View of Bhachau town after earthquake

January 26, 2001

Earthquake Destruction and Reconstruction of Kutch – Some observations

By : Shirish Avrani

DISASTER

An occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress,

a catastrophe that causes, ecological disruption, loss of

human life and property, deterioration of health and health

services,

A disaster may have the following main features:-

o Unpredictability

o Unfamiliarity

o Speed

o Urgency

o Uncertainty

o Threat

Natural Disasters Man Made

Disasters

Meteorological Hydrological Geological Environmental

Cyclone Draughts Earthquake

Tsunami

A forestation • War

•Civil strike

• Riots

Strom surge Flood Land slide Blight • Fire

Tornado Flash flood Avalanche

Volcano

• Road / train

Accidents

• Industrial

disaster

•Environmental

Pollution

Strom • Epidemic

Heat waves

Cold waves

• Famine

Classification of Disasters

Phases and professional activities

Earthquake Zones

of India

Kutch is facing three types of natural disasters

DRAUGHT

CYCLONE

EARTHQUAKE

Technology - consumes less water

Stone Masonry

Stabilised mud blocks

Rain water harvesting

House Form – Circular traditional Bhunga

Orientation

Minimum Openings

Ties with clamps in roofing tiles

Easy & quick escape during earthquake

Design configuration

Bends at different levels

Stiffeners at junctions

Position of opening from corners

View of Anjar town after earthquake

Kutch Earthquake January 26, 2001

Magnitude : 7.7

People died : 20,000 approx.

View of Bhuj city area after earthquakes

Angan wadi building completely destroyed.

View of Ambardi Village in Bhachau Taluka-Kutch

Ambardi village of Bhachau Taluka.

Affected people residing in a street –Samakhiyali Village-Kutch

View of a single house standing intact in Samakhiyali Village

A continues band of RCC shelf had protected the house.

A shelter provided for EWS under Indira Awas Yojana had remain almost intact

due to filler slab construction. - Ambardi Village

View of Manglore tiles

filler slab.

School building constructed out of pre-fab technology by LNT had totally

collapsed.

Bhunga / circular structure –

Remain intact during last

cyclone of 1998 and during

Earthquake , January 26,2001.

Rectangular structure was

found damaged during last 98

cyclone

Technology Park

A Community Learning Centre for Disaster Preparedness

Details of Roofing – Mangalore tiles are tied with clamps which protects

against cyclonic storm

Metal clamp

Retrofitting- Technique showing corner stiffener and welded mesh band

in existing house.

Rain water harvesting system from roof top.

Rain Water Harvesting

Unnati Campus at Navagam Nr. Bhachau

Composite structure of Stabilised mud blocks and stone masonry

Compressed stabilised mud blocks with 8 -10 % cement

Block size : 8”X9”X4” Cost Rs. 5 /- per block

Internal court yards

Terrace near dormitory

Roofing system -

Roofing system- Compression members are made out of wood where as

tensile members are made out of steel.

Area of Shelter 25 Sq.mts.

Compressed stabilised mud block with cement mortar (1 :4)

Mangalore tiles roofing with clamps.

Cost of Construction Rs. 45,000

Rain water harvesting system Rs.12,000 (Capacity :7000 liters)

Rain water collecting chamber

Down take pipe

Extra water

outletInlet for under

ground storage tank

Under ground

storage tank (7000

liters capacity)

Earthquake resisting bands at various levels in rural house.

HOUSING FOR SALT PAN WORKERS-AN EXPERIENCEBY SHIRISH AVRANI- ARCHITECT, PLANNER

PROJECT SPONSOR : EUROPEAN COMMISSION

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM)

DESIGN AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT :CEPT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT UNIT (CRDU)

The shelters of salt workers are located on the seacoast away from the village clusters. This area is highly prone to natural calamities like cyclonic storm as well as earthquake. More then 1750 salt workers lost their lives during May 98, cyclone and also experienced the severe earthquake of January 2001.Out of 1077 big salt works in Gujarat 590 are located in Kutch District. Total area covered by the big salt works in Kutch-Bhuj area is about 50000 acres and the total number of labourers engaged in the industry are about 20000. The operating season of the salt manufacturing is between November to June. The salt workers migrate to salt pan in this season and go back to their respective village and engage themselves in the agricultural activity. The socio economic condition of the salt workers is miserable.

The temporary shelters are made out of bamboo structure and gunny begs. There is no security, no safety and no protection against heavy sea breeze.

Design Considerations

Housing sites are located in about forty scattered clusters in a remote areas, away from main village. Normally the construction sites area located on a narrow belts surrounded by law lying area of salt pans.

Two alternatives were designed to suit with the site condition.

1. Cluster of four units facing four directions, forming Swastika which allows flexibility of expansions in four directions.

2. Cluster of four units having Back to back arrangement. This type design was suitable where the site is linear and too narrow.

Shelter design is very simple comprising of a core unit of multipurpose room and a verandah with kitchen corner. Only one window with RCC frame is provided in the room to avoid heavy wind as this area is prone to cyclonic storm. RCC window frame is corrosion free and cost effective.

The clusters are located on higher ground and plinths are also raised up to 1’-6” so as to avoid the storm surge. RCC sloping roof is provided on room and verandah is covered with A.C. Sheets to reduce the cost.

The shelter design was discussed with IOM officials as well as with works as a part of participatory design approach.

Typical structural details for earthquake resistance

Stages of construction work

A special care was taken to withstand the earthquake forces. Every corner junction was enlarged and strengthen with vertical bars 0f 10 mm dia.

RCC bands were provided at plinth and lintel level. The bend was also provided around all the openings to resist earthquake forces. RCC door window frame were provided to minimise weather effects.

Four months of monsoon is flooded with rain water and workers go back to their villages for agricultural work.The site selection was done on higher ground so that flooded water of monsoon do not reach to the shelter level.

Social infrastructure development is one of the important tasks in the remote areas of salt pan. Rest Shelters are provided among the clusters of housing which acts as multipurpose activity centre.

Emergency Shelter Design

- An Experiment during 2001 Earthquake at Kutch

By

Shirish Avrani

Architect - Planner

Introduction

An emergency shelter design needs more attention now a days due to

frequent occurrence of natural disaster like cyclone, earthquake and

tsunami in India and abroad. There is a demand for systematic

approach to design a simple shelter which can be easily and fast

erectable from locally available material in a cost effective budget.

An experiment of temporary shelter had been carried out using locally

available steel coats (Charpai) during January 2001 earthquake at

Kutchh in Gujarat(India)

Background Study

During the last cyclone of June 1998 in Kutchh, most of the salt pan

workers lost their houses. The Government of Gujarat had provided

them shelters in school buildings and other public institutions in an

emergency bases. Latter on Kandla Port Trust had constructed a

rehabilitation centre on government land for long term stay. About

5000 affected people (mostly migrated port workers) were housed in

those shelters.

The 80’60’ shed of corrugated galvanised iron sheets were erected

on wooden supports. The sheds were divided into 12’ 8’ cubicles

and allotted to each worker’s families. Total 20 such sheds were

constructed to house 1000 families. They were provided with

community water supply and toilets.

View of temporary rehabilitation centre provided by the KANDLA PORT TRUST

during June 1998 cyclone. The master plan of the centre is drawn on the sign board.

THE STREETSCAPE OF REHABILITATION CENTRE.The layout is in the form of gridiron pattern

having long open spaces in between the sheds. These spaces do not respond to the behavioural pattern

of the inhabitants.

INTERNALVIEW OF THE SHELTERS: The cubicles and internal passages are without proper ventilation and

natural light. Galvanised iron sheets used are not appropriate to local climatic conditions. The cooking activities take

place inside the cubicles which generates smoke creating hazardous environment. The overall environment is

unhealthy and not conducive for the workers lifestyle and requirements.

“ Hangami Avas Yojana ”

Temporary Shelter colony constructed by Govt

at Bhuj

During January 2001 Earthquake.

“ Hangami Avas ”- Temporary Shelter colony at Bhuj.

More than 1200 houses were constructed using steel frame as

structural system. The steel frame was enveloped with bamboo

matting. After one year, the process of demolition of temporary

shelters and rebuilding into permanent housing is under progress..

Shelters constructed with steel angles, covered by Bison panels and corrugated roofing sheets

View of main street

Stage wise demolition of temporary shelters

The backyards of houses have become dump yard and nuisance..

Re-Reconstruction of housing cluster on the same site.

View of Re-Reconstructed housing units in cluster arrangement.

Emergency Shelter System for

Earthquake Victims

An Experiment during January 2001 Earthquake

INTRODUCTION

The design of a temporary shelter for earthquake victims at Kutch had

been conceived keeping in view the social and behavioural aspects of

the inhabitants.

People do not prefer to stay in a mass housing camp but to have a

temporary shelter closer to their own property.

It was observed that, what is required to provide was a support system

in terms of locally available materials and technology. The material for

shelter should be such that it can be recycled or reused, after the

emergency is over. Technology used should be simple so that the

people themselves can build the shelters. Moreover the shelter should

be designed such a way that it can be upgraded over a period of time

based on their needs.

Concept :

The temporary shelter - design criterions:

1. The material used should be easily available and popular in the

region.

2. Re-usable / recyclable with multiple use of materials when

dismantled.

3. Modular system for fast construction and allow sufficient flexibility

in terms of design.

4. Possibility for incremental growth and upgrading the shelter.

5. Cost effective technology.

Proposed Blue Print- System Design :

It is observed that the use of GI pipes cots (Charpai) is very popular

among the workers and the rural inhabitants. Based on the case

studies and the requirement analysis an appropriate system design

with cots as a modular units is designed.

The size of the modular units is 6’-6” X 2’-9”. This is made out of 1” dia.

A-grade GI pipes threaded with three way T- elbows. 13 Units are

arranged to form a cubical. The units are fixed to the ground with the

help of 12” long U- pins. The side of the units can be covered with (1) 6

mm thick A C plain sheets (2) Bison Panels or (3) E-Board Plyplus.

Door and window can be provided by fixing pivots / hinges to the

modular unit. The roofing is done with the self-supported curved

corrugated A.C. sheet joined by J-bolts with the modular units.

The attributes for proposed design

1. Cots are easy to manufacture and locally available.

2. The transportation of the units is easy and erection is simple.

3. Shelter can be easily erected by self help.

4. Flexibility in terms of reuse of modular units. As the units can be

easily dismantled and can be reused as cots (Charpai) whenever

desired.

5. The shelter can be stage- wise upgraded by the occupants to a

permanent shelter by constructing walls and gradually removing

the modular units without disturbing the structure and daily life of

inhabitants.

It is observed that people prefer to have their temporary shelter in front of their own

house. The use of Charpai is very common. People in rural area spent most of their

time outdoors sitting on Charpai. The same Charpai is also used as covering surface

for the temporary shelter made out of plastics.

Use of Charpai during Visit of Open Toilet in Rural Katchh

The Charpai (coat) is important household furniture. It is used for various purposes

like sleeping at night and during day time it works as shading device to protect

against sun.

Assembling of coats:

Based on the case studies and requirement analysis an appropriate system

design with coats as modular units is designed and proposed.

The modular units ( Charpai) are light in weight and easily transportable even on a

jeep.

Transportation of curved corrugated AC sheets.

Preparation of ground for shelter construction

PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION

Fixing of Charpai with the ground with the help of 12 inch U-pins.

Detail showing fixing of two modular units with clamp .

Lifting of roofing units and fixing it with modular units with J-Bolts.

DEMONSTRATION SHELTER

Constructed at Earthquake Relief Centre

run by Anand Niketan Ashram

Samakhiyali High School,

Tal. : Bhachav.

Kitchen corner can be treated with fire

proof material like A.C. sheets, Bison

panels or E-Board

DEMONSTRATION SHELTER

Constructed at Earthquake Relief Centre run by : Sarvoday Ashram Amirgadh at Samakhiyali

Tal.: Bhachav

DEMONSTRATION SHELTERConstructed at Kutchh Navnirman Abhiyan, National High way No.8 Nr. Shantidham, Samakhiyali

Tal. : Bhachav

STEEL PIPE OF

MODULE UNIT

THREADED BOLT

WALL

PANELING

(6mm TH. AC

PLAIN SHEETS)

STEEL PIPE OF

MODULE UNIT

A.C. CORRUGATED

ROOFING SHEET FIXED

WITH "J" BOLT

DETAIL - 1

DETAIL - 2

DETAIL - 4

DETAIL - 3

MODULER UNITMADE OUT OF 25mm Ø STEEL PIPE

BASIC SHELTERMADE OUT OF MULTIPLE MODULE

JOINT WITH "T" ELBOW

FIXEING OF MODULE UNIT WITH GROUND

CONNECTION OF TWO MODULE UNITS

FIXING WALL PANEL WITH MODULE UNIT

FIXING OF ROOFING WITH MODULE UNIT

1

4

23

BASIC MODULE

WALL

PANELING

A.C. CORRUGATED

ROOFING SHEET

STORAGE SHELF

(8mm AC PLAIN SHEETS)

0.23 LONG ,12mm Ø

IRON CLEMP FIXED

WITH GROUND

FINISH GROUND

THREADED BOLT

STEEL PIPE OF

MODULE UNIT

STUDY OF CYCLONE RELIEF SHELTER AND

WORKERS HOUSING :

SALT PAN AREA OF KANDLA

SHIRISH AVRANIGOVT. OF GUJARAT

Revenue Department 3.3.3 PROPOSED BLUEPRINT FOR

TEMPORARY SHELTER-SYSTEM DESIGN 21

EMERGENCY SHELTER DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS Kutchh, Gujarat 2001

ALTERNATIVE -1

ROOM KITCHEN

TOI.

ROOM ROOM

KITCHENTOI.

ALTERNATIVE -2

ALTERNATIVE -3

SINGLE ROOM UNIT SINGLE ROOM KITCHEN TOILET

SINGLE ROOM KITCHEN

TOILETPLAN PLAN

PLAN

Design Alternatives

The modular system provides various design alternatives . Depending upon the

family requirements and space availability the plan can be worked out

Alternative -1 One room shelter

Alternative -2 One room + Kitchen + Toilet – Linear arrangement

Alternative -3 One room + Kitchen + Toilet - Square arrangement

A Temporary hospital of eleven beds was constructed within eight hours at

Samakhiyali for earthquake victims during January 2001 earthquake.

COST ESTIMATE OF SINGLE SHELTER UNIT (January 2001)

Floor Area 11'-0" X 8' -3" = 90.75 Sq.Ft.

No Particular Quantity Unit Rate Amount

1 31 mm OD. M.S. Pipes 325 RFT 13.50 4387.50

2 Three way elbo 52 No. 27.00 1404.00

3 Union 13 No. 32.00 416.00

4 12 inch long U-pins 18 No. 25.00 450.00

5 J - Bolts 14 No. 3.00 42.00

6 Clams and bolts 42 No. 7.00 294.00

7 Nevar Patti 1 No. 70.00 910.00

8 Curved Corrugated Roofing sheets 4 No. 489.00 1956.00

9 6 mm A.C. Sheets 2 No. 108.00 216.00

10 Labour charges for cutting and threading 13 No. 100.00 1300.00

11 Raw material Carting Lum sum 50.00

12 Contingency (5%) 575.00

TOTAL 12000.50

Learning from others - Wooden temporary shelter by one of the

NGO in Bhachau.

Thank You