

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2227358 0 2670844 0 1458595 0 1711431 0 531135 0 557830 0 448874 0 332566 0 112537 0 39017 10090185 4778498 5311687

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Rohanda




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Rohanda)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr.

No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 17

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27




16 Monitoring 33

17 Evaluation 34




PROJECT AT A GLANCE

Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Rohanda No. of Micro Watersheds : 15 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 30°22'40"N to 33°12'40"N latitude and 75°45'55"E to

79°04'20"E longitude. Total geographical area : 959 ha Treatable area : 893 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 672 BPL families : 115 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 30 3 Small farmers : 363 Others : 03 Total Population : 2603 Schedule Caste : 237 General : 2366 Live stock population : 2345 Health institutions Human (PHC) Animal

: :

1 1

Infrastructure facilities Credit institutions Agri. / Hort. Input sale depot Co-operative societies Fair price shops Post office Primary schools Middle schools High schools Higher secondary

: : : : : : : : :

1 1 1 8 1 6 1 1 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Rohanda Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20 mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the hills. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis. The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Rohanda panchayat comprises 15 micro watersheds covering 34 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is 2109 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India.


Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:




Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc. The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural Development Agency etc.


Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. Seasonal Diagram: - With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine, timber etc. were noted. Cropping Pattern: - Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Jhalanger 8 120000 Parala 1 15000 Khabora 2 30000 Saradhar 1 15000 Chauki 43 645000 Banwali 90 1350000 Aukal 183 2745000 Chandakufer 105 1575000 Nehra 43 645000 Rohanda 18 270000 Dhar-I 02 30000 Dhar-II 01 15000 Kheel 28 420000 Labot 20 300000 Chhichhar 36 540000 Majhar 27 405000 Doghari 09 135000 Balas 26 390000 Saral 04 60000


Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Chuhani 75 1125000 Halai 14 210000 Shakohar 57 855000 Thamandi 44 660000 Naindal Uperli 02 30000 Taplidhar 13 195000 Malagra 29 435000 Rowan 12 180000 Total 893 13395000

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 786000



5 393000


1 78600


50 3930000


13 1021800


METHODOLOGY The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group. Transect walk and survey of different villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.



Transect Walk The purpose of Transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transact walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The geographical area of Rohanda is 959 ha and it comprises of 15 sub watersheds covering 34 villages. It lies between 31° 27' 685" N latitude to 077° 01' 707" E longitude. Table 2: Details of the Rohanda watershed in IWMP-Sundernagar

This watershed is comprised of 15 sub watersheds covering 34 villages (Table2).

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Jhalangar (194) 1A2B1C1c Parala (200) 1A2B1C1b Khaboda (201) 1A2B1C1b Sara Dhar (198) 1A2B1C1c Sara Dhar (198) 1A2B1C2c Chauki (193) 1A2B1I1c Chauki (193) 1A2B1C2c Banwali (191) 1A2B1I1d Aukal (204) 1A2B1C1c Aukal (204) 1A2B1C1b Chanda Kufer (209) 1A2B1B2d Nehra (385) 1A2B3D1c Rohanda (187) 1A2B1B2c Dhar-I (162) 1A2B1B2c Dhar-II (199) 1A2B1C1b Khil (159) 1A2B1B2c Khil (159) 1A2B1B2d Labotu (165) 1A2B1B2c Labotu (165) 1A2B1B2d Chhichhar (157) 1A2B1B2c Chhichhar (157) 1A2B1B2d Manjhar (206) 1A2B1C1c Manjhar (206) 1A2B1C2c Dogheri (167) 1B1C3D2b Balash (169) 1B1C3D2b Saral (163) 1A2B1B2c Saral (163) 1A2B1B2d Chuhani (149) 1B1C3D2b Halai (172) 1B1C3D2b Shakohar (181) 1B1C3D2b Thamari (177) 1B1C3D2b Naindal Upperla (175) 1B1C3D2b Tapli Dhar (185) 1A2B1B2c Malagra (196) 1A2B1C1c Malagra (196) 1A2B1C2b Rowan (183) 1A2B1B2c Padhana (237) 1A2B1E1d


Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500 mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate


management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of the Districts


Moderate to high snow fall The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table-3). Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04 Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3

1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9 The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area (Table 4). Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block Block Year in which effected (last 10

years) Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected

Sundernagar 2002, 2004 &

2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe It is clear from the Table-5 that during 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate.


Table 6: Information on Soils for Sundernagar block AES Soil Topography % area Important crops Valley areas







Alfisol, Inseptisole & Mollisole








The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%). The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha area (Table 6). The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures (Table7). Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District



It is evident from the Table-7 that micro-nutrient deficiency occurs in mild form covering an area of 20,000 ha, whereas, soil erosion is observed in 350 ha out of which the problem in severe form is observed in 155 ha area in the district. Demography

Table 8: Demographic features of Rohanda watershed SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households

237 - - 2366 2603 115 672

There are 672 households in this watershed with total population of 2603 (Table8). Out of the total population, about 90% are under general category, 10% under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 115 BPL families in the watershed area. The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood.


Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area Panchayat Category

Small Medium Large Rohanda 363 303 5

The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table 9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities

Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area Panchayat Banking facilities Fair Price



Rohanda Himachal Gramin Bank 1 Daily needs articles


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area (Table 10). The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. Every panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11). Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area




Chakkar Milk Curd, cheese, ghee Badhu -Do- -Do-

Means of transportation Areas under this watershed are well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km.


Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12)and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12a: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Mulbery Morus alba Ban Quercus incana

Table 12b: Existing Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Apple Malus domestica

Table 12c: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens


Common Name Scientific Name Deodar Cedrus deodara Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis









The moderate climate and presence of green fodder and various grasses in the

watershed area provide salubrious environment for development of small scale commercial dairy.






Weaknesses Small and fragmented holdings, besides undulating topography of high terrain areas are

major impediments in accelerating growth of agriculture and allied sectors. The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which

hampers agricultural growth. Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the

district is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth nand taking up mechanized farming.






(broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like fish farming, small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, , plum, apple and vermicomposting production.


Potential to expand organic farming in Rohanda, wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.




Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands.


Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and on-going process of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.












5. Water Harvesting


Existing type of water sources No. Permanent/seasonal Uses Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

- 5 1 3 - 2 -

- Permanent Permanent Working

- Permanent

-

- Need tapping

Do Irrigation

- Drinking

- The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs (5), bowries (2), khad (1) and other naturally occurring water sources (Table 13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed rainwater harvesting structures

Location Size/Length No.

Check dam for tapping water from Chowki khad and water supply through kuhl to two storage tanks for irrigation purpose.

Chowki khad (near bridge on state highway-13) N 310 26.727’ E 0770 02.998’

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m 1

Construction of kuhl for carrying water to tank

Chowki khad to Chowki village

(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 5600 m

Water storage tank for irrigation

Chowki village 5mx4mx1m 2

Check dam in Rohanda Khad and then supply through alkathane pipe (2000m length) to three storage tanks for irrigation purpose.

Rohanda khad to Rohanda village N 310 27.751’ E 0770 01.899’

10mx1.25m, 2mx2m 1

Water storage tank for irrigation

Rohanda village 5mx4mx1m 3

Alkathane pipe to supply water up to tank

Check dam to storage tanks in Rohanda village

1” 2000 m

Storage tank for irrigation Rohanda village 5mx4mx1m 1 Alkathane pipe Bhebhal nalah to Kheel

village 1” 2000 m

Storage tanks for irrigation purpose.

Kheel village 5mx4mx1m 2

Alkathane pipe to supply water up to tank

Mahu nalah to Majhar village

1” 2000m


Majhar village 5mx4mx1m 1



Location Size/Length No.

Conversion of existing water chamber in to water tank

Between Rohanda and Chowki on state highway N 310 27.300’ E 0770 02.609’

5mx4mx1m 1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia for carrying water from tank

Kathail village 1” 2000m


Kathail village 5mx4mx1m 1

RWH tanks Aukal (10 HH), Labut (10 HH), Chuhni (10 HH)

2mx2mx1m 20

Gutter pipe for roof water collection

- 40

Sprinkler systems 20 sets 28 HD pipe

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table15. We propose different water harvesting structures like check dams for tapping water, rain water harvesting and micro irrigation systems etc. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 44% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table16). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in

Rohanda





312 312 0 136 43.6


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favorable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops. Although the Rohanda watershed is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato and vegetable pea. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 16: Land Use Pattern of Rohanda watershed Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures



Jhalanger 194 09 0 05 05 0 03 1 8 Parala 200 01 0 01 1 0 0 0 1 Khabora 201 02 0 01 1 0 01 0 2 Saradhar 198 01 0 01 1 0 0 0 1 Chauki 193 47 0 31 31 0 12 4 43 Banwali 191 92 0 13 13 0 77 2 90 Aukal 204 194 0 61 61 0 122 11 183 Chandakufer 209 108 12 23 23 0 70 03 105 Nehra 188 49 0 23 23 0 20 06 43 Rohanda 187 23 0 14 14 0 04 05 18 Dhar-I 162 02 0 01 01 0 01 0 02 Dhar-II 199 01 0 01 01 0 0 0 01 Kheel 159 32 0 18 18 0 10 04 28 Labot 165 22 0 08 08 0 12 02 20 Chhichhar 157 38 06 11 11 0 19 02 36 Majhar 206 29 0 16 16 0 11 02 27 Doghari 167 10 0 03 03 0 06 01 09 Balas 169 29 0 16 16 0 10 03 26 Saral 163 04 0 02 02 0 02 0 04 Chuhani 149 82 20 14 14 0 41 07 75 Halai 172 14 01 05 05 0 08 0 14 Shakohar 181 60 05 19 19 0 33 03 57 Thamandi 177 50 0 18 18 0 26 06 44 Naindal 175 02 0 01 01 0 01 0 02


Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures


Uperli Taplidhar 185 14 0 04 04 0 09 01 13 Malagra 196 30 0 0 0 0 29 01 29 Rowan 183 14 0 02 02 0 10 02 12 Total 959 44 312 312 0 537 66 893 The total geographical area of Rohanda panchayat is 959 hectares (Table 16). Out of which the area under agriculture is 312 hectares which is completely rainfed. The cultivable waste lands occupy 537 hectares area. Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Rohanda panchayat

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Potato=225q, Paddy=20q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q, Peas green=80q The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. In most of the panchayats, maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Ginger is grown in some of the panchayats. The peas and potato are the main vegetable crops being grown in Ghiri and Rohanda panchayats. The vegetables are grown only for table purposes and have huge potential in the watershed area. The average yield and production of vegetables is low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield (Table 18). The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills (Table 19). The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed are. Demonstration on


Existing cropping System Kharif crops

Area (ha) Rabi crops

Area crops (ha)

Total area of + khaif rabi crops

Potato-Peas Potato 274 Peas 276 312

Maize-wheat Maize 38 wheat 36


Table 18: Area, average yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Potato 274 2.25 617 Pea 276 0.80 221 Total 550 - 838 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Potato 274 3.75 1028 Pea 276 1.25 345 Total 550

- 1373 Av 50% increase

Table 19: Area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Maize 38 2.0 76 Wheat 36 1.8 65 Total 74 3.8 141 Post-Project Crops Area (ha) Av. Yield t/ha) Production (t) Maize 38 3.1 118 Wheat 36 2.8 101 Total 74

5.9 219 Av 55% increase

The detail of interventions for increasing crop productivity has been provided in Annexure VIII. We propose to conduct front line demonstration on improved production packages on following crops:

Cereals: Maize, wheat, paddy, Vegetables: potato, peas, ginger

With the proposed intervention, the production of maize and wheat and paddy cereals is expected to increase from 141 tones to 219 tones (Table 19) and vegetables from 838tones to 1373 tones (Table 18). Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables in watershed area



Cereal Marketable surplus (t)




141 332 -191 838 266 572 The watershed has sufficient vegetable marketable surplus but at the same time area is deficit with respect to food grain production (Table21).


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, apple is main commercial crop of Rohanda watershed. This area have favorable climate for apple production. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of apple crop. An increase in total production of apple from 2565 t to 5500 t and net income from Rs 31554000 to 75579000 is expected (Table22). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area. Table 21: Yield, production and Net Returns of apple in watershed area

Pre-Project

Area ( ha ) Yield ( t/ha) Total Production (t) Net income 180 14.25 2565 31554000 Post-Project Area ( ha ) Yield ( t/ha) Total Production (t) Net income 250 22.00 5500 75579000


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 22 : Cattle Population in Rohanda watershed (a) Cows

Indigenous Cow

Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks)

Male Female Male Female 402 604 1006 0 243 243 1249 (b)Buffaloes

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 1249 out of which 1006 are indigenous and 243 improved cows. Total indigenous and improved cows are 604 and 243 respectively. The total population of milch animals is only 315 (Table 22). The cow and buffalo has very low milk production and there is need to increase milk production of indigenous breed through adopting:

• FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding and • Balanced feeding through green and dry fodder

(c) Sheep, Goat and Acquines Sheep Total Goat Acquines


The sheep and goat population is 1018 which are local type. Out of the total sheep and goat population, female sheep and goats are 342 and 451, respectively (Table 24). The sheep and goats rearing is done for wool and meat production, however, their production is low. Intervention Required: For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that:

• Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 24). Intervention for increasing milk production Table 23 : Increasing milk production of milch animals in Rohanda watershed






Table 24: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area Rams Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital Cost (Rs) 10 38000 18000 56000 Bucks Cost Maintenance cost Total Capital cost 10 43000 18000 61000



315 1.5 127575 Post-Project

Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L)


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day Table 26: Feeding practices of animals in watershed area Total cow+bullocks

45q/animal/yr 15q/ animal/ yr

90q / animal/yr

22q/ animal/ yr

Gap in Feeding Practice (q)

Green Dry Total Green Dry Total 1310 58950 19650 78600 117900 28820 146720 -68120 As evident from the Table 25, exiting average milk yield and production of indigenous milch animals is 1.5 lts/day. and 127575 lts/lactation , respectively. The average yield and production can be enhanced to 3.0 lts/day with a production potential of 255150 per lactation due to adoption of scientific dairy management. Forages



Av. Yield (t/ha)


Expected Area (ha)

Expected Yield (t/ha)


163 1.50 245 187 3.50 654 The pre project average green and dry forages yield, and production is quite low (Table 27). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages (Table 28). Table 28: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed area



Area (ha)

Av. Yield (t/ha)


Av. Yield t/ha)

Production (t) % increase in production

275 0.35 96 285 0.45 128 33 We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:


Table 29: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area Pre Project Post Project Name of watershed

Total bovine population

Green fodder avail ability (q/yr)


Green fodder avail ability (q/yr)

Green fodder Requirement (q/yr)

Surplus/ deficit

Rohanda 1514 55261 908 65330 95382 -30052 The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high as evident from the above tables. The fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity. We propose 40% culling of such animals so as to meet the fodder demand of existing bovine population.


9. Pisciculture

Some villages of the watershed area have sufficient water in the form of natural sources. However, the farmers are not willing for fish farming due to the reason that the temperature during winter season falls below zero and fish may not survive. We do not propose to set up demonstration on fish farming in this watershed.


10. Drinking Water



% Beneficiary

Jhalanger Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Parala Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Khabora IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Saradhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chauki IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Banwali IPH pipeline and natural sources 10 80-85 Aukal Bowri and IPH pipe line 10 80-85 Chandakufer IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Nehra IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Rohanda IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Dhar-I IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Dhar-II IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Kheel IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Labot IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chhichhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Majhar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Doghari IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Balas IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Saral IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Chuhani IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Halai IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Shakohar IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85 Thamandi IPH pipeline and natural sources 9 80-85


pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table 30). The natural water coming out of mountains and bowries is another water source to the people of this watershed. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water in some of villages. The water availability can be increased in those villages where shortage is high by providing additional water from other schemes of the department. There is no lift irrigation scheme in this watershed and state department should explore lift irrigation possibility (Table 31). Table 31: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Rohanda watershed



% Beneficiary


Aukal and Rohanda villages 11-12 Remaining 20-25


All villages except Rohanda and Aukal 11-12 Remaining 20-25



Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion

and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. So as to increase moisture retention capacity of soil, approximately 5% of the total cultivated area has been taken in to consideration for construction of farm bunds in the watershed. We propose farm bunding in 16 hectares land in the current watershed (Table 32). Crate wire loose boulders check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 10 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the watershed (Table 32). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 10 hactares of land. Table 32: Proposed farm bunds and crate wire check dams (loose boulders) Rohanda

Farm Bunds




Crate wire check dams No. Proposed Size Location 10 (2 each on Rohanda Khad, Chowki khad, Bhebal Nalah and Mahu nalah)

Rohanda and Chowki khad= 2 No each (10mx1.25mx2.5m) Bhebal Nalah and Mahu nalah= 2 No each (8mx1.25mx2.5m)

Rohanda Khad N 310 26.727’ E 0770 02.998’, Chowki khad N 310 27.300’ E 0770 02.609’, Bhebal Nalah N 310 27.278’ E 0770 02.635’and Mahu nalah N 310 27.300’ E 0770 02.688’


Whole panchyat



12. Convergence







On Farm

The different micro enterprises proposed for the watershed are presented in Table 34 and 35. The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers. The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers. We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 33: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement



Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 14 100 m2 Bee Keeping 10 50 colonies

Table 35: Expected income of proposed protective capsicum production in watershed

units Total unit cost (Rs)

Gross Income (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income in subsequent years (Rs) Net income/unit

10 1763650 160000 -1603650 95260 19052





6 452543 2700000 2247457


Table 38: Expected income from proposed vermicompost production in watershed Units Total Capital Cost (Rs) Gross Returns (Rs) Net Income (Rs) Net Income/Unit (Rs)

14 280000 5320000 5040000 20000

The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 75000/- (Table38). Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area Units

Unit Size (colonies)

Total cost

Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income

Net Returns


10 50 1966700

5000 150 750000 -1216700 277500



20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 40. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Rohanda watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 41). Table 41: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600



Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of

farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels. This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities


Crop Information



Sr. No. Organization Training Module 1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices 3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming 4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and improved agriculture

practices 5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and improved agriculture

practices 5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and improved horticultural

practices 6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and improved horticultural




Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc. On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 35 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 43). Table 43: Year wise expenditure on training camps


Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 158400 0 0 422400


16. Monitoring




17. Evaluation

During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project. • Increased surface and ground water • Reduced un-off and soil erosion • Improved vegetative cover • Improved forest conditions in the fragile upper slopes of watershed • Increased availability of fodder and fuel • Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products • Increased household incomes of landless and marginal farmers etc.




depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project. The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges. Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.


19. Activity and Budget ROHANDA


Vegetable Peas (2ha /year)

16800 7200 11480 4920 18480 7920 20328 8712 22361 9583 127784 89449 38335

Potato2ha /year) 70000 30000 77000 33000 77000 33000 0 0 0 0 320000 224000 96000 Horticulture 0 0 0 Apple (1ha/yr) 87500 37500 96250 41250 105875 45375 0 0 0 0 413750 289625 124125 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0


15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0


17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0

Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000

Spray Pumps (10+10+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

17500 7500 19600 8400 10500 4500 0 0 0 0 68000 47600 20400


0 0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (2) 72542 108812 63609 95414 0 0 0 0 340377 136151 204226 Water tank (5+5+1) 207548 311322 228303 342454 41925 62887 0 0 0 0 1194439 477776 716663 New Kuhal (2000+2000+1600m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 869760 1304640 328878 493317 0 0 8704395 3481758 5222637


62500 62500 68750 68750 75625 75625 83188 83188 0 0 580125 290063 290063


4500 4500 4950 4950 5445 5445 5990 5990 0 0 41769 20885 20885


138000 138000 151800 151800 166980 166980 0 0 0 0 913560 456780 456780



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (4+4+4+4ha) @45000/ha

180000 0 198000 0 218000 0 240000 0 0 0 836000 836000 0


95627 143441 84691 127037 0 0 0 0 0 0 450796 180318 270478

(c) Silvipastoral System / 2 ha/yr

92000 0 101200 0 111300 0 122500 0 134800 0 561800 561800 0


66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


140000 140000 0 0 0 0 280000 140000 140000


125000 500000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 625000 125000 500000

(d) Bee Keeping Units (2+2+2+2+2)

255671 137669 275388 148286 0 0 333219 179426 366542 197369 1893569 1230820 662749


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 0 0 0 0 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382



IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F GT 0 2977905 0 3392545 0 2866413 0 2954813 0 1966074 0 1853132 0 1326171 0 886951 0 633479 0 216928 19074411 9770043 9304368

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Serikothi




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Serikothi)

Prepared by:



Contents

Sr. No.


PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 12



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27



15 Monitoring 32

16 Evaluation 33





PROJECT AT A GLANCE Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Serikothi No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 24.594’ N Latitude 0750 58.559’ E Total geographical area : 872 ha Treatable area : 792 ha Irrigated area : 15 ha Total No. of families : 432 BPL families : 99 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 283 Small farmers : 146 Others : 03 Total Population : 2239 Schedule Caste : 35 General : 1397 Live stock population : 3826 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

1 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 - 1 1 1 3 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Serikothi Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis. The Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Serikothi panchayat comprises 5 micro watersheds covering 10 villages. The entire panchayat is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude of this watershed is 1116m amsl. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1400 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off


which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:







8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc. The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. (iii) Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Croping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc.


Table 1: Budget Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs)

Serikothi 49 735000

Garahan 134 2010000 Chiral 268 4020000

Ropa Bandala 223 3345000

Lalag 81 1215000

Kot 37 555000

Total 792 11880000

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY




5 594000


1 118800

3. Watershed Works Phase

Watershed development works

50 5940000


13 1544400

4. Consolidation phase 5 594000 Total 100 11880000 METHODOLOGY



2. General Description of Project Area Transect Walk The purpose of transect walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transect walk of the panchayat are as under: Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The Serikothi panchayat is located at 310 24.594’ N 0750 58.559’ E. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds in Serikothi watershed

Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu &

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Seri (252) 1A2B1D2a

Garahan (251) 1A2B1D1c

Garahan (251) 1A2B1C2b

Garahan (251) 1A2B1C2a

Chiral (15 1A2B1I2a Ropa Bandla (250) 1A2B1D2c

Ropa Bandla (250) 1A2B1D2b

Lalag (253) 1A2B1D2a

Lalag (253) 1A2B1D2b Kot (254) 1A2B1D1b


Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices.The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all.


Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts

AES Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm)

Valley areas 651-1,300 1,000

Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas 651-1,300 1,540

High rainfall mid-hill areas 1,100-1,800 2,376

Mid hill-sub temperate areas 1,300-1,800 1,080, light snowfall

High hill temperate wet areas >1,800 1,000 Moderate to high snow fall

The altitude of watershed area ranges between 600 m to more than 2400 m above mean sea level with an average annual rainfall varying from 1000 mm to 2376 mm (Table3). Table 4: Trend in average rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04

Year Monsoon Winter Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon Total

1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6

1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3

1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2

1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5

1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0

1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5

1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3

1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1

1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8

2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3

2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0

2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During

the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02 (Table4). Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area.


Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34


During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table 5). Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District

AES Soil Topography % area Important crops

Valley areas















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by valley areas (25%) (Table 6).The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures (Table7).



Very severe Severe Mild


Demography


807 35 - 1397 2239 99 432

There are 432 households in the entire watershed with total population of 2239. Out of the total population, 1397 are under general category, 807 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes are 35 and OBC category does not exist. There are 99 BPL families in Serikohi panchayat (Table 8). The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area

Category

Small Medium Large

283 146 3

The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, pisciculture, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities Table 10: Co-operative societies, banking and markets in watershed area


Commodity handled


Nil (nearest bank at Slapper) 1 All items under public distribution system


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area (Table10). The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway. Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area (Table 11).


Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area Location Commodity processed Type of processing

Jarol HPMC



Chakkar Milk Curd, cheese, ghee

Badhu Do Do

Means of transportation Serikothi panchayat does not have easy access. It is about 5 Kms on foot walk to reach. All types of materias are carried on head load. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12) and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12a: Existing FodderTrees

Scientific Name

Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva

Kachnar Bahunia variegate

Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni

Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala

Mulbery Morus alba

Ban Quercus incana

Dudhla Ficus sp.


Table 12b: Existing Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica

Pomegranate Punica granatum Citrus Citrus sp

Table12c: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name

Weeds

Lantana Lantana camara

Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus

Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides

Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum

Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata

Grasses

Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus

Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus

Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii

Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus

Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum

Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrical

Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum

Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense

Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa

Doob grass Cynodon dactylon

White clover Trifolium repens


Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo

Khair Acacia catechu Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors. Strengths The key strengths of the IWMP have been identified as under:


The high altitude areas of, Sundernagar block provide excellent environment for the

cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,





The Panchayat Serikothi has price responsive farming communities willing to innovate, experiment and adopt riskier crops and enterprises as is evident from the rapid spread of protective cultivation.


The presence of suitable flora for beekeeping in far flung area of Panchayats. Serikothi Panchayat can be very good niche area for beekeeping.



Potential of promoting organic farming because of low use of inorganic fertilizers in Serikothi Panchayat of the district.

Weaknesses


Being the remotest Panchayat there is lack of road connectivity to main market centers which has hampered the progress in all the spheres .

Lack of road connectivity has acted as a hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming.

The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time. Poor extension backup as a result of inadequate extension manpower is yet another

important weakness. Inadequate irrigation facilities despite the flow of perennial nalahs. Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops Pastures and grazing lands are severely infested with weeds and poor quality grasses. Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.


(broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like fish farming, small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, mango, litchi, plum, apple and vermicomposting production.


Potential to expand organic farming in Serikothi wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.


Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in watershed area of this Panchayat. Vast potential for area expansion under mango. Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident

from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. There is also a great potential to increase the yield of ginger in Serikothi Panchayat..


Threats




Mining and removal of sand aggregates from the river and local nallah are posing serious threat to fragile hilly ecosystem.











5. Water Harvesting The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Lift irrigation is another source of irrigation in the state. Efforts are being made by the government to avail irrigation facilities in most of the areas. Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses

Name of Watershed

Name of panchayat



Serikothi Serikothi Kuhals Nalahs Khad Pucca tank Farm ponds Bowries Water lifting scheme

3 2 1 1 - 2 1

2 in operation 1 for repair Permanent source Permanent source Do - Permanent source In operation

Irrigation Need tapping Do Do - Drinking & Irrigation drinking

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources (Table 13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities

Proposed water harvesting structures Location Size/Length No.


Check Dam at source for tapping water from main khad

310 24.594’ N 0750 58.559’ E 1116m amsl

10mX1m, 2mX2m 1

Alkathane pipe 2"dia for further supply to water tank same 1” 350m

Storage tank near field 310 24.604’ N 0750 58.503’ E 7.00 x 5.00 x2.00m

1

Check Dam at source (Tangali Khad) for tapping water from nalah to Dhanech village

310 24.147’ N 0760 58.8626’ E 1325m amsl

8m x1 m, 2mX2m 1

Repair of existing kuhl Almost same 3000 m

Construction of new kuhl beyond repair point Almost same (0.5m B x 0.4m H) 7500 m

Storage tank near fields for irrigation 310 24.342’ N 0760 58.810’ E 1303m amsl

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH Ropa Bandla (10 HH), Smella (7 HH) and Bhun (13 HH) villages

5.00x3.50x1.80 m 30

Gutter pipe for roof water collection same - 60

Sprinkler systems same 30 Sets 28 HD pipe


The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table-14. We propose tapping of water, roof top rain water harvesting and loose boulder crate wire structures for erosion control. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. A significant increase in irrigated area (50.6%) is expected in the watershed (Table 15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in Sundernagar Block

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)




174 159 15 88 50.6


6. Agriculture Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent.

Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favorable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops.

The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”. Table 16: Land Use Pattern of watershed area under Serikothi

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Permanent Pastures



Serikothi 252 64 0 27 23 0 26 11 49

Garahan 149 0 28 26 0 108 13 134

Chiral 218 280 69 32 32 0 167 12 268

Ropa Bandala

250 242 0 40 38 0 185 17 223

Lalag 253 89 0 28 28 0 53 8 81

Kot 254 48 0 19 12 0 25 4 37

Total 872 69 174 159 0 564 65 792

The land use pattern of Serikothi panchayat is presented in Table 16. The total geographical area is 872 ha. Out of which area under agriculture are 174 ha., approximately 94% is rain fed and rest is irrigated. The total area proposed for treatment is 792 ha (Table 16). Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Serikothi panchayat

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Paddy=20, Ginger=115q Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q


Major Kharif crop



Cultivated Area(ha)





The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. Maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Ginger is important spice crop. Other vegetables are grown only for table purposes but have huge potential in the watershed area. The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals, spice and vegetables is low due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills.

Table 18: Expected increase in area, yield and production of vegetable crops in Watershed area


Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

35 11.5 403 35 16.0 560

Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of major cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t)

313 2.1 657 313 2.9 908

It is expected that by increasing irrigated area and adopting improved crop production technologies, the yield of cereals and vegetables could be enhanced to a significant level (Table 18 & 19). Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables




Total Veg. Prod.



657 210 447 403 168 235

Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 280g Vegetable as per RDA

The area is self sufficient with respect to food grain and vegetable production. However, there is scope for enhancing their production (Table 20). The production levels can be increased further and intervention is required for increasing production of major crops of the watershed. Demonstration on



7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in this panchayat. Wild pomegranate fruits are in abundance and can be replaced with improved varieties so that farmers could fetch handsome returns and improve their livelihood. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops particularly pomegranate. Therefore, establishment of new orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area (Table 21). Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of pomegrenate in Serikothi watershed

Name of panchayat: Serikothi Area=1.0 ha. Crop = Pomegranate No. of plants=830

Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Yield (t) Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 4.2 6 8

Input cost Input cost 138230 36720 40340 44374 48811 53692 59900 65990

Gross income Gross income 0 0 84000 166000 250000 334000 418000 502000

Net income Net income -138230 -36720 43660 121626 201189 280308 358100 436010


8. Animal Husbandry The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 1112 out of which 1101 are indigenous and 11 improved cows (Table 22a).The total population of buffaloes are 367 and all are indigenous (Table 22b). The goats are 2305 whereas sheep population is merely 502 in number (Table 22c). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Table 22: Cattle Population in different panchayats Table 22(a): Cow


Male Female

1101

Male Female

11 1112 431 670 0 11

Table 22(b): Buffaloes

Table 22(c): Sheep and Goat

Sheep Total Goat Total

Grand Total

Acquines

Male Female

502

Male Female

1803 2305 42 172 330 398 1405




331 1.5 134055 2010825

Post-Project

Milch Animals



4021650

Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L,

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes

Male Female

367

Male Female

0 367 10 357 0 0


There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows and buffaloes for increasing milk production in the watershed area (Table24). The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes: Intervention Required


Table 24: Proposed intervention for increasing milk production Proposed Intervention No. animals to be taken for

demonstration Demonstration on FMD vaccination 100

Demonstration on Deworming 100

Demonstration on Mineral Mixture feeding 100


The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 25). Table 25: Proposed improved Rams and Bucks for watershed area

Bucks cost Maintenance cost Capital cost

10 38000 18000 56000

Rams

10 43000 18000 61000


Existing Required

Total buffaloes

Green Fodder 45q/ animal/yr

dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry

367 16515 8074 44040 10643 -27525 -2569






Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)



466 150 4971 440 350 15386

Green fodder existing feeding practice=36.5q/animal/year, Green fodder proposed feeding practice=105q/animal/year

Table 29: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed


Area (ha)

Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


278 21 590 362 50 1826 209

Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28 & 29). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area

Pre Project Post Project

Total bovine population





Surplus/ deficit

1940 70810 1164 153860 122220 31640

The watershed area has higher population of low milk yielding cows and buffaloes. The fodder scarcity is also high. As evident from the Table 30, the fodder requirement is exceeding than the available fodder quantity.


9. Pisciculture The watershed area has sufficient water for fish farming and hence pisiculture may be taken up by the farmers. Keeping in view the availability of water we propose fish farming in this watershed (Table 31). Table 31: Year wise input and out put scenario of fish production in watershed area





Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

1 2 135030 5000 140030 220 26400 -113630

2 0 0 8000 8000 330 39600 31600

3 0 0 9500 9500 440 52800 43300

4 0 0 10000 10000 440 52800 42800

5 0 0 11000 11000 440 52800 41800

The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in areas where water is available in plenty. Some farmers have desired to start fish farming. A net income of Rs. 41800/- is expected from one fishery unit (Table 31).


10. Drinking Water Table 32: Existing status of drinking water


% Beneficiary

Seri Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9-10 >85

Chiral IPH pipeline 9 75-80

Ropa Bandla IPH pipeline 9 75-80 Lalag Bowri, IPH pipeline 9-10 75-80

Kot IPH pipeline 9 75-80

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are low in numbers (2) and provide water to one to two villages (Table 32). However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households through out the year (Table 33). The department should make efforts to assure water supply from some natural water sources to cover maximum households. Table 33: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in the watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowri Seri Availability of drinking


Water Supply Seri & Ropa Bandla

11-12 Remaining >15


11. Soil Conservation Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 9 ha area (Table 34) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 34: Farm bund construction in the watershed area

Farm Bunds




Crate wire check dams

No. Proposed Size Location

5

(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Serikothi khad 31028’391” N 0760 40’ 837” E

5 ha Improved grasses & fodder trees Whole panchayat

Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds

Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the Serikothi watershed (Table 34). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosion control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 5 hectares of land.


12. Convergence







The following microenterprises are proposed (Table 35-36) in the watershed for livelihood


Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size

Polyhouse 10 105 m2

Capsicum nursery raising 3 300 m2

Tomato nursery raising 6 600 m2


Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size

Mushroom cultivation 4 105 m2

Vermicomposting 25 300 m2 Bee keeping 3 50 colonies

Fishery 2 Standard unit

The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table35 &36). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table36). Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (300 m2)


3 510847 1800000 1289153

The per unit income from capsicum (300m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 1289153/- and Rs. 1872881/- respectively (Table 37 & 38). Table 38: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 377119 2250000 1872881



25 1500000 4750000 3250000 130000




4 388000 408000 20000 180000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- (Table 40). Table 41: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area


Unit Cost

Total cost Yield (kg)

Rate Rs/ kg

Gross Income

Net Returns


3 50 95876 287629 250 150 37500 -250129 118125

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 3 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 157500/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 41). Table 42: Year wise input and out put scenario of fish production in watershed area





Gross Returns (Rs)

Net Income (Rs)

1 2 175040 5000 180040 220 26400 -153640

2 0 0 6000 6000 330 39600 33600

3 0 0 7000 7000 440 52800 45800 4 0 0 8000 8000 440 52800 44800

5 0 0 9000 9000 440 52800 43800

The small scale fish farming can be taken up by medium scale farmers to improve their livelihood. There is need to demonstrate the scientific multi cultured fish production in watershed area where water is available in plenty. High income can be generated from fish farming in Serikothi watershed (Table 42).


OFF Farm Table 43: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 43. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Serikothi watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 44). Table 44: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) Years

No. of beneficiaries

Capital Cost (Rs)

Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825

2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400

3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575

4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400

5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


14. Livelihood Concerns The livelihood of the local people mainly depends upon horticulture and agriculture



15. Monitoring System




16. Evaluation During the works phase, any progress in the treatment areas should be reported by the WDT. Similarly, any nodal officer or higher-up official can view the progress in a project by means of summarized reports generated over frequent periods of time. The following key performance indicators should be kept in mind while evaluating the project.



17. Capacity Building Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels (Table44). This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities




Sr. No. Organization Training Module

1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sundernagar Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices

2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajura Training in modern and scientific agriculture practices

3 Farmers’ Training Centre, Sundernagar Better agriculture practices and Organic farming

4 CSK HPKV, Palampur Training in modern and better agriculture practices

5. CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura Training in modern and better agriculture practices

5 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan Training in modern and better horticultural practices

6 Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, RHRS, Bajaura. Training in modern and better horticultural practices

6 HPMC, Jarol, Sundernagar Advance training on post harvest technology


Training and Exposure visits: Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table45). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 10 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 46). Table 46. Year wise expenditure on training camps

Two days Training Module

Rs 200 per trainee Years

Camps 10

Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0

120000 144000 0 0 264000



SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture ( Field Demonstrations)

Ginger (1ha /year) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Maize 1ha /year) 28000 12000 30800 13200 33600 14400 36400 15600 39200 16800 240000 168000 72000 Wheat 1ha/yr 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Pomegranate (1ha/yr) 96250 41250 96761 41469 99400 42600 101500 43500 103600 44400 710730 497511 213219 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Poultry Feed 12000 0 13000 0 14000 0 15000 0 18000 0 72000 72000 0 Improved Ram (4+2+2+2)

15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0


17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0


1100 0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2600 2600 0


SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Improved grasses establishment (1ha/yr)

45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0 Implements 0 0 0 Spray Pumps (5+5) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

8750 3750 9800 4200 0 0 0 0 26500 18550 7950


0 0 0 0 0

Check Dam PCC (2) 72542 108812 0 0 0 0 0 0 181354 72542 108812 Water tank (2) 83019 124529 0 0 0 0 0 0 207548 83019 124529 Repair of Kuhl (3000 m) 163200 244800 0 0 0 0 0 0 408000 163200 244800 New Kuhal (2000+2000+3500m)

1087200 1630800 1195920 1793880 1902600 2853900 0 0 0 0 10464300 4185720 6278580


125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 0 0 0 0 827500 413750 413750


9000 9000 9900 9900 10890 10890 0 0 0 0 59580 29790 29790

Alkathane pipe (350m) 24150 24150 0 0 0 0 0 0 48300 24150 24150 Soil Erosion Control Measurers

0 0 0


84750 0 43000 0 44000 0 45000 0 46000 0 262750 262750 0

(b) Check Dams (3+2) 39600 59400 13600 20400 14000 21000 14400 21600 14400 21600 240000 96000 144000 (c) Silvipastoral System / 1 ha/yr

46000 0 48000 0 49000 0 50000 0 52000 0 245000 245000 0



SERIKOTHI Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (a)Women empowerment(value addition & PHT (10+5+5)

66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 110000 110000 55000 55000 530000 265000 265000


33473 133892 27400 109600 25200 100800 14000 56000 14800 59200 574365 114873 459492


97000 97000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000


191753 103252 275388 148286 0 0 0 0 0 0 718679 467141 251538


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 0 0 0 0 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c)Fisheries (1+1) 67515 22505 74267 24756 0 0 0 0 0 0 189042 141782 47261 GT 2721737 3044568 2415068 2632402 0 2707683 0 3490437 0 401870 0 153270 0 403077 0 160677 18130787 8649434 9481353

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Slappar




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Slappar)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27




16 Monitoring 33

17 Evaluation 34




PROJECT AT A GLANCE Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : SLAPPAR No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 310 24.671’ N 0750 55.057’ E 630 m amsl Total geographical area : 658 ha Treatable area : 480 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 746 BPL families : 124 Landless : - Marginal farmers : 311 Small farmers : 429 Others : 04 Total Population : 3305 Schedule Caste : 826 General : 2479 Live stock population : 1558 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

1 1


: : : : : : : : :

1 - 1 1 1 4 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Salapar Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis. The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources.The Slappar panchayat comprises 4 micro watersheds covering 4 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 650 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture


and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:





Watershed Activities Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desire to do more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focused group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. (iii) Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Croping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget

Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Jarol (94) 200 3000000 Sarihani (292) 185 2775000 Sarihani (292) 101 1515000


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 729000




4. Consolidation phase 5 Total 100 7290000

METHODOLOGY The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transact walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.



Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The area lies between 310 24.768’ N latitude and 0760 55.063’ E longitude at 630 m amsl. Table: 2. Details of the sub micro watersheds in IWMP-Sundernagar

There are four villages and 4 micro watersheds in this watershed (Table 2). Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti. Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Slappar (78) 1A2B1B1a Khurahal (79) 1A2B1B1b Khurahal (79) 1A2B1E1c Sadwahan (77) 1A2B1A2d


extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices.The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi Districts




1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years. During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which


decreased during 2001-02 (Table 4). Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area. Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar Block of Mandi District



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table5). Table 6: Information on Soils for Mandi District
















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hill s occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%) (Table6).The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. Area (Table 7). The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures. Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the District




Demography

Table 8: Demographic features of Sundernagar block SC ST OBC General Total Population BPL families Households

826 - - 2479 3305 124 746

There are 746 households in the panchayat with total population of 3305. Out of the total population, 2479 are under general category, 826 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 124 BPL families in the watershed area (Table8). The bee keeping, mushroom production and poultry rearing may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table 9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities




State Bank of India, Salpper Colony

1 All items under public distribution system


In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the whole watershed area. The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar (Table10). This panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway (Table11). Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area. Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area





Means of transportation The Slappar panchayat is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in


distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic Conditions: The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use: The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12) and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegata Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba Dudhla Ficus sp.

Table 12A: Existing Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Litchi Litchi chinensis Citrus Citrus sp

Table 12B: Existing Weeds & Grasses Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara

Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulata Grasses Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martinii Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrica Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Doob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens


3. SWOT Analysis















Weaknesses








Opportunities






Vast potential for area expansion under mango in Jarol, Slappar, Churd, Barto, Salwana and Bobber in Sundernagar block exists..



Threats













5. Water Harvesting


1 - 1 - - 1 1

abandoned need repair Permanent source Permanent source abandoned need repair

Irrigation - Drinking & irrigation - - Drinking water Drinking & irrigation

The watershed area has one main water sources in the form of khad. There is only one bowri (Table 13). Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility but the drinking water supply is severely affected during peak simmer season. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water.

Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities Proposed water structures Location Size/ Length No.

Proposed rainwater harvestingr structures Important: We proposed for the repair of existing water Lifting scheme lying abandon. The panchayat suggested that the repair of lift scheme need lot of money. It was proposed to lift water from Soul Khad through water lifting pumps and storage of water in water tanks. The proposal was accepted by the villagers. Now it has been confirmed that a water lifting scheme stand sanctioned for Rs. 86,00,000/- for Slappar. So there is no need to spend money under IWMP. Rain water harvesting is proposed for three villages in the watershed.

-

RWH Tank Khurahal (10 HH) and Sadwahan (5 HH)

2mx2mx1m 60

Water storage tanks Khurahl and Sadwahan

5mx4mx1m 2

New kuhl Nearby nala to Khurahl village

1375 m(0.5m B x 0.4m H)

1

Alkathane pipe 1000m 1 Gutter pipe for roof water collection same 6” 60 Sprinkler systems same 60 sets 28

HD pipe

The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table14. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level. Rain water harvesting is proposed for three villages in the watershed.


Irrigation Recently the IPH department has sanctioned a lift irrigation scheme in Slappar watershed. As a result, irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 76.5% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed. It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility (Table 15). Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation in

Slappar watershed

6.

Agri. Land (ha)

Rainfed area (ha)




188 188 0 144 76.5


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favourable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops. The main cereals that are grown in the watershed include wheat, maize and rice. Although the Slappar is deficit in production of vegetables yet it has been successful in production sphere viz. cereals. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favourable according to the agro climatic conditions. The main sources of irrigation are Kuhls (small water channels) available from seasonal springs. Table 16: Land Use Pattern of Slappar panchayat

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area (ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area (ha)

Perma nent Pastures


Cultivable Non- Cultivable

Slappar 78 291 24 68 68 0 108 91 200 Khurahl 79 243 82 55 55 0 48 58 185 Sadwahn 77 124 0 65 65 0 36 23 101 Total 658 106 188 188 0 192 172 486

The total geographical area of the watershed is 658 ha, out of which land under agriculture use is 188 ha. The irrigated is nil and cultivable waste lands occupy 192 ha. area (Table 16). Table 17: Existing Cropping System in Slappar watershed

Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Potato=225q, Paddy=20, Ginger=115q, Tomato=375q, Colocacia=110q, Cucumber=115q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q, Peas green=80q The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table17. In most of the panchayats, maize and paddy are the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. Vegetables are not grown in this watershed.


Major Kharif crop


Major Rabi crop


Cultivated Area(ha)




Table 18: Status of Cereals in Slapper watershed Total cereal production (t)

cereals consumption


588 169 368 Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 200g Vegetable as per RDA The Slapper watershed has no vegetable surplus but cereals contribute for some of the income of farm families (Table 18). Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of major cereal crops in

watershed area Pre-Project Post-Project Area (ha)

Av. Yield (t/ha)


Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t)

280 2.1 588 310 3.0 930 The average yield and production of cereals is low (Table19) due to many reasons. Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The vegetable production is negligible in the watershed area (Table20), however, some of the area out of cultivable wastes can be converted in to vegetable cultivation which could produce 340 tones of vegetables. The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed area. Demonstration on • Improved seed • Insect-Pest and disease management • Efficient use of water • Mulching • Herbicides etc. Table 20: Expected increase in area, yield and production of vegetable crops in

watershed area Pre-Project Post-Project

Area (ha)

Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

Area (ha)

Av. Yield (ha) Production (t)

0 0 0 10 34.0 340.0


7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is main commercial crop of this watershed. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops (Table 21& 22). The increased fruit production through new interventions will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area.


Pre-project

Area (ha) Yield ( t/ha)

Total Prod Net income

1.5 8 12 144870 Post-Project Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha) Total Production (t) Net income (Rs)

2.5 14.85 37.13 498325

Table 22: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in Slappar watershed

Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 3 4 4.5 6 Input cost 98520 23420 23420 25000 27000 29000 29000 31000 32000 34000 Gross income 0 0 0 0 0 21000 30000 40000 45000 60000 Net income -98520 -23420 -23420 -25000 -27000 -8000 1000 9000 13000 26000

Area=10 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=1400


8. Animal Husbandry

Table 23: Cattle Population in Slappar watershed (a) Cow



(b) Buffaloes

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 407 out of which 268 are indigenous and 139 improved cows( Table 23). Likewise, indigenous buffaloes 335 and improved are 274. There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Goat population is high (519) but sheep are very less (18). The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes: • FMD vaccination • Deworming • Mineral Mixture feeding and • Balanced feeding through concentrates, green and dry fodder





(c) Sheep and Goat





Intervention Required For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that: • Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed.

Bucks Cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 5 19000 9000 28000

Table 24: Existing bovine population their average yield, production and income (Pre-

Project) Bovine population


Production/ lactation (L)

Consumption/ lactation (L)

Surplus/lactation (L)


192 576 155520 252535 -97015 -4136096 Existing average milk yielday/animal=3.0 L, Milk sale @ Rs 25/L, Milk consumption/head/day @283ml The average milk production is low which is evident from the Table24 that consumption of milk is high as compared to consumption resulting no marketable surplus and uneconomic business. Table 25: Milch animals population their average yield and production

Pre-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) 192 1.5 77760 Post-Project Milch Animals Av. milk yield/lact. (L) Prod./lact. (L) 192 3.0 155520

Av. Production double

Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day The better animal disease and nutritional management through is likely to increase milk production from current level of 77760 lts. to 15520 lts. in the watershed area, which will generate income to the farm families (Table25). The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 26 & 27). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed: • Demonstration on improved high yielding fodder trees • Culling of animals to reduce their population • Demonstration on improved high yielding grasses


Table 26: Feeding practices of Buffalo in watershed area Existing Required

Panchayat Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr


green 90q/ animal/yr

Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry Salaper 609 27405 13398 4263 73080 17661 -45675 -4263

There is acute deficiency of green as well as dry fodder in the watershed area (Table26). We propose to increase the fodder production through conducting demonstration on improved production technologies. The better planting material will be provided by animal husbandry and forest department Table 27: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)





Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


280 21 588 310 53 1640 179 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average forages yield, and production is quiet low. The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages (Table 27 & 28). Table 29: Post project green and dry matter availability, requirement and deficit/surplus

Green fodder requirement post project DM requirement post project Budget (q)

Total cattle



Green available



green surplus

Dry surplus

1123 674 70749 66260 16845 16400 -4489 -445 The deficit between green and dry fodder availability and requirement can be lowered down either by increasing area under fodder crops or culling of existing animals up to 40% (Table 29).


9. Pisciculture The watershed area has sufficient water in the form of natural sources but the farmers are not willing for fish farming. We have not proposed any fishery unit in this watershed; however, the department may organize awareness camp to prepare farmers for fish farming.


10. Drinking Water

Existing status of drinking water Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of


% Beneficiary

Slappar BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line

9 75

Khurahal Bowri, BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line

8 75

Sadwahan BBMB water supply scheme, IPH pipe line

8 75

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through pipe line as well as water supply scheme of BBMB and 70-75 % households are covered. But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water particularly in Khurahal and Sadwahan ward. The numbers of bowries are very less in numbers (1) and provide water to one village. The state department of IPH has recently sanctioned a water lifting scheme for Slappar panchayat and it will benefit all the villages of this watershed. Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Slappar watershed



% Beneficiary

Water lifting scheme of IPH Department

Saul Khad 12 Remaining 25-30



Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 9 ha area (Table 30) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 30: Farm bund construction in the watershed area in Slapper

Farm Bunds




Crate wire check dams No. Proposed Size Location 5 (10mx1.25mx2.5m) Saul khad 310 24.708’ N 0760

55.056’ E Silvipastoral system 10 ha (improved grasses & fodder trees) Whole panchyat

Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 5 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in this panchayat (Table30). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 10 hactares of land.


12. Convergence









The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 31). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 32). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table 32) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 32: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Vermicomposting 10 100 m2 Bee Keeping 2 50 colonies Poultry 5 100 chicks





6 452543 2700000 2247457


10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000 Area for compost preparation=100m2


The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 35).

Table 36: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area



Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income Net Returns


2 50 78189.6 390948.3 167 150 25050 -365898 78750

Bee keeping may generate better returns and we propose to establish 2 demonstration units in the watershed. Net income of Rs. 78750/- is expected from bee keeping (Table 40). Table 37: Expected income from poultry in watershed area


No. bene ficiary

Total chicks

Cost of chicks

Cost of Shed

Recurring cost (Feed)

Total Capital Cost

Gross income

Net income


100 5 500 10000 75000 36000 121000 82400 -38600 30250

Poultry rearing can also be taken up by the farmers to increase their income in the subsequent years to about Rs. 6000/- (Table37). OFF Farm Table 38: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement of farm women


20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 38. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Jaral watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 39).


Table 39: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) Years No. of beneficiaries Capital

Cost (Rs) Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


15. Monitoring



16. Evaluation






Crop Information








Training and Exposure visits: Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table40). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be


organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 35 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 41). Table 41: Year wise expenditure on training camps

Two days Training Module Rs 200 per trainee

Camps 10

Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 10 0 0 120000 144000 158400 0 0 422400



The Project management of any watershed programme is very important. It mainly depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during Project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project. The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges. Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of the accounts.


SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Agriculture (Field Demonstrations)

Wheat (1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Maize (1ha/yr) 5600 2400 6160 2640 7000 3000 7700 3300 9100 3900 50800 35560 15240 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5hayr) 34650 14850 38500 16500 42000 18000 45500 19500 50400 21600 301500 211050 90450 Animal Husbandry

0 0 0


2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Buck (5)

21500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21500 21500 0

Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0

SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F 10/ plant ) Improved grasses establishment (1ha/yr)

45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 0 0 0 0 150000 150000 0


7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


35000 15000 30800 13200 33600 14400 0 0 0 142000 99400 42600


0 0 0 0 0 0

Water tank (2) 83019 124529 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207548 83019 124529 New Kuhal (1375m)

747450 1121175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868625 747450 1121175

RWH 60(15/ yr) 161454 242181 177600 266399 195360 293039 214896 322343 0 0 1873272 749309 1123963 Sprinklers 60No. (15sets/ yr)

187500 187500 206250 206250 226875 226875 229144 229144 0 0 1699538 849769 849769


4500 4500 4950 4950 5450 5450 0 0 0 0 29800 14900 14900


69000 69000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138000 69000 69000


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (3+2+2+2) @45000/ha

135000 0 99000 0 108900 0 119780 0 0 0 462680 462680 0

SLAPPER Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (b) Check Dams (3+2)

57852 86778 42425 63637 0 0 0 0 0 0 250692 100277 150415


92000 0 101200 0 111320 0 122640 0 134800 0 561960 561960 0


0 0 0


66225 0 0 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 124450 124450 0


50000 50000 55000 55000 0 0 210000 105000 105000


125000 500000 0 0 55000 220000 0 0 0 0 900000 180000 720000

(d) Bee Keeping Units (2)

255671 137669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393340 255671 137669


23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

(c) Poultry (200+200+100)

49000 0 54000 0 30000 133000 133000 0

GT 0 2325495 0 2596156 0 970257 0 665749 0 976590 0 821624 0 789029 0 587557 0 250277 0 40277 10023010 5311647 4711363

IWMP‐ Mandi‐IV Panchayat Sulwana




for

IWMP Mandi-IV: Sundernagar (Sulwana)

Prepared by:



Contents Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1 Introduction 1


3 SWOT Analysis 11



6 Agriculture 18

7 Horticulture 20


9 Pisciculture 24



12 Convergence 27




16 Monitoring 33

17 Evaluation 34




PROJECT AT A GLANCE Name of the Project : IWMP Block : Sundernagar District : Mandi Agro- climatic zone : III Name of the Panchayat : Salwana No. of Micro Watersheds : 3 PIA : BDO, Sundernagar Location : 31028’394” N Latitude

0760 40’ 832” E Longitude Total geographical area : 569 ha Treatable area : 524 ha Irrigated area : 0 ha Total No. of families : 469 BPL families : 88 Landless : - Marginal farmers : Small farmers : 272 Others : 197 Total Population : 1824 Schedule Caste : 183 General : 1641 Live stock population : 1525 Health institutions Human Animal

: :

- 1


: : : : : : : : :

- - - 1 1 4 1 0 1

IWMP Mandi‐IV: Panchayat Salwana Page 1

1. Introduction

The declining per capita land and fresh water availability coupled with soil erosion and depleting /degrading land and water resources are posing serious threat to food, environmental, social and economic security in the country. Rainfed areas that constitute about two-third of nation’s 142 million hectare cultivated land are inhibited by resource poor farmers who with low levels of productivity suffer the most from such degradation and vagaries of nature. It is estimated that rainfed areas contribute only 45% to total food grain production whereas area account for 37% of cultivated land but contribute 55% to total food grain production. With the projections made, about 20mha additional land is likely to be brought under irrigation. But nearly 69 mha will still be left under rainfed condition. The Green revolution by passed the rainfed regions, remaining confined primarily to the irrigated plains. To usher in the era ‘Ever Green Revolution’ sustainable development of these rainfed areas to enhance their productivity with effective resource conservation and improved rainfed technology seems to be of utmost importance. This would also help in accomplishing the target of over 4% agricultural growth envisaged in the National Agriculture Policy. This requires concerted efforts for efficient utilization of resources in all rainfed-farming ecosystems in the central plains, hills, semi arid and coastal regions. Due to undulating topography and steep slopes and coarse to medium sedimentary material, most of the areas in Himachal Pradesh is commonly subjected to soil and water erosion hazards. The uncontrolled grazing in the past has resulted in the reduction in vegetation and acceleration in erosion. The mounting pressure on arable and non-arable land due to increasing human and animal population has resulted environmental degradations throughout the watershed area. Soil and land being an important natural source for meeting the demands for fuel, fodder and timber various agro-based industries have to be established judiciously to use resources on sustained basis. The Department of Land Resources , Ministry of Rural Development, Govt of India is implementing a centrally Sponsored Scheme of “Integrated Watershed Management Programme” in the country from 11th plan. The major objective behind the watershed development approach is to enhance and stabilize production through improved technology and efficient use of natural resources for over all development of inhabitants of the watershed. The “livelihood approach” is a tool for watershed development unlike the conventional approach, which excludes people’s livelihoods. The approach seeks to identify and build on people’s strengths; including their financial, physical, human, political, natural and social capitals. It starts with people who need assistance. It focuses on issues that cause poverty, helps to understand from people’s perspective and ways to improve the base on they are living. Ultimately this approach invites more people’s participation, involvement, contribution and long-term sustainability. On the present context, Watershed management should not be monotonic in shaping the lands but also shaping the livelihoods of community based on the locally available natural resources. The Sulwana panchayat comprises 3 micro watersheds covering 5 villages. The entire area is connected by road to Sundernagar. The altitude is about 750 meter above mean sea level. Average annual rainfall of the watershed area is 1100 mm and most of its parts get washed away in the form of run-off which also carries valuable top soil. Most of the residents of the watershed are dependent on agriculture


and forest produce. Area is mainly rainfed but excess rains and early recession of rains causes the failure of crops. The economic plight of the people is poor. Area falls in mid hills sub tropical and high hill wet temperate agro climatic zone. This report has been framed on the basis of field survey and PRA report prepared by the team of scientists from CSK HPKV, Palampur and Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. Project report has been prepared under the common guidelines for watershed projects issued by Govt of India. Project Objective: The objectives of the watershed development project will be:





Watershed Activites Survey The primary data was generated through questionnaire surveys in all the panchayats. The questionnaire was structured and divided into different modules through which information was extracted pertaining to: 1. Demographic features 2. Land holding 3. Water availability 4. Water source details within the village 5. Community engagement 6. Livelihood 7. Awareness about Specific programme: Watershed 8. Desirous of more activities related to occupation 9. Productivity of farms 10. Cattle population 11. Fodder availability etc.


The secondary data was obtained through Census reports (2001). Data pertaining to social profile is also collected through Census reports. Secondary data related to different kinds of capital assets were collected from different departments of Government agencies such as Revenue Office, Block Development Officer, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Statistical Office, and District Rural development Agency etc. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) In order to understand the social, economic and political aspects of watershed area, we conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise with the help of the villagers and gram panchayat representatives. To reach a concrete conclusion we requested a few villagers for focused discussion and it was acceded to. As per their convenience, we conducted focussed group discussion at the Panchayat Bhawan. Out put generated through these exercise is placed below. Resource Map: - Through resource map we came to know about all the residential pattern of village, farm areas, water sources etc. (iii) Seasonal Diagram:- With this exercise we came to know about the major engagements of villagers throughout the twelve months of the year. We found that rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry keep them busy at least for seven to eight months of the year. Their opinion regarding drinking water was that the situation in the months from March to June was really grim. Tree matrix: - We came to know about different trees of the villages and their respective utilities as fruit, fuel, fodder, medicine ,timber etc. were noted . Cropping Pattern:- Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 80% household. After this exercise we came to know that there emerged two major cropping patterns i.e. Kharif and Rabi. Income-Expenditure Pot: - Under this exercise we came to know about the different sources of income of villagers and how the money earned by the villagers was being spent under different heads. It was found that major sources of earning among villagers were through farming, dairy and service etc. Major expenditure component were food, fuel, fodder, schooling of children, medicines, festivals, relatives etc. Table 1: Budget

Name of village Area(ha) to be treated Total cost (Rs) Sulwana 237 3555000 Bah 64 960000 Gamohu 223 3345000 Total 524 7860000

The total budget outlay for Sulwana watershed is Rs. 7860000/- (Table1).


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sr. No. Budget Component Percent of Budget Amount (lacs) 1. Administrative Cost 10 786000



5 393000


1 78600


50 3930000


13 1021800


METHODOLOGY The data pertaining to watershed was collected from DRDA and line departments and meetings with DRDA project officer and heads of line departments was held. Thereafter, meeting with block development officer (Sudernagar), junior engineer and other block officials was held and primary data collected pertaining to the watershed. Afterwards, a general meeting was held at panchayat level with pradhan, members of panchayat & Samiti etc. to know the general status of different villages of different panchayats. Socio economic data from panchayat secretary and revenue data from patwari was collected. Thereafter a Panchayat level meeting was organized to identify the beneficiary group.. Transact walk and survey of different the villages of different panchayats was done. PRA was done using different tools to identify problems, gaps in production and other needs of the area. Solutions for identifies problems were finalized with representatives and villagers during PRA exercise and survey. Target groups for various activities were also finalized. Budget estimates and drawings were finalized and the report compiled.



Transact Walk The purpose of transact walk is to have clear concept of land, plantation, land use pattern, soil, topography, water resources etc. By means of interaction with the farmer, team members discuss the problems and their solutions with the villagers. The details of observation of transact walk of the panchayat are as under:

Location IWMP Sundernagar project falls in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh. The Sulwana watershed lies between 31028’391” N latitude and 0760 40’ 837” E longitude at 859 m amsl. Table 2: Details of the sub micro watersheds

The Sulwana watershed is comprised of 3 micro watersheds covering 5 villages (Table 2). Geology There are nine different types of soils found in Himachal Pradesh which include alluvial soils, Brown hill soils, Brown earths, Brown Forests soils, Grey wooded or Podozolic soils, Grey brown podzolic soils, Plansolic soils, Humus and iron Podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. Majority areas in the state come under seismic zone IV and V which is a very High Damage Risk Zone. Physiography Himachal, the “Abode of Snow”, is a state located in the northern part of India covering an area of 55,673 sq. km. The state’s terrain rises from the foothills of the Shivaliks bordering the plains of Punjab and extends to the trans-Himalayan heights of the Zanskar Range, bordering Ladakh and Tibet. The state shares common boundaries with Punjab to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the southeast, China to the east, Haryana to the southeast, and Jammu & Kashmir to the North. The entire region of Himachal Pradesh is characterized by hills and forests. The altitude varies between 350 meters to 7000 meters above the sea level. Himachal Pradesh is divided into three distinct regions, the Shivalik or outer Himalayas, middle Himalayas or inner Himalayas, and greater Himalayas or the alpine zone. The lower Himalayas include the districts of Hamirpur, Kangra, Una, Bilaspur, and the lower parts of Solan, Sirmaur, and Mandi commonly known as the Shivalik Hills. The altitude in this region ranges from 350 meters to 1,500 meters.The middle Himalayas comprises the region between the altitudes of 1,500 meters and 4,500 meters. The districts under this region are parts of Sirmaur, Mandi, and the upper parts of Kangra, Shimla, and Chamba.The greater Himalayas or the alpine zone is at an altitude of 4,500 meters and above. The region is cut across by the river Sutlej and comprises the Kinnaur and Pangi tehsils of Chamba, and some part of Lahaul and Spiti.

Name of the Village with code Watershed Code Sulwana (65) 1A2B1A1c Baih (85) 1A2B1A1c Baih (85) 1A2B1A1a Gamohu (86) 1A2B1A2a Gamohu (86) 1A2B1A2d


Climate The climatic condition of Himachal Pradesh varies greatly due to variation in altitudes (450-6500mtrs). It varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450-900mtrs) in the southern Low tracts, warm and temperate (900-1800mtrs), cool and temperate (1900-2400mtrs) and cold alpine and glacial (2400-4800mtrs) in the northern and eastern high mountain ranges. There are three main seasons: winter (October to February), summer (March to June) and rainy (July to September). In the month of October, mornings and nights are characterized by extremely cold weather. Snowfall occurs at elevations of about 3000mtrs and lasts from December to March. The summer season starts from May and continues till September. This is the time when people flock to the state to escape the scorching heat of the plains. Rainy season comes at the end of June. The heavy rains in July and August sometimes create a flood-like situation. Dharmashala has the highest rain fall of 3400 mm while Spiti has the minimum of 50 mm. Land Capability classification It is an interpretative grouping of soils based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of land. As per land capability classification, class 1 to class IV land is suited to agriculture. Classes V to VII are not suitable for agriculture. These can be used for pastures, forestry, and wildlife and recreation purposes. The present watershed has maximum land under class I to IV (2056 ha) followed by land under class V to VII (3486 ha) which can be developed for forages and horticulture with appropriate management practices. The land under class VII to VIII has 786 ha area and cannot be managed at all. Table 3: Rainfall pattern in various Agro Ecological Situations of watershed

AES. Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm) Valley areas 651-1,300 1,000 Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas 651-1,300 1,540 High rainfall mid-hill areas 1,100-1,800 2,376 Mid hill-sub temperate areas 1,300-1,800 1,080, light snowfall High hill temperate wet areas >1,800 1,000



1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3


1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9

The trend in average annual rainfall indicated large variation over the years (Table 4). During the years 1990-91, 1992-93 and from 1996-97 to 1997-98, highest rainfall was recorded which decreased during 2001-02. Severe drought was experienced during 2002 and 2004 affecting 62 and 65% cropped area. Table 5: Information on Occurrence of Drought in Sundernagar watershed



Sundernagar 2002, 2004 & 2005

S S M

62 65 34

Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV=Very Severe During 2004 and 2002, severe drought was experienced by Sundernagar block adversely affecting the cropped area to the tune of 65 and 62%, respectively whereas during 2005 the drought was moderate (Table 5). Table 6: Information on Soils for Sundernagar watershed area

















The AES- moderate rainfall mid-hills occupied highest area (39%) followed by Valley Areas (25%) (Table 6).The deficiency of micronutrients has been spread over 20000 ha. area. The area under Soil erosion is about 350 hectare and need conservation measures (Table 7).


Table 7: Information on Problem Soils in the watershed area Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity


Demography


183 - - 1641 1824 88 469

There are 469 households in the panchayat with total population of 1824. Out of the total population, 1641 are under general category and 183 under schedule cast category. Schedule tribes and OBC category does not exist. There are 88 BPL families in the panchayat (Table8). The bee keeping and mushroom production may be best option for BPL families so that they can improve their livelihood. Table 9: Operational land holding in watershed area of Sulwana Panchayat


The majority of the farmers fall in small category followed by medium farmers but large farmers are very less (Table9). The small and medium farmers need to be given priority in providing livelihood opportunities such as dairy farming, vermicomposting, protective cultivation of vegetable crops and nursery raising. Infrastructural Facilities




Nil (nearest bank at Jarol) 1 Do Dhanotu Vegetables, fruits and food grain

In general, the bank facilities are lacking in the panchayat (Table 10). The nationalized banks are located in the tehsil headquarter-Sundernagar. The panchayat has one fair price shop. There is only one vegetable market near Sundernagar where the produce of vegetable and fruits is sold by the farmers. There is one agro processing centre located at Jarol on national highway (Table 11). Milk plant is located near Mandi but no surplus milk is produced in the area. Table 11: Nearest agro-processing facilities and industry available in watershed area






Means of transportation The Sulwana panchayats in watershed areas is well connected to tehsil headquarter, Sundernagar. Drainage and Natural Resource There are number of natural streams in the area. These flow North East to South-West direction and carry excess rain water from hills during rainy season. River Sutlej originates in distant Tibet. It cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo-Tibetan border near Shipkila. Then the river Spiti joins it from the north. Passing through precipitous gorges and narrow valleys it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra. The catchment area of Sutlej in Himachal is 20,000 sq.km. Socio - economic conditions The whole watershed area is dominated by small and medium farmers. The financial position of the people is generally poor. There is no important industry in any of the watershed area except that in Jarol panchayat where one fruit processing unit is run by HPMC Present Land Use The watershed area has wide plant diversity (Table12) and the present land use map reveals the following characteristics:- Vegetation The following fodder plants are commonly observed in the area: Table 12a: Existing FodderTrees

Common Name Scientific Name Beul (Dhaman) Grewia optiva Kachnar Bahunia variegate Bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltoni Subabool Leucaenia leucocephala Mulbery Morus alba Ban Quercus incana Dudhla Ficus sp.

Table 12b: Existing Fruits

Common Name Scientific Name Mango Mangifera indica Citrus Citrus sp Plum Prunus domestica


Table 12c: Existing Weeds & Grasses

Common Name/local name Scientific Name Weeds Lantana Lantana camara

Parthenium Parthenium hystrophorus Neela phulnu Ageratum conizoides Kali Basuti Eupatorium odonatum Drohra (weed in wheat field) Medicago denticulate Grasses

Black spear grass Heteropogon contortus Chota dholu (Sub-tropical) Chrysopogon fulvus Makora grass Cymbopogon martini Sohal grass Pennisetum orientale Dhudhal grass (Temperate) Chrysopogon echinulatus Wheat grass Agropyron semicastatum Chhiz grass Imperata cylindrical Kahi grass Saccharum spontaneum Baru grass (Johnson grass) Sorghum halepense Sunehra grass Bothriochloa pertusa Droob grass Cynodon dactylon White clover Trifolium repens


Common Name Scientific Name Shishum Dalbergia sisoo Toona Toona ciliate Pine Pinus roxburghii


3. SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constrains/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constrains in the development of agricultural and allied sectors. Strengths The key strengths of the Sulwana Panchayat under IWMP have been identified as under:


The high altitude areas of Sulwana Panchayat provide excellent environment for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production, vermicomposting,

The Panchayat receives well distributed and sufficient rainfall which augurs well for overall agricultural development. It is also rich in groundwater.


The Panchayat is located near to Sundernagar which is well connected to the markets of the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi as compared to other districts of the state which gives it an added advantage.

The Panchayat has price responsive farming communities willing to innovate, experiment and adopt riskier crops and enterprises as is evident from the rapid spread of protective cultivation.

The moderate climate and presence of green fodder and various grasses in the waterershed area provide salubrious environment for development of small scale commercial dairy.

The presence of suitable flora for beekeeping in far flung area of Panchayat can be very good niches for beekeeping.

The Panchayat is near to the district headquarters where fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like regional and commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, market dealing with vegetables and fruits at Dhanotu, milk chilling centre at Chhakkar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruits exist.


Potential of promoting organic farming because of low use of inorganic fertilizers in this Panchayat of the district and availability of organic inputs like bio-fertilizers, vermin-compost and FYM does exist.

Weaknesses Small and fragmented holdings, besides undulating topography of high terrain areas

of thew Panchayat are major impediments in accelerating growth of agriculture and allied sectors.

Lack of well developed market infrastructure here is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming.

The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the far flung areas of the Panchayat..





(broccoli, asparagus and red cabbage), off-season vegetables, and enterprises like small scale dairy, vegetable nursery raising, protective vegetable cultivation, mango, plum, apple and vermicomposting production.



Vast potential for area expansion under mango in the area exists.. Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident

from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase the maize yield, the watershed area has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish separate maize based agro-industries or selling produce to HPMC, Jarol.



Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands.


Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and on-going process of this area and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.


Rapidly increasing population of monkeys and stray cattle is major threat to crop and fruit production in this area. In fact, many farmers have abandoned cultivation of crops due to monkey menace.









Farmers preferences and problems identified

Lack of well developed market infrastructure here is another hindrance in fostering agricultural growth and taking up mechanized farming.

The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the far flung areas of the Panchayat.


Inadequate irrigation facilities despite good potential to bring additional area under irrigation.



The rapid spread of obnoxious weeds like Ageratum conyzoids, Parthenium hystrophorus, Lantana camara, Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, , Cyprus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyprus iria, Commelina communis, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fimbristylis sp., Medicago denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Juncus bufonius.

Removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands.. Rapidly increasing population of monkeys and stray cattle is major threat to crop and

fruit production in this area. In fact, many farmers have abandoned cultivation of crops due to monkey menace.


The rising incidence of diseases like wilt, rhizome rot, blight, attack of insect pests like fruit flies, tomato fruit borer and cutworms and nematodes.


5. Water Harvesting

The watershed area has huge natural water sources in the form of nalahs, bowries, and other naturally occurring water sources. Drinking water is provided by the state IPH department and nearly 95% of household has drinking water facility. Most of the natural sources need maintenance for tapping water. Table 13: Existing water sources and their uses


1 3 1 18 - 1 1

(24 ha area covered) Permanent sources Permanent source - - Seasonal -


There are three nalahs in the panchayat which are permanent source of water. The nearby Sulwana khad has permanent availability of water. A significant number of pucca tanks have be constructed under MNREGA for irrigation purposes. One water lifting scheme has been provided by IPH department for drinking water (Table 13).

Table 14: Proposed water harvesting structures and other allied activities


Location Size/ Length No.

One Check dam for tapping water Salwana khad ½ Km from middle school, majhkhetar on main road 31028’391” N 0760 40’ 837” E at 859 m abmsl

10mx1.25m, 2m,x2m 1

Construction of a new kuhl Salwana khad to Salwana 1500m(0.5m B x 0.4m H) 1 Water storage tank Salwana 5mx4mx1m 1 Check dam near on foot bridge Salwana Khad near Fagla village

31027’367” N 0760 50’ 279” E at 679 m abmsl

10mx1.25m, 2m,x2m 1

Construction of a new kuhl Salwana khad to Fagla 1500m 1 Water storage tank Fagla 5mx4mx1m 1 The tapping of over flow water from Jabbal bowri

Near Jabbal 31027’510” N 0760 50’ 719” E at 846 m abmsl

5mx4mx1m 1

RWH Tanks Sulwana, Fagla and Jabbal (15 in each)

2x2x1 m 45

Gutter pipe for roof water collection Same - 100 Sprinkler system Fagla and Jabbal (5 in each) 10sets 28HD

pipes The proposed water harvesting structures for the watershed are given in Table 14. We propose check dams for water harvesting, roof top rain water harvesting and crate wire water structures for soil erosion control. With the proposed water harvesting structures, the irrigated area can be increased manifold which will help in increasing crop production to significant level.


Irrigation Irrigated area in the watershed will be increased which will lead to crop diversification. An increase of 54.6% in irrigated area is expected in the watershed (Table15). It is expected that average yield, production and net returns of different cereal and vegetable crops will also be increased due to assured irrigation facility. Table 15: Expected increase in irrigated area through supplemental irrigation





163 163 0 90 55.2


6. Agriculture

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state where most of the people are agriculture dependent. Over 93% of the population depends directly on agriculture. The physical features and climatic conditions of the region are not favorable for production of food grains. Cultivation of food grains on slopes of hills is neither economic nor beneficial. Hence the only option is to cultivate cash crops. The main cereals that are grown in the state include wheat, maize, rice and barley. Although the state is deficit in production of food grains yet it has been successful in other production spheres viz. seed-potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seed, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops etc. Fruit cultivation is another field which is economic as well as favorable according to the agro climatic conditions. The state is the major producer of apples in the country and hence named as the “Apple State of India”. Table 16: Land Use Pattern

Name of Vilage

Vilage code

Geo Area(ha)

Forest area

Land under agri use

Rainfed area(ha)

Permanent Pastures



Salwana 65 256 07 74 74 0 156 19 237 Bah 85 74 14 25 25 0 25 10 64 Gamohu 86 239 07 64 64 0 152 16 223 Total 569 28 163 163 0 333 45 524

The land use pattern of Sulwana watershed is given in Table16. The total geographical area of the watershed is 569 hectares, out of which land under agriculture is 163 hectares which is rainfed. Cultivable waste lands occupied significant area (333 hectares).

Table 17: Existing Cropping System Average yield (q/ha) of major Kharif crops:- Maize=25q, Average yield (q/ha) of major Rabi crops: -Wheat= 18q The existing cropping systems in the watershed area have been presented in Table 17. Maize is the main kharif crops. Wheat is important Rabi crop. The vegetables are grown only for table purposes and have huge potential in the watershed area. Table 18: Existing area, average yield and production of cereal crops in watershed area

Pre-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (t/ha) Production (t) 326 2.1 685 Post-Project Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 326 2.9 945


Major Kharif crop



Cultivated Area(ha)



The average yield and production of all the crops including cereals and vegetables is low due to many reasons (Table18). Imbalanced fertilizer use, untimely availability of inputs and attack of pests are the major constraints for low crop yield. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The area under vegetable crops is almost negligible (Table 19) but can be increased further. Table 19: Expected increase in area, yield and production of vegetable crops in watershed area


Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Av. Yield (ha) Production (t) 0 0 0 8 14 112

Table 20: Status of Cereals and vegetables in Sulwana panchayat




Total Veg. Prod.



685 209.6 475 112 167.7 -55.7

Cereal consumption 350g/day/person and vegetable consumption 280g Vegetable as per RDA The watershed area has sufficient in food grains, however it has vegetable deficit (Table20). The area has huge potential for vegetable production and farm families should take lead in vegetable production for their livelihood improvement. The crop yield can be doubled with proper management skills. The following interventions are required for increasing vegetable and cereal production in the watershed area. Demonstration on



7. Horticulture

Most of fruits are not grown commercially in the watershed area. However, mango is main commercial crop of Sulwana watershed. It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of different fruit crops. This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area. Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in watershed area

Pre-project

Area (ha)

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs.)

2 9.75 19.5 234000 Post –project

Area ( ha )

Yield ( t/ha)

Total Prod (t) Net income (Rs)

4 16.42 65.68 788160

It is expected that creating irrigation facilities and through technical interventions in the watershed area will increase average yield, production and net returns of mango crop. An increase in total production of mango from 19.5 t to 65.7 t and net income from Rs 234000 to 788160 is expected (Table 20). This will lead to economic up-liftmen of the farming families of the watershed area. Establishment of New orchard will also be expected to come up in the watershed area (Table 21). Table 21: Expected increase in yield and production of mango in Sulwana watershed Name of panchayat: Salwana Area=2.0 ha. Crop = Mango No. of plants=280 Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yield (t)

Yield (t) 0 0 0 0 0 4.2 6 8 10 12

Input cost

Input cost 197040 46840 46840 50000 54000 58000 58000 62000 64000 68000

Gross income

Gross income 0 0 0 0 0

Net income

Net income -197040 -46840 -46840 -50000

-54000 42000 60000 80000 90000 120000


8. Animal Husbandry

The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 402 out of which 17 female cows are indigenous and 10 improved cows. Buffaloes are 410 in number which are only indigenous type. Sheep and goats have significant number (1023). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. Table 22: Cattle Population in Sulwana panchayat (a) Cow

Indigenous Cow Total Improved cows Total Total Cattle (cow/ & bullocks) Male Female 392 Male Female 10 402 375 17 0 10

Table 23(b): Buffaloes

Indigenous Buffaloes Total Improved Buffaloes Total Total Buffaloes Male Female

410

Male Female

0 410 9 401 0 0 Table 23(c): Sheep and Goat

Sheep Total Goat Total

Grand Total

Acquines

Male Female

79

Male Female

944 1023 25 23 56 335 609 The total population of male and female cows in the watershed area is 402, out of which 392 are indigenous and 10 improved cows (Table22a). The indigenous buffaloes are 410 and there are improved buffaloes (Table22b). There are 1023 sheep and goats in the watershed ((Table22c). There is need to improve the breed of indigenous cows for increasing milk production in the watershed area. The state Govt. has provided artificial insemination facilities at village level and farmers should take full advantage of this scheme for improving the cattle breed. However, the proper nutrition and disease management in animals is completely lacking. The following interventions are proposed (Table23) for enhancing milk production of cow and buffaloes:


Table 23: Proposed intervention for increasing milk production





Intervention Required: The sheep and goat rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. But the wool and meat production of local breed is low. For increasing wool and meat production in watershed area, it is proposed that:

• Improved rams and bucks need to be introduced for improving their breed (Table 24).

Table 24: Estimated cost for rams and bucks Bucks cost Maintenance cost Capital cost 10 25000 18000 43000 Rams 25 62500 45000 107500


Pre project average milk yield/day/animal=1.5 L, Post project average milk yield/day/animal=3.0 L/animal/day, Milk sale @ Rs 15/L The average milk yield in the area is low Milk production is expected to increase 100% following proper animal management skills (Table 25). Table 26: Feeding practices of cows & bullocks in watershed area



223 1.5 90315 1354725

Post-Project

Milch Animals



2709450



dry 15q/ animal/yr green 90q/ animal/yr

Dry22q/ animal/yr Gap in Feeding Practice

green dry

402 18090 6030 36180 8844 -18090 -2814


Table 27: Feeding practices of Buffalo in watershed area Existing Required

Total buffaloes


dry 15q/ animal/yr


Dry22q/ animal/yr


Green Dry 410 18450 9020 49200 11890 -30750 -2870

The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 26 & 27). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. Table 28: Area, yield and production of green forages in watershed area



Av. Yield (ha)


Expected Area (ha)



244 150 2706 236 350 8267 Green fodder existing feeding practice=36.5q/animal/year Green fodder proposed feeding practice=105q/animal/year Table 29: Area, yield and production of dry forages (crop byproducts) in watershed area


Av. Yield (q/ha)


Av. Yield q/ha)


145 36 518 305 54 1658 220 Dry forages existing feeding practice=10q/animal/year; Dry forage proposed feeding practice=25q/animal/year The pre project average green and dry forages yield, and production is quiet low (Table 28 & 29). The many folds increase in forage yield and production is expected by adopting scientific forage production and increase in area under forages. Table 30: Possibility of increasing green fodder availability in watershed area






Surplus/ deficit

1017 37121 610 82670 64071 18599 The feeding practice of animals (cow and buffalo) is very erratic (Table 26 & 27). It indicates that there is acute shortage of green as well as dry fodder availability in the watershed. There is need to reduce population of local animals (Table 30). We propose following interventions for increasing fodder availability in this watershed:



9. Pisiculture

The watershed area has not sufficient water for fish farming and hence pisciculture is not possible in this watershed.


10. Drinking Water

Table31. Existing status of drinking water Name of village Source of drinking water Availability of


% Beneficiary

Sulwana Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Baih Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Baih Hand pump, bowri, IPH pipeline 9 >85 Gamohu Bowri, IPH pipeline 8 >85

Under this watershed, the drinking water is provided by the IPH department through hand pumps and pipe lines and 80-85 % households are covered (Table31). But the summer season (April to June) experiences acute shortage of drinking water. The numbers of bowries are low in numbers (1) and provide water to one to two villages (Table29). However, the over flow water of bowries is in plenty and we propose tapping of over flow water and its supply to benefit maximum households through out the year (Table32). Table 32: Proposed activities for availability of drinking water in Churd watershed

Particular Location Expected outcome Tapping over flow water of bowri Jabbli Availability of drinking


Supply to different villages Baih, Gamohu

11-12 Remaining >15



Farm bund Farm bunds are constructed on agricultural land with the aim of arresting soil erosion and improving the soil moisture profile. Ideally, bunds on farms should be made on the contour line. But this creates several problems for farmers. Contour bunds divide the field into irregular sections. In such a situation, it becomes inconvenient to maneuver bullocks for operations such as ploughing and line-sowing. Due to these difficulties, what is normally practiced in the name of farm bunding is bunding along the field boundaries. We propose to construct farm bunds in 8 ha area (Table 33) which will lead to better moisture conservation in the farmer fields. Table 33: Farm bund construction in the watershed area

Farm Bunds





(10mx1.25mx2.5m)

Sulwana khad 31028’391” N 0760 40’ 837” E


Whole panchyat

Approximately 1% of total agriculture land considered under bunds Crate wire check dams Crate wire loose boulders check dams are low cost structure for checking soil erosion by water along catchment areas. A total of 6 crate wire loose boulder check dams are proposed in the Churd watershed (Table 33). The main objective for construction of check dams is to control soil erosion along the nalahs/khuds. Silvipastoral system For soil erosiuon control and meeting fodder requirement within the panchayat, we propose to establish improved grasses and fodder trees in 2 hactares of land.


12. Convergence


• Employment generation with MNREGA • Irrigation facilities with MNREGA • Construction of polyhouses from Pandit Dindyal Kisan Bhagwan Yojna • Demonstration on vermocomposting, nursery raising and crops with






Table34: Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Polyhouse 5 105 m2 Capsicum nursery raising 3 300 m2 Capsicum nursery raising 6 100 m2

Table35. Proposed Microenterprises for Livelihood Improvement

Enterprises No. proposed Unit Size Mushroom cultivation 2 105 m2 Vermicomposting 10 300 m2 Bee keeping 3 50 colonies

The watershed area has huge potential for growing off season vegetables like tomato, capsicum and cucumber. For fulfilling the demand of vegetable nursery, we propose to set up vegetable nursery units in the watershed itself. This will provide handsome returns to the nursery growers (Table 34 & 35). The cultivation of capsicum under protective environment is spreading in a big way in the state. Hence it is proposed to start establishment of polyhouses for capsicum cultivation. The watershed area has also good potential for organic farming and commercial vermicompost production is proposed for increasing income of the farmers (Table 35). We also propose mushroom production, bee keeping and poultry enterprise (Table) for families below poverty line so that they would fetch good returns and improve their livelihood. Dairy farming can be taken up by medium farmers who have sufficient fodder surplus. Small farmers have option for cultivating capsicum in polyhouse or raising nursery of tomato and capsicum. Table 36: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Capsicum in (300 m2)


The per unit income from capsicum (300m2)and tomato (600m2) nursery raising is expected to be Rs. 1289153/- and Rs. 1872881/- respectively (Table 36 & 37) . Table 37: Commercial vegetable nursery production of Tomato in (600 m2)


6 377119 2250000 1872881



10 200000 3800000 3600000 20000

The organic farming is gaining momentum and hence commercial production of vermicompost may be better livelihood option for the farm families in the watershed. A small unit of 100 m2 can give net returns of Rs. 20000/- (Table 38).


Table 39: Expected income to BPL families from proposed mushroom production in watershed area



2 194000 204000 10000 90000

The mushroom cultivation is another option for BPL families to earn handsome returns and one unit of 200 bags can produce net returns amounting to Rs. 45000/- (Table 39). Table 40: Expected income to BPL families from bee keeping in watershed area



Rate Rs/kg

Gross Income


3 50 117284 586422 250 150 37500 -548922 118125



20 300 m2

The proposed units for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) are presented in Table 41. For BPL women to become a successful entrepreneur, she needs access to capital, technical and managerial know-how and market. The essence to empower rural women lies in catalyzing appropriate economic activities at the grass root level and creating new opportunities for them to earn higher income in order to improve their standard of living. Demands for jams, jellies, pickles etc. are increasing in the state. Keeping in view, we propose small enterprises for Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology) in each panchayat. We propose to start 20 such units for the livelihood of Salwana watershed. It can be started this activity in his own land by using Approx. 300 m2 carpet area. A net income of 28600 can be obtained after fifth year of unit establishment (Table 42). Table 42: Women empowerment (value addition & post harvest technology)


Reccuring cost (Rs)

Total Cost (Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Net income (Rs)

1 10 62500 3725 66225 37400 -28825 2 15 32000 5600 37600 41000 3400 3 20 34000 7425 41425 45000 3575 4 20 0 8000 8000 37400 29400 5 20 0 8800 8800 37400 28600


15. Monitoring



16. Evaluation





Watershed management and development requires the collaboration of a wide range of farmers’ organizations as well as extension and research institutions at various levels (Table43). This gives implementers access a wider technical resource base, creates better information flows and encourages mutual learning. Watersheds serve as a confluence between lands and communities, providing ample opportunities for members to share complementary expertise. A watershed contains producers (farmers), possibly actors that add value to produce, traders and consumers information, and education institutions to test their joint efforts to make a difference. Watersheds can be also a good ground for learning and demonstration of expertise. Scope of capacity building in IWMP Income Generation Activities









Training and Exposure visits: Exposure visits from time to time need to be arranged to the farmers for latest technical know how regarding crop production, mushroom production, vermicompost production, nursery


raising, vegetable cultivation under polyhouse, bee keeping, dairy farming, poultry farming and fish farming etc (Table 43). On campus and off campus training camps also need to be organized in all villages under watershed addressing important issues. We propose total number of 10 camps of two days duration involving a group of 30 beneficiaries in the watershed (Table 44). Table 44: Year wise expenditure on training camps


Farmers 30

1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs) 10 10 0 0 0 120000 144000 0 0 264000



The Project management of any watershed programme is very important. It mainly depends upon the community organization and the village level institutes. In the project, watershed committee, various user groups and SHGs will be formulated for post project operation and maintenance of assets created during project period. Major emphasis will be on equity and sustainable benefit of the project even after implementation stage. A proper link-up should be built during project period with various institutes and capacity building organization. They will act as a major kingpin during post implementation for scaling up the successful experience during project. The major source of financial assistance after post implementation period will be watershed Development Fund. The contribution of it will come mainly from user charges. Various user groups will be formed in village. These user groups will collect user charges according to the designated rules formed during the formation of user group. These funds will be transferred to the WDF funds as per these formulated rules. The secretary of watershed committee (WC) shall maintain the records of



SULWANA


Wheat ( 1ha/yr) 7000 3000 7700 3300 8400 3600 9800 4200 11200 4800 63000 44100 18900 Horticulture 0 0 0 Mango (0.5ha/yr) 35000 15000 42000 18000 0 0 0 0 0 0 110000 77000 33000 Animal Husbandry 0 0 0 FMD vaccination 50+50 animals (100 animals @ Rs 50/ani)

2500 0 2750 0 0 0 5250 5250 0


3000 0 3300 0 6300 6300 0


37500 0 41250 0 78750 78750 0

Improved Ram (4+4+2) 15200 0 8000 0 8500 0 9000 0 0 0 40700 40700 0 Improved Buck (4+4+2) 17200 0 10000 0 11000 0 12000 0 0 0 50200 50200 0 Forages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fodder trees (100/ha/yr (@Rs 10/ plant )

5500 0 7500 0 10000 0 12500 0 15000 0 50500 50500 0


45000 0 50000 0 55000 0 60000 0 65000 0 275000 275000 0

Forage crops (1ha/yr) 7000 0 8000 0 9000 0 10000 0 11000 0 45000 45000 0


SULWANA

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F Implements 0 0 0 Chaff cutter(20+15+15) 35000 15000 28000 12000 28000 12000 0 0 0 130000 91000 39000 Spray Pumps (10+10+4) (@ Rs 2500/pump)

17500 7500 19600 8400 7700 3300 0 0 0 0 64000 44800 19200

Water Harvesting Structures 0 0 0 0 0 0 Check Dam PCC (1+1) 53600 80400 53600 80400 0 0 0 0 268000 107200 160800 Water tank (3) 124529 186793 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 311322 124529 186793 New Kuhal (1500+1500m) 815400 1223100 896940 1345410 0 0 0 0 0 0 4280850 1712340 2568510 RWH 45 (10/ yr) 107636 161454 123200 184800 135200 202800 148720 223080 59200 88800 1434890 573956 860934 Sprinklers 10No. (5sets/ yr)

125000 125000 137500 137500 151250 151250 166500 166500 146400 219600 1526500 726650 799850


9000 9000 9900 9900 11000 11000 12000 12000 10560 15840 110200 52460 57740


0 0 0

(a) Farm Bunds (2ha/yr) @45000/ha

90000 0 99000 0 110000 0 121000 0 0 0 420000 420000 0

(b) Check Dams (2+2+2) 26320 39480 28960 43440 39840 59760 0 0 0 0 237800 95120 142680 (c) Silvipastoral System (0.5ha/yr)

23000 0 25300 0 27830 0 30613 0 0 0 106743 106743 0


66225 0 37600 0 41425 0 8000 0 8800 0 162050 162050 0


100000 100000 0 0 0 0 200000 100000 100000



SULWANA

Year I II III IV V Total IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV IWMP CONV GT IWMP CONV P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F (d)Mushroom Cultivation Units (2)

97000 97000 0 0 0 194000 97000 97000

(e) Bee Keeping Units (2+1) 255671 137669 140619 75718 0 0 0 0 0 0 609677 396290 213387 Microenterprises 0 0 0 (a) Capsicum Nursery Raising in 300m2 (100+100+100)

23979 23979 26377 26377 29015 29015 158742 79371 79371

(b)Tomato nursery (200+100+100+100+100)

13595 13595 7496 7496 8245 8245 9070 9070 9977 9977 96763 48382 48382

GT 0 2283355 0 2737970 0 1814592 0 1952740 0 691405 0 480970 0 609203 0 414850 0 337137 0 339017 11661237 5735690 5925547

Detailed Project Report - Rural Development Department · Detailed Project Report ... District...

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Transcript of Detailed Project Report - Rural Development Department · Detailed Project Report ... District...