Designing Laptop Based On Costumer Preference Using ECQFD...

Designing Laptop Based On Costumer Preference Using

ECQFD and TRIZ Methods

Amalia Suzianti

Department of Industrial Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia

Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia [email protected]

Irham Satria Yudha




Shabila Anjani



Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia

[email protected]

Indi Galih Handana




The lack of consumer participation in designing a laptop could reduce the design quality of the laptop. Moreover, people are now

more environmentally conscious, demanding laptop manufacturers to be able to meet the eco-friendly standards for a laptop design. This

study uses ECQFD (Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment) and TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) to

design a customer-preferred laptop which also meets the environmental requirements. ECQFD is used to translate customer needs into

quality characteristics based on the environmental aspects while TRIZ is used to define the technical specification of green laptop. From

these methods, three laptop designs are proposed and analysed.

Keywords— ECQFD, TRIZ, User Centric Design, Green Laptop

I. INTRODUCTION

In this modern era, technology is developing rapidly and gives a tremendous impact on the lifestyle, especially in the field

of information technology, in terms of both hardware and software. This phenomenon could also be seen in the fast

developments of computers. Several years ago, computers and laptops are still a-high priced gadget which could only be used

by limited people, but the development of technology enables laptops to be much cheaper and affordable for mass markets.

Laptop sales experience a substantial increase from year to year. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) the

increase in laptop sales each per year is approx. 10-15%. The number of laptop sold worldwide in 2006-2008 is increasing

shown in Figure 1. This increase is due to the decrease of the laptop price, and the fact the laptop is now one of people basic

needs in the modern lifestyle.

One the supporting factors in developing trends of fashion and lifestyle is the design aspect of the laptop itself. Aspects of

design are very important for the development of the laptop and also a key indicator which triggers the consumers to buy. This

is found during the preliminary research questionnaire asking what are the main factors for them to buy a laptop (Figure 2),

that 15 out of 50 respondents stated that design is an important factor for choosing or buying a laptop,. This puts design aspects

as the second most important factor after the technical specification.

1132© IEOM Society International

Proceedings - International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-10, 2016

Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-10, 2016

Figure 1. Number of laptops sold worldwide 2006 –

2008.

Source: (Gartner, 2008) Figure 2. Factors leading to consumer intention in

purchasing a laptop.

Figure 2 shows that most important factor in choosing a laptop is its technical specification (16.32%), followed by fesign

which is lower 1.02%, continued by price and brand respectively by 12.24% and 7.14%. In addition, some respondents thought

that the eco-friendly issue including making the product safe for human and the environment needs to be highlighted in

designing laptop. A laptop that meets environmental requirements would also need to be supported by technological

innovations such as energy efficient display, good battery with an energy management system, etc. Based on these important

factors in laptop design, this study would propose a laptop design which is not only robust (tough), but also eco-friendly

(environmentally friendly), which makes this product sustainable and innovative.

II. THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

A. ECQFD (Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment)

Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment or commonly referred to as ECQFD is a QFD (Quality Function

Deployment) development methods. QFD methodology itself is a process of designing and developing a product or service that

is able to integrate the voice of customer or consumer-voice into the design process. ECQFD uses a matrix or a table to calculate

every stage of the design.

The first stage of ECQFD maps the relationship of needs of consumers with quality characteristics of the laptop design.

These points ate then identified and the strength of the relationship between the needs of consumers with quality characteristics

were calculated. Stage 2 maps the relationship between the quality characteristics and the components of the laptop. The next

stage evaluates the choice of design improvements gained from stage 1 and 2. Then at the final stage of the ECQFD, the effects

of design changes on the quality characteristics of the consumer needs were evaluated.

B. TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving)

Theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) developed by the Russian GS Altshuller in 1946 which examined 400 patents

worldwide from a variety of disciplines. TRIZ is a systematic problem-solving method that is based on human-oriented

knowledge shown in Figure 3. Savransky (2000) defined TRIZ is a knowledge of general problem-solving heuristics derived

from the essence of past patents worldwide from a variety of engineering disciplines, using knowledge of the effects of natural

and engineering sciences; extensive information compiled and summarized during troubleshooting and using knowledge of

dominance where the problem occurs; and the knowledge includes information on techniques, similarity, and inequality

systems and processes, environmental engineering, and evolution or development.

TRIZ is oriented problem solving heuristically which oriented on human not a machine. The problem that occurs is specific

so that it effecting indirectly and can be solved by computing. Recurring problem may be solved by computing, but problems

that occur in the concept design usually newer and more effective to be solved by man.

81.2

103.2

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2006 2007 2008

Mil

lio

n u

nit

s

Number of Laptops Sold Worldwide

Design,

15.30%

Spesificati

on,

16.32%

Price,

12.24%

Brand,

7.14%

Factors in Choosing a Laptop

1133© IEOM Society International© IEOM Society International



Figure 3. Schematic of the Model of TRIZ (Savransky, 200)

III. THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

A. ECQFD (Environmentally Conscious Quality Function Deployment)

To perform data processing using ECQFD, questionnaire is required. This questionnaire is intended to find out how

important is the design attributes that already exist on the laptop and input to the design of the laptop that consumers want. In

general, the following is information that is expected from the distribution of questionnaires;

1. Characteristics of Consumers.

2. The level of interest of the design attributes perceived by the consumer laptop.

3. Advice on the design of the laptop consumers want

Information concerning the interests of the laptop design attributes will be the input for ECQFD matrix. Laptop design

attributes examined in this study, by means of a literature of journals/scientific papers/articles that have been doing research

on each attribute of the design of the laptop itself.

By doing this literature study, information about the factors that influence the design of a laptop is obtained. After getting

the design factors, through the literature, these factors are grouped into attributes needs and desires, which can satisfy

consumers. In addition, by doing this literature study, information about what are the needs of the laptop’s consumers is also

obtained.

After getting the necessary data, it is time to process the data using ECQFD. ECQFD done in four stages, the outline of the

first stage is to look at the relationship between the needs of consumers with quality characteristics, to see which characteristics

that must be corrected. Here are the results of calculations ECQFD phase 1, which will be used in the calculation of phase 2

ECQFD.

Table 1. Relative weight quality characteristic

No. Quality Characteristic Relative weight Rank

1 The efficiency of the power management 0.17 1

2 Battery efficiency 0.10 5

3 CPU Speed 0.03 11

4 Memory Capacity 0.07 8

5 Weight 0.11 3

6 Recyclable material 0.10 4

7 Structural Integrity 0.13 2

8 Compliment features 0.07 7

9 Indicators 0.03 12

10 Compatibility with external hardware 0.06 9

11 The success of the heat dissipation 0.09 6

12 Audi Quality 0.03 10

In stage 2 of the ECQFD, the relationships between the quality characteristics of the components of the laptop are being

analysed. From this relationship, we will know which parts that will be developed or improved. Here are the results of a phase

2 ECQFD.




Table 2. Relative weight laptop components

No. Component Average Weight Rank

1 Battery 0.14 1

2 Screen 0.10 2

3 Processor 0.04 12

4 Card reader 0.02 18

5 Wi-Fi 0.01 20

6 Optical Disk Driver 0.06 6

7 Touch pad 0.03 16

8 Indicator lamp 0.04 10

9 Port USB 0.04 13

10 Material 0.09 3

11 Shortcut button 0.04 11

12 Microphone port 0.02 17

13 Earphone port 0.03 14

14 Speaker 0.05 8

15 webcam 0.03 15

16 Power management module 0.08 4

17 memory 0.01 19

18 Exhaust 0.05 7

19 keyboard 0.06 5

20 charger 0.05 9

Based on Table 2 it was found that there are five components that have the greatest relative weights, such as battery, screen,

materials, the power management module and the keyboard. From this five components, we analyse the quality characteristics

relationship to obtain a design option, the following is a design option that is obtained from the calculation.

In the third phase, the design options that have been generated from the phase 1 and 2 ECQFD were evaluated. At stage 3

the effects of design changes on the quality characteristics will be estimated. Table 4 below lists the level of improvement of

the quality characteristics of each quality characteristic of each option obtained from the calculation in step 3 of this ECQFD.

Table 3. Laptop design improvement option

Option 1 Option 2

Power management efficiency Battery efficiency

Structural Integrity Heat dissipation success

weight Recyclable material

Table 4. Improvement rate of Quality Characteristic from both options

No. Option 1 Option 2

Quality Characteristic QC Improvement rate Quality Characteristic QC Improvement rate

1 Power management Efficiency 5.88 Battery Efficiency 2.50

2 Weight 4.85 Recyclable Material 2.85

3 Structural Integrity 7.26 Heat dispassion success 2.77

In the last stage, ECQFD aims to translate the effects of design changes on the characteristics quality into consumer needs.

In stage 4 ECQFD, phase 1 ECQFD table or matrix is use again, for each option using a different matrix. From this calculation

we obtained the best option with value 47.34.

B. TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving)

Any improvements will certainly have accompanying contradictions, including a design option that has been generated by

ECQFD in the previous process. To overcome these contradictions, the TRIZ method is used. This method is used to find the

solution of this contradiction and advise what improvements may be made. The results of the TRIZ method using the output of

the ECQFD is shown in Table 5.




Table 5. Results of TRIZ processing

Improvement Improvement

parameter

Unwanted

Parameter

Related inventive principles Explanation

Structural

Integrity

#14 Strength #1 Weight of

Moving Object

1 Segmentation applicable

8 anti-weight inapplicable

40 composite materials applicable

15 dynamism applicable

#33

Convenience of

use

#32

Manufacturability

2 taking out applicable

5 merging or combining applicable

12 Equipotential inapplicable

#7 Volume of

moving object

#14 Strength 9 preliminary anti-action inapplicable

14 spherical shapes inapplicable


7 Nesting dolls applicable

Power

Management

#22 waste of

energy

#37 Complexity of

control

35 Physical or chemical properties applicable

3 local quality applicable


23 Feedback applicable

Weight #1 weight #14 strength 28 Replace a mechanical system applicable

27 Cheap disposable applicable

18 Mechanical vibration inapplicable

40 Composite materials applicable

Battery

Efficiency

#21 Power #17 Temperature 2 taking out inapplicable

14 spherical shapes inapplicable

17 moving to another dimension inapplicable

25 Self-Service applicable

Heat

dispassion

success

#17

temperature

#19 Energy spent

by moving object

19 Periodic action applicable

15 Dynamism applicable

3 local quality inapplicable

17 moving to another dimension inapplicable

#32

Manufacturability

26 Copying applicable

27 Cheap disposable inapplicable

Recyclable

Material

#26 Amount of

substance

#32

Manufacturability

29 Pneumatics or hydraulics inapplicable

1 Segmentation inapplicable

35 Physical or chemical changes applicable

27 Cheap disposable applicable

IV. RESEARCH RESULTS

There are three designs based on the results of the ECQFD and TRIZ which enhances different parts of the laptop. The first

design enhances its modular keyboard. This keyboard shown in Figure 4 is uses a wireless keyboard system which enables it

to be moved around. The design specification for this laptop is that it has a modular and wireless keyboard, and the laptop is

also equipped with a built-in battery, and an automatic exhaust system (cooling system) which would also be elegant with its

Al-Mg casing. This laptop should also be touch screen and has both a think-pad and a touch-pad, which also has an automatic

sleep mode system.

The second design is more focused on the modular screen. This screen shown in Figure 5 could be removed and used as a

tablet computer, which means that the screen should be able to be operated using touch screen. The body of the laptop should

also function as a portable charger which enables the screen to be charged when connected. This design would also need a

built-in battery with and automatic cooling system. It has an automatic sleep mode and is equipped with a touch pad. The casing

materials for this design would be Al-Mg.

The third design enhances the wooden casing used for the laptop. It has a heat sensor and a fan speed controller which links

to a double fan. The keyboard is a butterfly keyboard and the battery is removable. This design in Figure 6 is not much different

compared to the common laptops that are available today, but the design is different incorporating wood for its casing.




Figure 4. Laptop design 1 enhancing its modular keyboard

Figure 5. Laptop design 2 enhancing its modular screen.

Figure 6. Laptop design 3 which uses a wooden casing.

V. CONCLUSION

Based on the results of data processing carried out by using the ECQFD method, there are six quality characteristics that

can be repaired or improved to get sustainable and innovative laptop designs, which are structural integrity, power management

efficiency, weight of the laptop, recyclable materials, the success of the heat dissipation, and battery efficiency. These aspects

are based on consumer preferences and should be considered in designing a laptop.

Based on the results of data processing using TRIZ, there are 12 specifications of the laptop designs sustainable and

innovative, which are modular display/keyboard, wood material/Al-Mg composite, fan speed control knob, butterfly keyboard,

battery (build-in), a think-pad, the body of the laptop which could be used as a charging station, touch screen technology, heat

sensors, automatic fan system, automatic sleep mode, and double-fan. From these 12 elements, 3 sustainable designs were

proposed which is based on consumer preference and environmental issues. Futher research could accommodate ergonomic

assessments of the design as well as cost attributes, which could make sure that the design would meet customer needs and

satisfy the customers and is also affordable.

REFERENCES




[1] Vinodh, S., Kamala, V., Jayakrishna, K. (2013). Integration of ECQFD, TRIZ, and AHP for innovative and sustainableproduct development. Appl. Math. Modell.

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[3] Sakao, T. (2007). A QFD-centered design methodology for environmentally conscious product design. InternationalJoutnal of Production Research 45, 18-19, 4143-4162.

[4] Vinodh, S., Rathod, G. (2010). Integration of ECQFD and LCA for sustainable product design. International Journal ofCleaner Production 18, 833-842.

[5] Vinodh, S., Rathod, G. (2011). Application of ECQFD for enabling environmentally conscious design and sustainabledevelopment in an electric vehicle. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 13, 381-396.

[6] C.H. Yeh et al. (2011) Integration of Four-Phase QFD and TRIZ in product R&D: a notebook case study. Journal ofRes. Eng. Design 22. 125-141.

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[8] Robiah, Novi. (2009). Analisis Peningkatan Kinerja Pelayanan Jasa Pada Rumah Sakit Dengan Metode QFD-TRIZ.Depok: Program Studi Teknik Industri Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia.

[9] Darwin, M. (2010). Implementasi dan Evaluasi Biodegradable Laptop Berdasarkan Konsep Green Computing. Depok:Program Studi Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia.

[10] Puspitasari, A. (2012). Hubungan Antara Perilaku Penggunaan Laptop dan Keluhan Kesehaan Akibat PenggunaanLaptop Pada Mahasiswa Sarjana Reguler Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia. Depok: Program Studi IlmuKeperawatan Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Indonesia.

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BIOGRAPHY

Amalia Suzianti is a lecturer and senior researcher in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. She holds a Ph.D in Innovation System Design from Technische Universitaet Berlin, Germany and University of Luxembourg (2010), Master of Science in Technology and Innovation Management from Brandenburgische Technische Universitaet Cottbus, Germany (2004), and a Bachelor of Engineering in Industrial Engineering from Universitas Indonesia (2000). Dr. Suzianti is currently active as the Head of Product Development and Innovation Laboratory and Vice Head of Industrial Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia

Irham Satria Yudha has graduated as Bachelor of Engineering from the Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universitas Indonesia.

Shabila Anjani is lecturer in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. She is currently a

researcher in the Product Development and Innovation Laboratory. She holds a Master of Business Arts degree from National Taiwan

University of Science and Technology; and also Master of Engineering degree and Bachelor of Engineering degree from Universitas

Indonesia.

Indi Galih Handana is a research associate in the Product Development and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering,

Universitas Indonesia. He is currently pursuing his bachelor degree in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Indonesia.


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