Despite Doubts It Worked Alzheimer Drug Approved

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U(D54G1D)y+%!"!@!$!= Two months before the Food and Drug Administration’s dead- line to decide whether to approve Biogen’s Alzheimer’s drug, adu- canumab, a council of senior agency officials resoundingly agreed that there wasn’t enough evidence it worked. The council, a group of 15 offi- cials that reviews complex issues, concluded that another clinical trial was necessary before ap- proving the drug. Otherwise, one council member noted, approval could “result in millions of pa- tients taking aducanumab with- out any indication of actually re- ceiving any benefit, or worse, cause harm,” according to min- utes of the meeting, obtained by The New York Times. “It is critical that the decision be made from a place of certainty,” the minutes said. The session, details of which have not been reported before, represented at least the third time that proponents of approving adu- canumab in the F.D.A. had re- ceived a clear message that the evidence did not convincingly show the drug could slow cogni- tive decline. On June 7, the F.D.A. green- lighted the drug anyway — a deci- sion that has been met with scathing rebuke from many Alzheimer’s experts and other sci- entists and calls for investigations into how the agency approved a treatment that has little evidence it helps patients. How and why the F.D.A. went ahead and approved the drug — an intravenous infusion, mar- keted as Aduhelm, that the com- pany has since priced at $56,000 a year — has become the subject of intense scrutiny. Two congres- sional committees are investigat- ing the approval and the price. Much is still unknown, but an ex- amination by The Times has found that the process leading to approval took several unusual turns, including a decision for the F.D.A. to work far more closely with Biogen than is typical in a regulatory review. Allegations about the collabora- tion prompted the F.D.A. to con- duct an internal inquiry after a consumer advocacy group called for an inspector general’s investi- gation, according to documents reviewed by The Times. The agency has not disclosed the in- quiry. Though the decision was con- sidered one of the F.D.A.’s most consequential and controversial in years, its leader, Dr. Janet Woodcock, the acting commis- sioner, was not involved in the de- liberations and left the final ruling to the head of the center responsi- ble for drug applications, the agency confirmed. In written responses to ques- tions from The Times, the F.D.A. defended its decision to approve the drug the first for Alzheimer’s in 18 years. “The agency did not lower its standards,” the F.D.A. said, add- ing, “and at no time considered do- ing so.” The decision, the agency said, was “informed by science, medi- cine, policy, and judgment, in ac- cordance with applicable legal and regulatory standards.” In written answers to ques- tions, Biogen said, “Biogen stands 100 percent behind Aduhelm and the clinical data that supported its approval.” Alzheimer Drug Approved Despite Doubts It Worked Two Inquiries Examine F.D.A.’s Process in Collaborating With the Drugmaker This article is by Pam Belluck, Sheila Kaplan and Rebecca Robbins. Dr. Janet Woodcock, the acting commissioner of the F.D.A. STEFANI REYNOLDS FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES Continued on Page A15 VAN HORN, Texas — Jeff Be- zos, the richest human in the world, went to space on Tuesday. It was a brief jaunt — rising more than 65 miles into the sky above West Texas — in a spacecraft that was built by Mr. Bezos’ rocket company, Blue Origin. While Mr. Bezos was beaten to space last week by Richard Bran- son, the British entrepreneur who flew in a rocket plane from his company Virgin Galactic, some analysts consider Blue Origin, founded by Mr. Bezos more than 20 years ago, to be a more signifi- cant contender in the future space economy. The company has ambi- tions of a scale far beyond short flights for space tourists, and it is backed by the entrepreneur who made Amazon into an economic powerhouse. Lori Garver, who served as dep- uty administrator of NASA during the Obama administration, said that Mr. Bezos “has a huge, long- term vision that is multigenera- tional.” She added that his intent for Blue Origin was to “compete for even higher stakes” in the growing business of space. In 2017, Mr. Bezos announced that he would sell $1 billion of Am- azon stock a year to fund the Bezos Reaches Space but Sees It as Small Step By KENNETH CHANG Continued on Page A17 PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti Gerard Lovius falls asleep at night on the floor of an empty classroom to the sound of gunfire. He and his shellshocked neighbors started living there a month ago, after gang members invaded his home, sending his terrified wife and three children running into the streets and leaving him with noth- ing: no money, no possessions, not even a cellphone. On Tuesday morning, Mr. Lovius was back at his job as a street cleaner, tidying up before the day’s stately memorial for Haiti’s assassinated leader in the Champs de Mars, the capital’s main square. President Jovenel Moïse would soon be laid to rest, and the sparring members of his government had just reached a truce, vowing to lead the country anew. But there was little peace in Mr. Lovius’s life. “We have hope only in God,” he said, hauling a wheel- barrow of trash up the street. Haiti’s leaders have called the political truce a new chapter, a turning of the page that, in the words of the interim prime min- ister, shows “that we can actually work together, even if we are dif- ferent, even if we have different Many Haitians Look to Future With Cynicism By CATHERINE PORTER Continued on Page A8 WARRENSVILLE HEIGHTS, Ohio — Nina Turner had just belted out a short address to God’s Tabernacle of Faith Church in the cadences and tremulous volumes of a preacher when the Rev. Timo- thy Eppinger called on the whole congregation to lay hands on the woman seeking the House seat of greater Cleveland. “She’s gone through hell and high water,” the pastor said to nods and assents. “This is her sea- son to live, and not to die.” On Aug. 3, the voters of Ohio’s 11th District will render that judg- ment and with it, some indication of the direction the Democratic Party is heading: toward the defi- ant and progressive approach Ms. Turner embodies or the reserved mold of its leaders in Washington, shaped more by the establish- ment than by the ferment stirring its grass roots. Democrats say there is little broader significance to this indi- vidual House primary contest, In Ohio, Democrats Fight Over Future of Party By JONATHAN WEISMAN A House Race Exposes a Generational Split Nina Turner, a progressive in greater Cleveland, is challenging the Democratic establishment. MADDIE McGARVEY FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES Continued on Page A14 OAKLEY, Utah — The moun- tain spring that pioneers used to water their hayfields and now fills people’s taps flowed reliably into the old cowboy town of Oakley for decades. So when it dwindled to a trickle in this year’s scorching drought, officials took drastic ac- tion to preserve their water: They stopped building. During the coronavirus pan- demic, the real estate market in their 1,750-person city boomed as remote workers flocked in from the West Coast and second-home owners staked weekend ranches. But those newcomers need water — water that is vanishing as a megadrought dries up reservoirs and rivers across the West. So this spring, Oakley, about an hour’s drive east of Salt Lake City, imposed a construction moratori- um on new homes that would con- nect to the town’s water system. It is one of the first towns in the United States to purposely stall growth for want of water in a new era of megadroughts. But it could be a harbinger of things to come in a hotter, drier West. “Why are we building houses if we don’t have enough water?” said Wade Woolstenhulme, the mayor, who in addition to raising horses and judging rodeos has spent the past few weeks defend- ing the building moratorium. “The right thing to do to protect people who are already here is to restrict people coming in.” Across the Western United States, a summer of record-break- ing drought, heat waves and megafires exacerbated by climate change is forcing millions of peo- ple to confront an inescapable string of disasters that challenge the future of growth. Groundwater and streams vital both to farmers and cities are dry- ing up. Fires devour houses being built deeper into wild regions and forests. Extreme heat makes working outdoors more danger- ous and life without air-condition- ing potentially deadly. While sum- mer monsoon rains have brought some recent relief to the South- west, 99.9 percent of Utah is A Utah Town Halts Growth. It Lacks the Water. By JACK HEALY and SOPHIE KASAKOVE Record Drought Hurts Housing in the West: ‘It’s Just Brutal’ Construction of new homes is on pause in Oakley, Utah, where access to water was one of the main draws for settlers in the 1800s. LINDSAY D’ADDATO FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES Continued on Page A18 WASHINGTON — Thomas J. Barrack Jr., a close friend of for- mer President Donald J. Trump’s and one of his top 2016 campaign fund-raisers, was arrested in Cali- fornia on Tuesday on federal charges of failing to register as a foreign lobbyist, obstruction of justice and lying to investigators. A seven-count indictment ac- cused Mr. Barrack, 74, of using his access to Mr. Trump to advance the foreign policy goals of the United Arab Emirates and then repeatedly misleading federal agents about his activities during a June 2019 interview. Federal prosecutors said Mr. Barrack used his position as an outside adviser to Mr. Trump’s campaign to publicly promote the Emirates’ agenda while soliciting direction, feedback and talking points from senior Emirati offi- cials. Once Mr. Trump was elected, they said, Mr. Barrack invited sen- ior Emirati officials to give him a “wish list” of foreign policy moves they wanted Washington to take within the first 100 days, first six months, first year and by the end of Mr. Trump’s term, prosecutors said. Among other key Emirati objec- tives, Mr. Barrack pushed for the Trump administration not to hold a summit with Qatar, a rival Persian Gulf power that was un- der a blockade that the Emirates and Saudi Arabia, an Emirati ally, had organized, they said. Mr. Barrack is latest in a long string of former Trump aides, fund-raisers and associates to face criminal charges. The former president’s company, the Trump Organization, and its chief finan- cial officer were indicted this month on state fraud and tax charges. Mr. Trump’s former per- sonal lawyer, Michael D. Cohen, pleaded guilty in a hush-money scandal. Mr. Trump pardoned his 2016 campaign manager, Paul Man- afort, who had been convicted in the special counsel’s investiga- tion, and his former chief strat- egist, Stephen K. Bannon, who had been under federal indict- ment on charges that he misused money he helped raise for a group backing Mr. Trump’s border wall. Authorities have scrutinized a U.S. Accuses Trump Insider Of Hidden Ties By SHARON LaFRANIERE and WILLIAM K. RASHBAUM Continued on Page A18 Led by Giannis Antetokounmpo, Mil- waukee beat Phoenix, 105-98, for its first championship in 50 years. PAGE B10 SPORTSWEDNESDAY B9-12 Bucks Win N.B.A. Title More people are buying the narrow boats used to navigate Britain’s water- ways and living on them. PAGE A4 INTERNATIONAL A4-10 Floating on England’s Canals Johnson & Johnson and three giant distributors were close to a tentative agreement worth $26 billion that would pay for drug treatment. PAGE A14 NATIONAL A11-18 Settlement for Opioid Lawsuits For many food truck operators and cart vendors, the ability to make meaningful profits depends on large numbers of workers returning to the office. PAGE B1 BUSINESS B1-8 The Future of Food Trucks Tejal Rao celebrates all kinds of Califor- nia barbecue, from brisket and smoked char siu, to cochinita pibil. PAGE D1 FOOD D1-8 Grilling on the West Coast Jonathan Kanter, an antitrust lawyer, would be another critic of tech in a powerful regulatory position. PAGE B1 Biden Picks Top Antitrust Cop As the Delta variant rips through con- servative communities, many Republi- cans remain reluctant to confront vac- cine skeptics in their midst. PAGE A12 The G.O.P.’s Virus Problem The I.O.C.’s president, Thomas Bach, used his clout to ensure the Games went on, even in a pandemic. PAGE B9 An Iron Grip on the Olympics Some communities are weighing new inspection requirements for aging structures, while others are stepping up enforcement of existing rules. PAGE A11 Worried About Old Buildings After a woman, who was born a Sikh, married a Muslim man, her parents accused him of kidnapping. PAGE A6 Interfaith Unions in India Bret Stephens PAGE A23 OPINION A22-23 Stresses of the pandemic have moved many independent-restaurant workers to start labor-union drives. PAGE D1 Unionizing Small Restaurants Two documentaries tell stories set in the region that avoid clichés or ster- eotypes, Isabelia Herrera says. PAGE C1 ARTS C1-6 More Depth in the Caribbean Late Edition VOL. CLXX . . . No. 59,126 © 2021 The New York Times Company NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JULY 21, 2021 Today, clouds and sunshine, show- ers, strong thunderstorm, high 86. Tonight, clearing, a bit cooler, low 67. Tomorrow, cloudy, less humid, high 83. Weather map is on Page A24. $3.00

Transcript of Despite Doubts It Worked Alzheimer Drug Approved

C M Y K Nxxx,2021-07-21,A,001,Bs-4C,E2

U(D54G1D)y+%!"!@!$!=

Two months before the Foodand Drug Administration’s dead-line to decide whether to approveBiogen’s Alzheimer’s drug, adu-canumab, a council of senioragency officials resoundinglyagreed that there wasn’t enoughevidence it worked.

The council, a group of 15 offi-cials that reviews complex issues,concluded that another clinicaltrial was necessary before ap-proving the drug. Otherwise, onecouncil member noted, approvalcould “result in millions of pa-tients taking aducanumab with-out any indication of actually re-ceiving any benefit, or worse,cause harm,” according to min-utes of the meeting, obtained byThe New York Times.

“It is critical that the decision bemade from a place of certainty,”the minutes said.

The session, details of whichhave not been reported before,represented at least the third timethat proponents of approving adu-canumab in the F.D.A. had re-ceived a clear message that theevidence did not convincinglyshow the drug could slow cogni-tive decline.

On June 7, the F.D.A. green-lighted the drug anyway — a deci-sion that has been met withscathing rebuke from manyAlzheimer’s experts and other sci-entists and calls for investigationsinto how the agency approved atreatment that has little evidenceit helps patients.

How and why the F.D.A. wentahead and approved the drug —an intravenous infusion, mar-keted as Aduhelm, that the com-pany has since priced at $56,000 ayear — has become the subject ofintense scrutiny. Two congres-sional committees are investigat-ing the approval and the price.Much is still unknown, but an ex-amination by The Times hasfound that the process leading toapproval took several unusualturns, including a decision for theF.D.A. to work far more closely

with Biogen than is typical in aregulatory review.

Allegations about the collabora-tion prompted the F.D.A. to con-duct an internal inquiry after aconsumer advocacy group calledfor an inspector general’s investi-gation, according to documentsreviewed by The Times. Theagency has not disclosed the in-quiry.

Though the decision was con-sidered one of the F.D.A.’s mostconsequential and controversialin years, its leader, Dr. JanetWoodcock, the acting commis-sioner, was not involved in the de-liberations and left the final rulingto the head of the center responsi-ble for drug applications, theagency confirmed.

In written responses to ques-tions from The Times, the F.D.A.defended its decision to approvethe drug — the first forAlzheimer’s in 18 years.

“The agency did not lower itsstandards,” the F.D.A. said, add-ing, “and at no time considered do-ing so.”

The decision, the agency said,was “informed by science, medi-cine, policy, and judgment, in ac-cordance with applicable legaland regulatory standards.”

In written answers to ques-tions, Biogen said, “Biogen stands100 percent behind Aduhelm andthe clinical data that supported itsapproval.”

Alzheimer Drug ApprovedDespite Doubts It Worked

Two Inquiries Examine F.D.A.’s Process inCollaborating With the Drugmaker

This article is by Pam Belluck,Sheila Kaplan and Rebecca Robbins.

Dr. Janet Woodcock, the actingcommissioner of the F.D.A.

STEFANI REYNOLDS FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Continued on Page A15

VAN HORN, Texas — Jeff Be-zos, the richest human in theworld, went to space on Tuesday.It was a brief jaunt — rising morethan 65 miles into the sky aboveWest Texas — in a spacecraft thatwas built by Mr. Bezos’ rocketcompany, Blue Origin.

While Mr. Bezos was beaten tospace last week by Richard Bran-son, the British entrepreneur whoflew in a rocket plane from hiscompany Virgin Galactic, someanalysts consider Blue Origin,founded by Mr. Bezos more than20 years ago, to be a more signifi-cant contender in the future spaceeconomy. The company has ambi-tions of a scale far beyond shortflights for space tourists, and it isbacked by the entrepreneur whomade Amazon into an economicpowerhouse.

Lori Garver, who served as dep-uty administrator of NASA duringthe Obama administration, saidthat Mr. Bezos “has a huge, long-term vision that is multigenera-tional.” She added that his intentfor Blue Origin was to “competefor even higher stakes” in thegrowing business of space.

In 2017, Mr. Bezos announcedthat he would sell $1 billion of Am-azon stock a year to fund the

Bezos ReachesSpace but SeesIt as Small Step

By KENNETH CHANG

Continued on Page A17

PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti —Gerard Lovius falls asleep at nighton the floor of an empty classroomto the sound of gunfire. He and hisshellshocked neighbors startedliving there a month ago, aftergang members invaded his home,sending his terrified wife andthree children running into thestreets and leaving him with noth-ing: no money, no possessions, noteven a cellphone.

On Tuesday morning, Mr.Lovius was back at his job as astreet cleaner, tidying up beforethe day’s stately memorial forHaiti’s assassinated leader in theChamps de Mars, the capital’smain square. President JovenelMoïse would soon be laid to rest,and the sparring members of hisgovernment had just reached atruce, vowing to lead the countryanew.

But there was little peace in Mr.Lovius’s life. “We have hope onlyin God,” he said, hauling a wheel-barrow of trash up the street.

Haiti’s leaders have called thepolitical truce a new chapter, aturning of the page that, in thewords of the interim prime min-ister, shows “that we can actuallywork together, even if we are dif-ferent, even if we have different

Many Haitians Look to FutureWith Cynicism

By CATHERINE PORTER

Continued on Page A8

WARRENSVILLE HEIGHTS,Ohio — Nina Turner had justbelted out a short address to God’sTabernacle of Faith Church in thecadences and tremulous volumesof a preacher when the Rev. Timo-thy Eppinger called on the wholecongregation to lay hands on thewoman seeking the House seat ofgreater Cleveland.

“She’s gone through hell andhigh water,” the pastor said tonods and assents. “This is her sea-son to live, and not to die.”

On Aug. 3, the voters of Ohio’s11th District will render that judg-

ment and with it, some indicationof the direction the DemocraticParty is heading: toward the defi-ant and progressive approach Ms.Turner embodies or the reservedmold of its leaders in Washington,shaped more by the establish-ment than by the ferment stirringits grass roots.

Democrats say there is littlebroader significance to this indi-vidual House primary contest,

In Ohio, Democrats Fight Over Future of PartyBy JONATHAN WEISMAN A House Race Exposes

a Generational Split

Nina Turner, a progressive in greater Cleveland, is challenging the Democratic establishment.MADDIE McGARVEY FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Continued on Page A14

OAKLEY, Utah — The moun-tain spring that pioneers used towater their hayfields and now fillspeople’s taps flowed reliably intothe old cowboy town of Oakley fordecades. So when it dwindled to atrickle in this year’s scorchingdrought, officials took drastic ac-tion to preserve their water: Theystopped building.

During the coronavirus pan-demic, the real estate market intheir 1,750-person city boomed asremote workers flocked in fromthe West Coast and second-homeowners staked weekend ranches.But those newcomers need water— water that is vanishing as amegadrought dries up reservoirsand rivers across the West.

So this spring, Oakley, about an

hour’s drive east of Salt Lake City,imposed a construction moratori-um on new homes that would con-nect to the town’s water system. Itis one of the first towns in theUnited States to purposely stallgrowth for want of water in a newera of megadroughts. But it couldbe a harbinger of things to come ina hotter, drier West.

“Why are we building houses ifwe don’t have enough water?”said Wade Woolstenhulme, themayor, who in addition to raisinghorses and judging rodeos hasspent the past few weeks defend-

ing the building moratorium. “Theright thing to do to protect peoplewho are already here is to restrictpeople coming in.”

Across the Western UnitedStates, a summer of record-break-ing drought, heat waves andmegafires exacerbated by climatechange is forcing millions of peo-ple to confront an inescapablestring of disasters that challengethe future of growth.

Groundwater and streams vitalboth to farmers and cities are dry-ing up. Fires devour houses beingbuilt deeper into wild regions andforests. Extreme heat makesworking outdoors more danger-ous and life without air-condition-ing potentially deadly. While sum-mer monsoon rains have broughtsome recent relief to the South-west, 99.9 percent of Utah is

A Utah Town Halts Growth. It Lacks the Water.By JACK HEALY

and SOPHIE KASAKOVERecord Drought Hurts

Housing in the West:‘It’s Just Brutal’

Construction of new homes is on pause in Oakley, Utah, where access to water was one of the main draws for settlers in the 1800s.LINDSAY D’ADDATO FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Continued on Page A18

WASHINGTON — Thomas J.Barrack Jr., a close friend of for-mer President Donald J. Trump’sand one of his top 2016 campaignfund-raisers, was arrested in Cali-fornia on Tuesday on federalcharges of failing to register as aforeign lobbyist, obstruction ofjustice and lying to investigators.

A seven-count indictment ac-cused Mr. Barrack, 74, of using hisaccess to Mr. Trump to advancethe foreign policy goals of theUnited Arab Emirates and thenrepeatedly misleading federalagents about his activities duringa June 2019 interview.

Federal prosecutors said Mr.Barrack used his position as anoutside adviser to Mr. Trump’scampaign to publicly promote theEmirates’ agenda while solicitingdirection, feedback and talkingpoints from senior Emirati offi-cials.

Once Mr. Trump was elected,they said, Mr. Barrack invited sen-ior Emirati officials to give him a“wish list” of foreign policy movesthey wanted Washington to takewithin the first 100 days, first sixmonths, first year and by the endof Mr. Trump’s term, prosecutorssaid.

Among other key Emirati objec-tives, Mr. Barrack pushed for theTrump administration not to holda summit with Qatar, a rivalPersian Gulf power that was un-der a blockade that the Emiratesand Saudi Arabia, an Emirati ally,had organized, they said.

Mr. Barrack is latest in a longstring of former Trump aides,fund-raisers and associates toface criminal charges. The formerpresident’s company, the TrumpOrganization, and its chief finan-cial officer were indicted thismonth on state fraud and taxcharges. Mr. Trump’s former per-sonal lawyer, Michael D. Cohen,pleaded guilty in a hush-moneyscandal.

Mr. Trump pardoned his 2016campaign manager, Paul Man-afort, who had been convicted inthe special counsel’s investiga-tion, and his former chief strat-egist, Stephen K. Bannon, whohad been under federal indict-ment on charges that he misusedmoney he helped raise for a groupbacking Mr. Trump’s border wall.

Authorities have scrutinized a

U.S. AccusesTrump InsiderOf Hidden Ties

By SHARON LaFRANIEREand WILLIAM K. RASHBAUM

Continued on Page A18

Led by Giannis Antetokounmpo, Mil-waukee beat Phoenix, 105-98, for its firstchampionship in 50 years. PAGE B10

SPORTSWEDNESDAY B9-12

Bucks Win N.B.A. TitleMore people are buying the narrowboats used to navigate Britain’s water-ways and living on them. PAGE A4

INTERNATIONAL A4-10

Floating on England’s Canals

Johnson & Johnson and three giantdistributors were close to a tentativeagreement worth $26 billion that wouldpay for drug treatment. PAGE A14

NATIONAL A11-18

Settlement for Opioid LawsuitsFor many food truck operators and cartvendors, the ability to make meaningfulprofits depends on large numbers ofworkers returning to the office. PAGE B1

BUSINESS B1-8

The Future of Food TrucksTejal Rao celebrates all kinds of Califor-nia barbecue, from brisket and smokedchar siu, to cochinita pibil. PAGE D1

FOOD D1-8

Grilling on the West Coast

Jonathan Kanter, an antitrust lawyer,would be another critic of tech in apowerful regulatory position. PAGE B1

Biden Picks Top Antitrust CopAs the Delta variant rips through con-servative communities, many Republi-cans remain reluctant to confront vac-cine skeptics in their midst. PAGE A12

The G.O.P.’s Virus Problem

The I.O.C.’s president, Thomas Bach,used his clout to ensure the Gameswent on, even in a pandemic. PAGE B9

An Iron Grip on the OlympicsSome communities are weighing newinspection requirements for agingstructures, while others are stepping upenforcement of existing rules. PAGE A11

Worried About Old Buildings

After a woman, who was born a Sikh,married a Muslim man, her parentsaccused him of kidnapping. PAGE A6

Interfaith Unions in IndiaBret Stephens PAGE A23

OPINION A22-23

Stresses of the pandemic have movedmany independent-restaurant workersto start labor-union drives. PAGE D1

Unionizing Small Restaurants

Two documentaries tell stories set inthe region that avoid clichés or ster-eotypes, Isabelia Herrera says. PAGE C1

ARTS C1-6

More Depth in the Caribbean

Late Edition

VOL. CLXX . . . No. 59,126 © 2021 The New York Times Company NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JULY 21, 2021

Today, clouds and sunshine, show-ers, strong thunderstorm, high 86.Tonight, clearing, a bit cooler, low 67.Tomorrow, cloudy, less humid, high83. Weather map is on Page A24.

$3.00