Designing for an Aging Population

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Finn & Johnson, Wiser Usability, UXPA 2016 1 1 Designing for an Aging Popula1on: Toward Universal Design Jeff Johnson & Kate Finn Wiser Usability, Inc. [email protected] 2 Overview Source: hGp://staJc.ddmcdn.com/gif/blogs/ipad-typewriter-1.jpg

Transcript of Designing for an Aging Population

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DesigningforanAgingPopula1on:TowardUniversalDesign

JeffJohnson&KateFinn

WiserUsability,Inc.

[email protected]

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Overview

Source:hGp://staJc.ddmcdn.com/gif/blogs/ipad-typewriter-1.jpg

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MakingtheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign

Designforolderadults,andyoudesignforalmosteveryoneelse.[AlanNewell]

PopulaJonswithsimilarusabilityissues:

•  Thosewithlowvisionorotherimpairments•  Thosewithlowliteracy•  ThosewithliGletechnicalexperience•  Thosewithobsoletetechnicalexperience•  Secondlanguagelearners•  ThosewithcertaincogniJveimpairments

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Hearing Visual Motor

18–4445–6465–7475+

TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:ManyAdults,NotJustOAs,HaveHearing,Visual,orMotorImpairments

Age

Source:SummaryHealthStaJsJcsforU.S.Adults:NaJonalHealthInterviewSurvey,2012

(Published2014)

%

USadultswithself-reportedimpairments,byagegroup.

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IndividualVariaJon

Studies on aging are particularly subject to confounding effects. [Reddy, 2012]

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IndividualVariaJon

•  AgingisaconJnuousprocess•  Changeisnotlinear,oruniform

•  EffectsofagingarehighlyidiosyncraJc•  Asgroup’saverageageincreases:

•  RatesofchangeinabiliJesincrease•  RangesofabiliJesincrease

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Source:UnitedNaJons,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulaJonDivision(2015).WorldPopulaJonProspects:The2015Revision.

China

India

USA

Japan

Russia

Brazil

Indonesia

Germany

Italy

Pakistan

Countrieswithgreatest50+popula1on,2015(inMillions)

Country

TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:OlderAdultsCompriseGrowing#sinNaJons’PopulaJons

100 200300400

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TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesign:OlderAdultsCompriseGrowing%ofNaJons’PopulaJons

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2015 2025 2035

%ofP

opula1

onAged50+

Year

Leastdevelopedcountries

Lessdevelopedregions

Moredevelopedregions

Source:UnitedNaJons,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulaJonDivision(2015).WorldPopulaJonProspects:The2015Revision.

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Source:PewInternet.org

%USPopulaJonOnline,byAgeGroup

TheCaseforAge-FriendlyDesignIncreasingly,OlderAdultsAreGoingOnline

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year

18-2930-4950-6465+

Age

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TechCanBeTransformaJve…

AMaclaptopopeneduptheworldtome,righthere,frommykitchentable.Thisisablessingbecausemymobilityisnowextremelylimitedduetomyphysicaldisability.

Technology has helped me move 19 times in the past 9 years, taking ‘everything’ with me.

I can keep in touch with people all over the world. I feel so connected to so much of the world: art, music, nature, comedy, humanity.

Ican’timaginegoingbacktoalifewithoutacomputer.

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...butAllIsNotWell

Somuchtoremember!

Iwishtheywouldstopchangingthingsfornogoodreason.

Whathappenedtothemenus?

HowcanImakethefontbigger?Ican’tseeit!

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WeKnowHowtoDoDesignRight…SoWhyDon'tWe?

•  Agingisnota“sexy”topic

•  Designerstendtodesignforpeoplelikethemselves

•  EngineersanddesignersosenhaveliGlepersonalexperiencewithOAs

•  DesignerstendtodiscountpuredataonOAs

•  OAsseldomincludedindesign,evaluaJon

•  Designerstendtoover-esJmateOAtechability

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NeedforUniversalDesignWon’tJustFadeAway

“DigitalNaJves”vs.“DigitalImmigrants”?•  Notallyoungadultsaretechno-whizzes.

•  TechnologywillconJnuetodevelop.•  Peoplehavetroublewithtechnology

theydidn’tgrowupwith.

•  Mostofuswillexperienceage-relatedchanges.

[PhotoSource:hGp://www.dreamsJme.com/photos-images/small-baby-boy-holding-

smartphone-bed-funny.html#details46206642]

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Age-RelatedChanges&CharacterisJcs

•  Vision•  MotorControl

•  Speech&Hearing•  CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory

•  Knowledge•  Awtude&Affect

•  WorkingwithOlderAdults

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Age-RelatedChanges:Vision

•  Decreasedabilitytofocusclose(farsightedness,orpresbyopia)

•  LowersensiJvitytolight•  HeightenedsensiJvitytoglare•  ReducedsensiJvitytocolor&contrast•  Lensyellowing•  Narrowedfieldofvision•  SloweradaptaJontochangesinlighJng•  Slowerre-focusingwithchangesindistance

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VisionChanges

Normal

Presbyopia/Farsightedness

Glare SensiJvity

Lens Yellowing

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VisionChanges

Normal ReducedLightSensiJvity

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Visual-CogniJveDeficits

• Moredifficultyreadingmovingtext• Lesslikelytodetectsmall,subtlescreenelements.

• Sloweronvisualsearchtasks• IncreasedsensiJvitytovisualdistracJons.

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VisualSearchSlowswithAge

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VisualDesignGuidelines

1.  MaximizelegibilityofessenJaltext.2.  Usecolorjudiciously.3.  Simplify.4.  IndicateanyneedforverJcalscrolling.5.  AvoidlonglistsofopJons.6.  Create(anduse)aconsistentgraphical

language.7.  ProvidetextalternaJvesfornon-textcontent.8.  MakeimportantcontentnoJceableandeasyto

scan

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VisualDesignGuidelines

1.MaximizelegibilityofessenJaltext.•  Plain,large,fonts:sans-serif,14+point(5mm)

•  Mixedcase•  StaJctext•  Ampleline&paragraphspacing:1.5linespacing

•  Plainbackground•  Easilyenlargeabletext

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VisualDesignGuidelines:AvoidJnytext;makeresizingeasy

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VisualDesignGuidelines:AvoidJnytext;makeresizingeasy;goodspacing

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VisualDesignGuidelines

2.  Usecolorjudiciously.•  Usecolorsparingly•  BecauJouswithbluevs.green,andwith

blueandyellowclosetoeachother•  Ifusingcolortomarklinks“visited”vs.“not”,

makesureuserscandisJnguishthecolors•  Avoidusingcolorasthesoleindicator•  Avoidsaturatedcolors•  Ensurehighcolorcontrast,e.g.,raJoof6.5+

•  Provideeasywaytoadjustcontrast

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast,withplainbackground

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast;makeiteasilyenlargeable

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast;makeiteasilyenlargeable

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast

TwoDotsgameapp,ColorContrastopJons:offon

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextinhighcontrast

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Displaytextwithhighcontrasttobackground

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VisualDesignGuidelines

3.  Simplify.•  Helpusersfocus•  Makesuregraphicsarerelevant•  Don’tdistract•  UsestaJccontentandimages

•  KeepspaceuncluGered

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VisualDesignGuidelines:Helpusersfocus;makesuregraphicsarerelevant.

AndroidVoice-Recorder

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Age-RelatedChanges:MotorControl

•  Reducedhand-eyecoordinaJon•  Reducedfine-motorcontrol

•  Reducedstrength,stamina

•  Slowermovements

•  SJffness

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•  Difficultygrasping/manipulaJngsmallobjects-  StylusorotherpoinJngdevices;smallcontrols

•  DifficultywithconJnuousmovements-  Click-drag,tap-drag,ortap-holdgestures-  Pinch,spread,double-tapgestures

•  ProblemsexecuJngcoordinatedgestures•  Increasedvarianceinmovements-  DecreasedreliabilityinrecogniJonofgestures

•  IncreaseinhandtremorandinriskofunintenJonalclickortouch-  AccidentalselecJonofobject,navigaJontolocaJon,etc.

ImpactsofMotorControlChanges

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MotorControl:DrawingaSpiralwithHandTremor

NeurologicalDiagnosJcTestA:SpiraldrawnbypersonwithtremorB:Spiraldrawnbypersonwithouttremor

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MotorControl:StrugglingtoSelect“Kenya”fromPull-RightMenus

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MotorControl:RoadScholarOldvs.NewMenus

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MotorControlGuidelines

1.  Promoteaccurate,preciseselecJonoftargets.

2.  Keepinputgesturessimple.

3.  AllowplentyofJmetocompleteoperaJons.

4.  Makeitobviousthattargetisselected.

5.  Minimizeneedtousekeyboard(especiallyonsmallscreens,mobileapps).

6.  Avoidcausingphysicalstrain.7.  Providein-apptraining(touchscreendevices).

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MotorControlGuidelines

1.  Promoteaccurate,preciseselecJonoftargets.•  Makeclick&taptargetsbig

•  Textlink’sclickableareaincludesgraphicalparts•  Makeswipetargetslargerthantaptargets•  Provideblankspacearoundclickabletargets

•  PlacetaptargetsincenterorboGomofscreen•  PlacehorizontalswipetargetsnearscreenboGom;

andverJcalswipetargetsonrightside

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MotorControlGuidelines:Sizesofclickandtaptargets

Desktop/laptopdevices:clicktargetsshouldacceptclicksinanareaatleast11mmdiagonally.

Touch-screendevices:taptargetsshouldbe16.5mmdiagonally(11.7mmsquare)

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MotorControlGuidelines:Makeclick-targetslarge;makecontrolsacceptclicksanywhere

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MotorControlGuidelines:Makeclick-targetslarge;makecontrolsacceptclicksanywhere

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2.  Keepinputgesturessimple.•  Don’trequiredouble-click•  Nodrag•  AvoidmulJ-levelmenus,especiallywithnarrow

paths

•  Menusshouldstayopenlongenoughforpeoplewithlowmotorskills

•  AvoidmulJ-fingergestures

MotorControlGuidelines

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Age-RelatedChanges:Speech&Hearing

Speech:•  Slowerrateofspeech•  ReducedarJculaJon

Hearing-harderto:•  Filteroutbackgroundsounds

•  Localizesounds•  Understandfastspeech•  Hearlowvolumesounds

•  Detecthigh-pitchedsounds

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Everyone: 8 kHz

Under 20: 16 kHz

Under 50: 12 kHz

Speech&Hearing

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Speech&HearingGuidelines

1.  Makeaudiblesignalsinarangemostpeoplecanhear.

2.  Minimizebackgroundnoise.

3.  ConveyimportantinfoinmulJpleways.

4.  Makespeechoutputnaturalsounding.

5.  Allowuserstoadjustdeviceoutput.6.  Providespeech-to-textcapability.

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Speech&HearingGuidelines

1.  Makeaudiblesignalsinarangemostpeoplecanhear.•  Usealerts,tonesin500-1000Hzrange•  Uselowerfrequencyvoices•  Setdefaultvolume“loudenough”tobeheardby

OAs•  Avoidshortchirps/beeps(tohelplocalizaJon)

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Speech&HearingGuidelines

2.  Minimizebackgroundnoise:AvoidpresenJngsoundsunrelatedtouser’stask

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Speech&HearingGuidelines

3.  ConveyimportantinfoinmulJpleways.•  AddcapJons,ALTtexttoimages

•  Addcc,transcriptstovideos•  Usevideotosupplementtext,

notreplaceit

•  ProvidealertsignalsinmulJpleforms

•  Providetext-to-speechfuncJon[Source:hGp://www.3playmedia.com/how-it-works/how-to-guides/capJons-and-subJtles-with-vimeo

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Age-RelatedChanges:CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory

•  Reducedshort-termmemory/aGenJonspan-  Difficultykeepingtrackoftaskstatus-  Hardertoconcentrate;moredistracJble

•  LongerlearningJmes;morerepeJJonrequired•  LessgeneralizaJonbetweensituaJons•  Moredifficultyretrievingwords•  ReducedabilitytomulJ-task•  MoresuscepJbletochangeblindness•  Moreeasilyoverwhelmed

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CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory

“Atthispoint…Iwouldcallthem.Thisissooverwhelming!...Help!”

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CogniJon:AGenJon,Learning,Memory ChangeandInaGenJonalBlindness

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CogniJveGuidelines:AGenJon,Learning,Memory

1.  Designforconceptual&visualsimplicity.2.  Helpusersmaintainfocus.3.  Usetermsconsistently.4.  Helpuserswithinput.5.  SimplifynavigaJonstructures.6.  ClearlyindicateoperaJon’sstatus&progress.7.  Avoidburdeningusers’memory.8.  Helpusersavoid&recoverfromerrors.

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CogniJveGuidelines

1.  Designforconceptual&visualsimplicity.•  MinimizesJmuli

•  MinimizedecoraJon

2.  Helpusersmaintainfocus.•  PresentonetaskataJme

•  EliminatedistracJons•  Showcurrenttask

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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon

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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon

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CogniJveGuidelines:FocusAGenJononImportantInfo&CallstoAcJon

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KnowledgeDifferences

•  Unfamiliarwithdigitaltechjargon&icons•  Don’tknowcontrolgestures•  AnJquatedmentalmodels

•  Greaterdomainknowledge•  Skills•  Vocabulary

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KnowledgeGuidelines

1.  ClearlyindicatecurrentlocaJoninapporwebsite2.  Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience3.  Don’tassumeusershaveacorrectmentalmodel4.  HelpuserspredictwhatbuGons/linksdo,andwhere

theygo5.  UsewriJngstylethatisconcise,plain,andfamiliarto

users6.  FollowstandardsandconvenJons7.  MinimizethenegaJveimpactonusersofnew

versions8.  ClearlylabelinteracJveelements

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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.

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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.

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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.

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KnowledgeGuidelines:Usevocabularyfamiliartoyouraudience.

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Age-RelatedChanges:Awtude&Affect

•  Lesscomfortablewithtechnology•  Moreriskaverse-  Stronglypreferfamiliarpathsoverefficiency-  Afraidof“breakingsomething”-  TendtoreadeverythingonscreenbeforeacJng-  Afraidofembarrassment

•  Osengetfrustrated,giveup•  Tendencytoassignblame(toselforapp)•  Reluctancetogivepersonalinfo

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FrustraJon:“It’sextremelyfrustraJng.Ididn’tgrowupwithcomputersinmylife.”

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FrustraJon(wantstoquit):“Iwouldscrewthis.”

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Awtude&AffectGuidelines

1.  Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata

2.  Inspiretrust3.  Makedesignappealingtoall,includingolder

adults4.  Provideeasyaccesstoinfouserswillwant5.  Facilitateeasyprivacy,security,andsafety

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Awtude&AffectGuidelines

1.  Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata.•  Makedataentryfields“smart”•  Allowuserstosaveandreturntoforms•  Giveuserssenseofcontroloverinputmethods

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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata

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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata

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Awtude&Affect:Beflexibleinhowuserscanenter,save,andviewdata

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Awtude&AffectGuidelines

2.  Inspiretrust.•  Requestonlynecessaryinfo

•  MakeiteasytodisJnguishcontentfromads

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Awtude&AffectGuidelines:Requestonlynecessaryinfo

OnlinedonaJonviacreditcardorPaypalshouldnotrequireaddress,phone#

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Awtude&AffectGuidelines:MakeiteasytodisJnguishcontentfromadverJsing

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WorkingwithOlderAdultsGuidelines

1.  Refertorecentresourcesforideasabout:•  includingOAsinparJcipatorydesign

•  adapJngstudyprotocolstoincludeOAs•  recruitment,retenJon,compensaJon

2.  BesensiJveincommunicaJons:•  AvoidbothtechjargonandElderSpeak

•  MakewriGenandoralmaterialaccessible•  Berespec}ul,paJent,supporJve,grateful

3.  ConducJngsessions:•  MakesuremeeJngsiteiseasytoaccessandcomfortable

•  MinimizedistracJons•  Keepsessionsshort,orbuildinbreaks

•  AllowextraJmeforeverything

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Summary

•  %and#ofOAsareincreasingglobally•  Age-relatedcharacterisJcscancontributeto

manyusabilityissues•  Usabilityissuescanexcludepeoplefrombenefits

oftoday’sdigitalculture•  OtherpopulaJonsfacesimilarusabilityissues

andexclusions•  Designinginterfaceswith,andfor,OAscan

improveusabilityforeveryone•  RecentresearchidenJfiesdesignguidelines.

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TopRecommendaJons

•  Legibility•  VisualSimplicity

•  ConceptualSimplicity

•  Consistency•  Salience•  Redundancy•  Support

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TopReferences(ofover400!)

•  Hawthorn(2006)DesigningEffec>veInterfacesforOlderUsers

•  Fisketal(2009)DesigningforOlderAdults

•  Pak&McLaughlin(2011)DesigningDisplaysforOlderAdults

•  Newell(2011)DesignandtheDigitalDivide

•  Leung(2009)ImprovingMobileDeviceAppsforOlderAdults

•  Leitão&Silva(2012)PaGernsforMobileUIsforOlderAdults

•  Perniceetal(2013)SeniorCi>zensontheWeb

•  Chisnelletal(2006)NewHeuris>csforUnderstandingOlderAdultsasWebUsers

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Thankyou!!

Johnson&Finn:

DesigningforanAgingWorld**(FinalTitleTBA)MorganKaufmann,early2017

Contact:

[email protected]

408.806.8451