Designing Fighter Planes

8/7/2019 Designing Fighter Planes

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DESIGNING ADVANCEDDESIGNING ADVANCED

FIGHTER AIRCRAFTFIGHTER AIRCRAFT



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� Fighter Aircraft Requirements

� The Evolution of StealthTechnology

� The Advanced Tactical Fighter

� The Design Process

� The Future of Aircraft Design

� Opportunities for ME¶s inAerospace

� ASME

TODAY¶S AGENDATODAY¶S AGENDA



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MY BACKGROUNDMY BACKGROUND

�� Currently Director, ASMECurrently Director, ASME

Managing Director, Knowledge & CommunityManaging Director, Knowledge & Community

�� Started out as an ASME student member Started out as an ASME student member -- just like you. A member for 26 years. just like you. A member for 26 years.

�� BS Temple University, PhiladelphiaBS Temple University, Philadelphia�� MA, CSUN, Northridge, CAMA, CSUN, Northridge, CA

�� Staff of Congressman Jon Fox (PA/13)Staff of Congressman Jon Fox (PA/13)�� Northrop GrummanNorthrop Grumman ± ± Lead Engineer Lead Engineer

T-38 Talon � F-5E/F Tiger II � F-20 Tigershark � YF-23

Advanced Tactical Fighter, F/ A-18E/F Super Hornet

�� Rockwell Space Systems Division (Boeing)Rockwell Space Systems Division (Boeing)Space Shuttle Program

�� NASA Kennedy Space Center NASA Kennedy Space Center Summer Intern - Space Shuttle Launch Facility Design



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MODERN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS

� Air Superiority ± controlling the airspace within a limited area andwithin a limited length of time

� Stealth ± seeing the enemy before they see you

� Maneuverability ± not top speed, but climbing performance,acceleration and turning speed

� Aerodynamics ± wing loading ± aircraft weight divided by wing area ± one of the most important

� Range ± ability of the aircraft to reach the combat zone and cover it

� Engine ± thrust to weight ratio, favorable fuel consumption, low

infrared and smoke� Avionics ± Vehicle and systems management, reduced pilot

workload, all weather capability

� Armament- kind and quantity of stores on board

� Reliability and Maintainability ± systems have a high operationalrate and are easy to repair



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THE EVOLUTION OF

STEALTH AIRCRAFT

Romulan ³Bird of Prey´

� Equipped with ³Cloaking Device.´

� Made the craft invisible to

Federation sensors.

� From the earliest days,deception and stealth havebeen used to gain the

advantage over an enemyin combat.

� Early combat aircraftused camouflage to makevisual detection difficult.

� The advent of RADAR inthe late 1930¶s and duringWWII enabled the earlydetection of aircraft inflight.



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THE EVOLUTION OF

STEALTH

NORTHROP YB-49 BOMBER

� Designed by Jack Northrop

in the late 1940¶s.

� Role was as a strategicbomber.

� Its unique wing shape

produced a low radar crosssection, although the goalwas improved performance.



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THE EVOLUTION OF

STEALTHDESIGN IN THE 50¶S AND 60¶S

� Stealth in aircraft design doesnot mean invisible ± it means

³Low Observable,´ reducing theradar cross section.

� Little effort in the 50¶s and 60¶s.Integrating low observableaspects meant compromisingperformance ± so designers

concentrated on speed,maneuverability, and weapons.

� A-12/SR-71 has rounded lines,wing/body blending, conicalcenter bodies, fuselage chine

and canted twin fins to reduceradar reflectivity.

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird



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STEALTH

CHARACTERISTICS

� Airframe shaped for Low

Radar Cross Section

�Use of Radar AbsorbentMaterial (RAM)

�Minimized engine noise

�Reduced infrared signature

�Reduced visual signature

�Use of electroniccountermeasures



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THE FIRST STEALTH

AIRCRAFTF-117A Nighthawk

� USAF and DARPA studiesinitiated in 1973 ± projectHave Blue

�Air Force invites proposalsto develop technologyprototype

�Lockheed and Northrop werefinalists and each built aprototype for a ³fly-off´

�Lockheed wins productioncontract in 1976

Mission ± covert reconnaissanceand covert surgical strikes

Subsonic ± limited performance



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FIGHTER GENERATIONS

Gen 1 ± Earliest jet fighters: Germany¶s Me 262, Britain¶s Meteor, US F-80.Hallmark was advance in speed over piston engine aircraft

Gen 2 ± Korean War era: USAF f-86 and Soviet MiG-15. Designers maximized

performance by tailoring airframe to jet engine. (Use of swept wings is anexample)

Gen 3 ± late 50s early 60s: USAF Century Series F-100, F-101, F-102,F-104, F-105, F-106 and Soviet MiG-17 and MiG-21. Featured advanced missiles,supersonic speed and sophisticated engines. F-4 Phantom was late Gen 3 fighter.

Gen 4 ± mid 1970s: USAF F-15 and F-16 and Soviet Su-27 and MiG-29. Highlymaneuverable, sophisticated weapons, engines and avionics.

Gen 5 ± today: all aspect stealth, internal weapons, plug and play electronics andsupercruise. USAF F-22 and F-35 coming.

Source - Air Force Magazine ± Sept. 2008



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STEALTH GROWS UP

� 1980 report concluded that B-1 bomber would beunable to penetrate Soviet air space beyond 1990

� Positive results from Have Blue (F-117) justifiedlaunch of a full-scale low-observable bomber program (Advanced Technology Bomber ± ATB)

� Lockheed/Rockwell team and a Northrop/Boeingteam responded to requests for proposals

� Northrop relied on experience studying stealthtechnology and its extensive experience withflying wing designs and was awarded the contract



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STEALTH GROWS UP

NORTHROP ± GRUMMANB-2 SPIRIT

� Length ± 69ft

� Height ± 17ft

� Wingspan ± 172 ft

� Max Speed ± Mach .85

�Range 6300 nm

� Armament ± 40,000 lbs ininternal weapons bays

�Powerplant ± four GE F-118-GE-100 turbofans ± 17,300 lbs



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DEVELOPING A TRULY

STEALTH FIGHTERWHY THE NEED?

� Late 1970¶s ± Soviets building far more fighters than US

� Massive Soviet surface to air missile threat

� USAF looking to technology to counter Soviet numericaladvantage

� In 1981 USAF issued a Request for Information (RFI) for theAdvanced Tactical Fighter (ATF)

� A RFI does not offer any money or production contracts, itdefines mission, the threat, service entry date and new featuresthat are desirable and feasible

� Supercruise (the ability to achieve supersonic flight withoutafterburner) and stealth were considered essential components,

although stealth was still considered an exotic technology



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DEVELOPING A TRULY

STEALTH FIGHTERTHE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM

� Air Force opts to build a truly air-to-air fighter to follow the F-15Eagle air superiority fighter - designed to enter service in mid 90¶s

� In 1983 USAF issues Request for Proposals (RFP) for ATF and theJoint Advanced Fighter Engine (JAFE)

� General Electric and Pratt & Whitney vie for engine contract

� Lockheed, Rockwell, Grumman, McDonnell Douglas, General

Dynamics, Boeing and Northrop vie for aircraft contract� McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics were thought to havethe inside track because of F-15 and F-16

� But stealth proved to be the deciding factor. Both Northrop andLockheed fell back on their stealth experience and proposed

stealthy fighters that could perform as well as non-stealthy fighters



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DEVELOPING A TRULY

STEALTH FIGHTERTHE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM

� In October 1986 the USAF awards the contracts to

build prototype aircraft to Northrop and Lockheed

� Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas to build the YF-23A

� Lockheed - Boeing - General Dynamics comprised the

other team to build the YF-22A.� Aircraft first flights in the Fall of 1990.

� Lockheed Martin awarded contract in April 1991. TheF-22 is now in production.



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YF-23A BLACK WIDOW II

� Two Prototypes were built

� PAV 1 - two Pratt & Whitney YF119engines

� PAV 2 - two GE YF120 engines

�Wing Span 43.6 ft

�Length 67.4 ft

�Height 13.9 ft

�Wing area 900 sq. ft.

�Top Speed Mach 2+

�Range 800 Nm

�Altitude 65,000 ft

�Air Superiority

�Low Observable

�Super-cruise - mach1+ without afterburner



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NORTHROP GRUMM AN

AN AIRFRAM

EM

ANUFACTURER� Responsible for the design,

manufacture and integration of aircraft

and aircraft sub-assemblies

Boeing (McDonnell Douglas/Northrop)

F/A-18F Super Hornet

F/A-18 Carrier

Takeoff



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AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROCESS� Customer Requirements

� Conceptual Design Phase

General size and configuration of the aircraft � aerodynamics studies � thr ust loading � wing loading � wing sweep � general body, wing andtail configurations

� Preliminary Design PhaseBest conceptual design is chosen for testing � inlet/engine/airframe integration � major loads and stresses � weight � stability and control � internal arrangement

� Detailed Design Phase

Configuration frozen � Detailed str uctural design � Detailed system design and installation � Production drawings

� Development Phase

Manufacturing and assembly



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AIRCRAFT ENGINEERINGGROUPS

� Aerodynamics� Advanced Design

� Avionics (airborne electronics)

� Crew Station (cockpit)

� ECS (environmental control system)

� Electrical

� Flight Test

� Fuel Systems

� Hydraulic Systems

� Propulsion Integration (engines)� Reliability and Maintainability

� Safety

� Structures

� Vehicle Management (flight control)



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CONFIGURATION/SYSTEMS

INTEGRATION

� Responsible for overall internaland external systems

arrangement� Work with every design group

and coordinate and integratetheir designs into a single

aircraft design� Final Product:

Inboard Profile Drawing �Aperture Arrangement � ThreeViews � Zone Drawings

F-20A Tigershark



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INBOARD PROFILEINBOARD PROFILE

F-23A Advanced Tactical Fighter

Profile View



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APERTURE ARRANGEMENT

YF-23A Prototype Air Vehicle ±

Plan View



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AIRCRAFT DESIGN AIRCRAFT DESIGNIS A COMPROMISEIS A COMPROMISE

� It is the task of the aircraft design engineer to balance the customer requirements with the physical constraints, cost and time-

scale, in or der to produce the most effective aircraft possible.

� Aircraft Design Requires Teamwork

� No ³one´ design group is more important than the others.

� Note: All Engineering involvesCompromises!



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LOOK WHAT HAPPENS WHENLOOK WHAT HAPPENS WHENDESIGN GROUPS HAVE THEIR WAYDESIGN GROUPS HAVE THEIR WAY



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ENGINEERING JOBDESCRIPTIONS

� Design - From Concept to Production� Good understanding of engineering principles

� See things in 3-D (Geometry, Graphics, Kinematics)

� Like to solve problems, come up with better ways of doing things

� Analysis - Verify engineering designs (Stress, Thermal,

Aerodynamics, Dynamics)� Engineering Theory and Mathematics

� Problem solving

� Test - Verify functionality of design� Basic understanding of engineering theory and design principles

� Lab work and strict guidelines and procedures

� Operations- Maintaining and operating final product� Basic understanding of engineering design and systems

� Understand how and why things work



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YF YF--23A BLACK23A BLACK

WIDOW IIWIDOW II



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LOCKHEED LOCKHEED

MARTIN FMARTIN F--22A22ARAPTOR RAPTOR

�Wing Span 44.5 ft

�Length 62 ft 1 in

�Wing area 830 sq. ft.

�Top Speed Mach 2+

�Range 800 Nm

�Altitude 65,000 ft

�Air Superiority

�Low Observable

�Two Pratt & WhitneyF119-PW-100 Turbofans

@ 35,000 lbs



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Bureau of Labor StatisticsBureau of Labor Statistics --

Aerospace Outlook Aerospace OutlookEmploymentChange 2006 - 2016

� Aerospace engineers held about 90,000 jobs in 2006.

�Aerospace engineers are expected to have 10 percent growth in employment over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Increases in the number and scope of military aerospace projects likely will generate new jobs. In addition, new technologies expected to be used on commercial aircraft produced during the next decade should spur demand for aerospace engineers. The employment outlook for aerospace engineers appears favorable. The number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering has declinedfor many years because of a perceived lack of opportunities in this field. Although

this trend has reversed, new graduates continue to be needed to replace aerospace engineers who retire or leave the occupation for other reasons.

�Mechanical engineers held about 227,000 jobs in 2006.

�Mechanical engineers are projected to have 4 percent employment growth over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations.



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AEROSPACE & ME AEROSPACE & MESALARIESSALARIES

� Average starting salary for Bachelor¶s degreecandidates in aerospace engineering is$53,408 a year. (2007)

� Average starting salary for Bachelor¶s degreecandidates in mechanical engineering is

$54,128 a year. (2007)



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BOEING 787 DREAMLINER

THE FUTURETHE FUTURE



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AIRBUS A380




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Northrop Grumman X-47B Pegasus Unmanned Combat Air SystemDemonstrator (UCAS-D).




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BOEING 797 FLYING WING

PASSENGER JET



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SCALED COMPOSITES

SPACESHIP ONE

(Building Spaceship Two for Virgin Galactic)

http://www.scaled.com/index.html




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SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES

FALCON 1 LAUNCH VEHICLE

http://www.spacex.com




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ORION CREW EXPLORATION

VEHICLE



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ARES ILaunch

Vehicle (5

segmentshuttle SRB

for the 1st

stage and aliquid fueled

J2X engine for the second

stage)

ARES V LaunchVehicle (two - 5segment shuttle

SRBs and a 33 ftdiameter liquidfueled booster with 5 RS-68

engines for the 1st

stage and an EarthDeparture Stagewith a single J2X

engine)



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LUNAR SURFACE ACCESS MODULE



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ORION AND LSAM



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For More InformationFor More Information� ASME Professional Practice Curriculum (PPC)

The ASME Professional Practice Curriculum was developed by senior engineers, managers, and faculty leaders for early-career engineers andengineering students to supplement and enhance their formal engineering education. The curriculum covers a diverse array of topics on principles of engineering and business practice and professionalism aimed to better prepare graduates for entry into and early advancement in the engineering profession.

http://professionalpractice.asme.org/

Industry Series ± Aerospace Module1) Introduction

2) Industry Scope3) Industry Sectors4) Industry Operations5) Job Functions6) Industry Outlook7) Mapping Your Career 8) Industry Resources

9) Summary



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Aerospace Web Sites Aerospace Web Sites

� Bureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bls.gov/

� About Aerospace/ Aviation - Links to many aerospace employers http://aerospace.about.com/industry/aerospace/cs/aviationjobs/index.htm

� SpaceJobs.com - Aviation and Aerospace business news and job searchhttp://www.spacejobs.com/index.shtml

� Aircraft Design Siteshttp://www.aircraftdesign.com/other.html

� Aerospace Industries Association ± sign up for AIA Updatehttp://www.aia-aerospace.org/



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Aerospace Web Sites Aerospace Web Sites

� AOL Hometown - Aerospace Job Searchhttp://hometown.aol.com/aerojobs/Welcome.html

� Nation Job - Job database and search enginehttp://www.nationjob.com/aviation/

� N ASA - Job and internship informationhttp://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/http://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/stud_opps/

� Aerospace Mall - A directory of many aerospace/aviation related companies (From airframe to suppliers, from military to general aviation)

http://www.aerospacemall.com/� Internships

http://www.Tech-Interns.com



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ASME STUDENTMEMBERSHIP ASME STUDENTMEMBERSHIP

Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, today ASME International is a nonprofit educational and technical organization ser ving a worldwide membership of 100,000 members and 20,000 student members.

ASME offers students a wide range of technical and non technical benefits that will enable them to grow professionally, learn about the engineering profession, and gain valuable skills needed in today;s highly competitive work environment.

Any student enrolled in any curriculum leading to a degree in engineering at a regionally accredited school is eligible to join. You don¶t have to a Mechanical Engineering Student.

Dues, $25 per year (10/1 thr u 9/30) Freshmen can join for free.

http://www.asme.org/students or call 800-843-2763



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For More InformationFor More Information

� Burt Dicht, Managing Director

Knowledge and Community Sector

[email protected]

ASME Headquarters

Three Park Avenue, M/S 23S1

New York, NY 10016

212-591-7074

Designing Fighter Planes

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