Designing for an Aging Population
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Transcript of Designing for an Aging Population
Finn&Johnson,WiserUsability,UXPA2016 1
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DesigningforanAgingPopula1on:TowardUniversalDesign
JeffJohnson&KateFinn
WiserUsability,Inc.
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Overview
Source:hGp://staJc.ddmcdn.com/gif/blogs/ipad-typewriter-1.jpg
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MakingtheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign
Designforolderadults,andyoudesignforalmosteveryoneelse.[AlanNewell]
PopulaJonswithsimilarusabilityissues:
• Thosewithlowvisionorotherimpairments• Thosewithlowliteracy• ThosewithliGletechnicalexperience• Thosewithobsoletetechnicalexperience• Secondlanguagelearners• ThosewithcertaincogniJveimpairments
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Hearing Visual Motor
18–4445–6465–7475+
TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:ManyAdults,NotJustOAs,HaveHearing,Visual,orMotorImpairments
Age
Source:SummaryHealthStaJsJcsforU.S.Adults:NaJonalHealthInterviewSurvey,2012
(Published2014)
%
USadultswithself-reportedimpairments,byagegroup.
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IndividualVariaJon
Studies on aging are particularly subject to confounding effects. [Reddy, 2012]
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IndividualVariaJon
• AgingisaconJnuousprocess• Changeisnotlinear,oruniform
• EffectsofagingarehighlyidiosyncraJc• Asgroup’saverageageincreases:
• RatesofchangeinabiliJesincrease• RangesofabiliJesincrease
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Source:UnitedNaJons,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulaJonDivision(2015).WorldPopulaJonProspects:The2015Revision.
China
India
USA
Japan
Russia
Brazil
Indonesia
Germany
Italy
Pakistan
Countrieswithgreatest50+popula1on,2015(inMillions)
Country
TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:OlderAdultsCompriseGrowing#sinNaJons’PopulaJons
100 200300400
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TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:OlderAdultsCompriseGrowing%ofNaJons’PopulaJons
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
2015 2025 2035
%ofP
opula1
onAged50+
Year
Leastdevelopedcountries
Lessdevelopedregions
Moredevelopedregions
Source:UnitedNaJons,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulaJonDivision(2015).WorldPopulaJonProspects:The2015Revision.
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Source:PewInternet.org
%USPopulaJonOnline,byAgeGroup
TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesignIncreasingly,OlderAdultsAreGoingOnline
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
18-2930-4950-6465+
Age
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TechCanBeTransformaJve…
AMaclaptopopeneduptheworldtome,righthere,frommykitchentable.Thisisablessingbecausemymobilityisnowextremelylimitedduetomyphysicaldisability.
Technology has helped me move 19 times in the past 9 years, taking ‘everything’ with me.
I can keep in touch with people all over the world. I feel so connected to so much of the world: art, music, nature, comedy, humanity.
Ican’timaginegoingbacktoalifewithoutacomputer.
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...butAllIsNotWell
Somuchtoremember!
Iwishtheywouldstopchangingthingsfornogoodreason.
Whathappenedtothemenus?
HowcanImakethefontbigger?Ican’tseeit!
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WeKnowHowtoDoDesignRight…SoWhyDon'tWe?
• Agingisnota“sexy”topic
• Designerstendtodesignforpeoplelikethemselves
• EngineersanddesignersosenhaveliGlepersonalexperiencewithOAs
• DesignerstendtodiscountpuredataonOAs
• OAsseldomincludedindesign,evaluaJon
• Designerstendtoover-esJmateOAtechability
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NeedforUniversalDesignWon’tJustFadeAway
“DigitalNaJves”vs.“DigitalImmigrants”?• Notallyoungadultsaretechno-whizzes.
• TechnologywillconJnuetodevelop.• Peoplehavetroublewithtechnology
theydidn’tgrowupwith.
• Mostofuswillexperienceage-relatedchanges.
[PhotoSource:hGp://www.dreamsJme.com/photos-images/small-baby-boy-holding-
smartphone-bed-funny.html#details46206642]
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Age-RelatedChanges&CharacterisJcs
• Vision• MotorControl
• Speech&Hearing• CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory
• Knowledge• Awtude&Affect
• WorkingwithOlderAdults
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Age-RelatedChanges:Vision
• Decreasedabilitytofocusclose(farsightedness,orpresbyopia)
• LowersensiJvitytolight• HeightenedsensiJvitytoglare• ReducedsensiJvitytocolor&contrast• Lensyellowing• Narrowedfieldofvision• SloweradaptaJontochangesinlighJng• Slowerre-focusingwithchangesindistance
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VisionChanges
Normal
Presbyopia/Farsightedness
Glare SensiJvity
Lens Yellowing
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VisionChanges
Normal ReducedLightSensiJvity
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Visual-CogniJveDeficits
• Moredifficultyreadingmovingtext• Lesslikelytodetectsmall,subtlescreenelements.
• Sloweronvisualsearchtasks• IncreasedsensiJvitytovisualdistracJons.
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VisualSearchSlowswithAge
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VisualDesignGuidelines
1. MaximizelegibilityofessenJaltext.2. Usecolorjudiciously.3. Simplify.4. IndicateanyneedforverJcalscrolling.5. AvoidlonglistsofopJons.6. Create(anduse)aconsistentgraphical
language.7. ProvidetextalternaJvesfornon-textcontent.8. MakeimportantcontentnoJceableandeasyto
scan
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VisualDesignGuidelines
1.MaximizelegibilityofessenJaltext.• Plain,large,fonts:sans-serif,14+point(5mm)
• Mixedcase• StaJctext• Ampleline¶graphspacing:1.5linespacing
• Plainbackground• Easilyenlargeabletext
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VisualDesignGuidelines:AvoidJnytext;makeresizingeasy
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VisualDesignGuidelines:AvoidJnytext;makeresizingeasy;goodspacing
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VisualDesignGuidelines
2. Usecolorjudiciously.• Usecolorsparingly• BecauJouswithbluevs.green,andwith
blueandyellowclosetoeachother• Ifusingcolortomarklinks“visited”vs.“not”,
makesureuserscandisJnguishthecolors• Avoidusingcolorasthesoleindicator• Avoidsaturatedcolors• Ensurehighcolorcontrast,e.g.,raJoof6.5+
• Provideeasywaytoadjustcontrast
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast,withplainbackground
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast;makeiteasilyenlargeable
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast;makeiteasilyenlargeable
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast
TwoDotsgameapp,ColorContrastopJons:offon
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextwithhighcontrasttobackground
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VisualDesignGuidelines
3. Simplify.• Helpusersfocus• Makesuregraphicsarerelevant• Don’tdistract• UsestaJccontentandimages
• KeepspaceuncluGered
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VisualDesignGuidelines:Helpusersfocus;makesuregraphicsarerelevant.
AndroidVoice-Recorder
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Age-RelatedChanges:MotorControl
• Reducedhand-eyecoordinaJon• Reducedfine-motorcontrol
• Reducedstrength,stamina
• Slowermovements
• SJffness
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• Difficultygrasping/manipulaJngsmallobjects- StylusorotherpoinJngdevices;smallcontrols
• DifficultywithconJnuousmovements- Click-drag,tap-drag,ortap-holdgestures- Pinch,spread,double-tapgestures
• ProblemsexecuJngcoordinatedgestures• Increasedvarianceinmovements- DecreasedreliabilityinrecogniJonofgestures
• IncreaseinhandtremorandinriskofunintenJonalclickortouch- AccidentalselecJonofobject,navigaJontolocaJon,etc.
ImpactsofMotorControlChanges
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MotorControl:DrawingaSpiralwithHandTremor
NeurologicalDiagnosJcTestA:SpiraldrawnbypersonwithtremorB:Spiraldrawnbypersonwithouttremor
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MotorControl:StrugglingtoSelect“Kenya”fromPull-RightMenus
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MotorControl:RoadScholarOldvs.NewMenus
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MotorControlGuidelines
1. Promoteaccurate,preciseselecJonoftargets.
2. Keepinputgesturessimple.
3. AllowplentyofJmetocompleteoperaJons.
4. Makeitobviousthattargetisselected.
5. Minimizeneedtousekeyboard(especiallyonsmallscreens,mobileapps).
6. Avoidcausingphysicalstrain.7. Providein-apptraining(touchscreendevices).
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MotorControlGuidelines
1. Promoteaccurate,preciseselecJonoftargets.• Makeclick&taptargetsbig
• Textlink’sclickableareaincludesgraphicalparts• Makeswipetargetslargerthantaptargets• Provideblankspacearoundclickabletargets
• PlacetaptargetsincenterorboGomofscreen• PlacehorizontalswipetargetsnearscreenboGom;
andverJcalswipetargetsonrightside
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MotorControlGuidelines:Sizesofclickandtaptargets
Desktop/laptopdevices:clicktargetsshouldacceptclicksinanareaatleast11mmdiagonally.
Touch-screendevices:taptargetsshouldbe16.5mmdiagonally(11.7mmsquare)
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MotorControlGuidelines:Makeclick-targetslarge;makecontrolsacceptclicksanywhere
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MotorControlGuidelines:Makeclick-targetslarge;makecontrolsacceptclicksanywhere
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2. Keepinputgesturessimple.• Don’trequiredouble-click• Nodrag• AvoidmulJ-levelmenus,especiallywithnarrow
paths
• Menusshouldstayopenlongenoughforpeoplewithlowmotorskills
• AvoidmulJ-fingergestures
MotorControlGuidelines
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Age-RelatedChanges:Speech&Hearing
Speech:• Slowerrateofspeech• ReducedarJculaJon
Hearing-harderto:• Filteroutbackgroundsounds
• Localizesounds• Understandfastspeech• Hearlowvolumesounds
• Detecthigh-pitchedsounds
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Everyone: 8 kHz
Under 20: 16 kHz
Under 50: 12 kHz
Speech&Hearing
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Speech&HearingGuidelines
1. Makeaudiblesignalsinarangemostpeoplecanhear.
2. Minimizebackgroundnoise.
3. ConveyimportantinfoinmulJpleways.
4. Makespeechoutputnaturalsounding.
5. Allowuserstoadjustdeviceoutput.6. Providespeech-to-textcapability.
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Speech&HearingGuidelines
1. Makeaudiblesignalsinarangemostpeoplecanhear.• Usealerts,tonesin500-1000Hzrange• Uselowerfrequencyvoices• Setdefaultvolume“loudenough”tobeheardby
OAs• Avoidshortchirps/beeps(tohelplocalizaJon)
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Speech&HearingGuidelines
2. Minimizebackgroundnoise:AvoidpresenJngsoundsunrelatedtouser’stask
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Speech&HearingGuidelines
3. ConveyimportantinfoinmulJpleways.• AddcapJons,ALTtexttoimages
• Addcc,transcriptstovideos• Usevideotosupplementtext,
notreplaceit
• ProvidealertsignalsinmulJpleforms
• Providetext-to-speechfuncJon[Source:hGp://www.3playmedia.com/how-it-works/how-to-guides/capJons-and-subJtles-with-vimeo
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Age-RelatedChanges:CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory
• Reducedshort-termmemory/aGenJonspan- Difficultykeepingtrackoftaskstatus- Hardertoconcentrate;moredistracJble
• LongerlearningJmes;morerepeJJonrequired• LessgeneralizaJonbetweensituaJons• Moredifficultyretrievingwords• ReducedabilitytomulJ-task• MoresuscepJbletochangeblindness• Moreeasilyoverwhelmed
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CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory
“Atthispoint…Iwouldcallthem.Thisissooverwhelming!...Help!”
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CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory ChangeandInaGenJonalBlindness
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CogniJveGuidelines:AGenJon,Learning,Memory
1. Designforconceptual&visualsimplicity.2. Helpusersmaintainfocus.3. Usetermsconsistently.4. Helpuserswithinput.5. SimplifynavigaJonstructures.6. ClearlyindicateoperaJon’sstatus&progress.7. Avoidburdeningusers’memory.8. Helpusersavoid&recoverfromerrors.
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CogniJveGuidelines
1. Designforconceptual&visualsimplicity.• MinimizesJmuli
• MinimizedecoraJon
2. Helpusersmaintainfocus.• PresentonetaskataJme
• EliminatedistracJons• Showcurrenttask
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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon
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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon
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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon
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KnowledgeDifferences
• Unfamiliarwithdigitaltechjargon&icons• Don’tknowcontrolgestures• AnJquatedmentalmodels
• Greaterdomainknowledge• Skills• Vocabulary
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KnowledgeGuidelines
1. ClearlyindicatecurrentlocaJoninapporwebsite2. Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience3. Don’tassumeusershaveacorrectmentalmodel4. HelpuserspredictwhatbuGons/linksdo,andwhere
theygo5. UsewriJngstylethatisconcise,plain,andfamiliarto
users6. FollowstandardsandconvenJons7. MinimizethenegaJveimpactonusersofnew
versions8. ClearlylabelinteracJveelements
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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.
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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.
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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.
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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.
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Age-RelatedChanges:Awtude&Affect
• Lesscomfortablewithtechnology• Moreriskaverse- Stronglypreferfamiliarpathsoverefficiency- Afraidof“breakingsomething”- TendtoreadeverythingonscreenbeforeacJng- Afraidofembarrassment
• Osengetfrustrated,giveup• Tendencytoassignblame(toselforapp)• Reluctancetogivepersonalinfo
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FrustraJon:“It’sextremelyfrustraJng.Ididn’tgrowupwithcomputersinmylife.”
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FrustraJon(wantstoquit):“Iwouldscrewthis.”
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Awtude&AffectGuidelines
1. Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata
2. Inspiretrust3. Makedesignappealingtoall,includingolder
adults4. Provideeasyaccesstoinfouserswillwant5. Facilitateeasyprivacy,security,andsafety
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Awtude&AffectGuidelines
1. Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata.• Makedataentryfields“smart”• Allowuserstosaveandreturntoforms• Giveuserssenseofcontroloverinputmethods
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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata
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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata
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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata
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Awtude&AffectGuidelines
2. Inspiretrust.• Requestonlynecessaryinfo
• MakeiteasytodisJnguishcontentfromads
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Awtude&AffectGuidelines:Requestonlynecessaryinfo
OnlinedonaJonviacreditcardorPaypalshouldnotrequireaddress,phone#
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Awtude&AffectGuidelines:MakeiteasytodisJnguishcontentfromadverJsing
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WorkingwithOlderAdultsGuidelines
1. Refertorecentresourcesforideasabout:• includingOAsinparJcipatorydesign
• adapJngstudyprotocolstoincludeOAs• recruitment,retenJon,compensaJon
2. BesensiJveincommunicaJons:• AvoidbothtechjargonandElderSpeak
• MakewriGenandoralmaterialaccessible• Berespec}ul,paJent,supporJve,grateful
3. ConducJngsessions:• MakesuremeeJngsiteiseasytoaccessandcomfortable
• MinimizedistracJons• Keepsessionsshort,orbuildinbreaks
• AllowextraJmeforeverything
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Summary
• %and#ofOAsareincreasingglobally• Age-relatedcharacterisJcscancontributeto
manyusabilityissues• Usabilityissuescanexcludepeoplefrombenefits
oftoday’sdigitalculture• OtherpopulaJonsfacesimilarusabilityissues
andexclusions• Designinginterfaceswith,andfor,OAscan
improveusabilityforeveryone• RecentresearchidenJfiesdesignguidelines.
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TopRecommendaJons
• Legibility• VisualSimplicity
• ConceptualSimplicity
• Consistency• Salience• Redundancy• Support
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TopReferences(ofover400!)
• Hawthorn(2006)DesigningEffec>veInterfacesforOlderUsers
• Fisketal(2009)DesigningforOlderAdults
• Pak&McLaughlin(2011)DesigningDisplaysforOlderAdults
• Newell(2011)DesignandtheDigitalDivide
• Leung(2009)ImprovingMobileDeviceAppsforOlderAdults
• Leitão&Silva(2012)PaGernsforMobileUIsforOlderAdults
• Perniceetal(2013)SeniorCi>zensontheWeb
• Chisnelletal(2006)NewHeuris>csforUnderstandingOlderAdultsasWebUsers
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Thankyou!!
Johnson&Finn:
DesigningforanAgingWorld**(FinalTitleTBA)MorganKaufmann,early2017
Contact:
408.806.8451