“DESIGNER DRUGS” -“GETTING HIGH, SICK,

DISABLED, AND DEAD ON SYNETHETIC DRUGS”©

JUDGE KEVIN R. MADISONPRESIDING JUDGE LAKEWAY MUNICIPAL COURT

EMT-INTERMEDIATE (ADVANCED LIFESAVING)

FIREFIGHTER-FIRST RESPONDER© COPYRIGHT JUDGE KEVIN R. MADISON

Educational Objectives At the end of this presentation, participants will be able to:

1. Understand why courts and court personnel should have a working knowledge of emerging drugs that impact cases tried by the court (PI,DOC, DUI, etc.), cases that judges review for issuance of arrest and search warrants, and in dealing with people who may be under the influence in court, which impacts courtroom security.

2. Understand the basic physiology of how these drugs affect behavior.

3. Identify some of the new designer drugs that are emerging throughout the U.S.

4. Describe some of the effects and signs of use of these designer drugs.

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Points about this presentation1. I am not an expert on this topic - I am not a Chemist or Biologist.

2. A class on Designer Drugs could easily last a week. This topic is very complex because it intertwines criminal jurisprudence, law enforcement, medicine, physiology, psychiatry, organic chemistry, and politics.

3. We have an very limited time so it is impossible to discuss all the different new designer drugs popping up across the country. We will touch on a few of the most common designer drugs. There are hundreds out there.

4. In light of our limited time, I will be happy to entertain any questions at the end of this presentation. Please write down your questions or comments that you would like to share and we will address these at the end of this presentation if time allows.

5. Because of the limited time (50 minutes) I encourage you to get on the Internet: Google, Medscape, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and You Tube and explore this topic in greater detail on your own.

6. We should strive to know as much about Designer Drugs as the kids in our community know. 3

NHTSA 2005-2009 StudyNational Highway Traffics Safety Administration

Press Release # 16-10 Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Alcohol-related

incidents

Drug-related

incidents

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What are “Designer Drugs?”

• “Designer drugs” are chemicals that have been specifically made or “designed” by underground chemists so that they:

(1) are not covered by controlled substance statutes (and hence are not illegal), and

(2) still have the same “psychotropic affect” (cause stimulation, sedation, or hallucination, etc.) of the illegal popular drugs that people use.

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What are “Designer Drugs?”

Designer Drugs are drugs that are chemically created with different molecular structures than the original drugs that they imitate.

Example: synthetic marihuana called “Spice” or “K-2” is a chemical that mimics the chemical structure of THC in marihuana and its effects.

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syn·thet·icsinˈTHetik/

adjective: synthetic(of a substance) made by chemical synthesis, esp. to imitate a natural product. "synthetic rubber“

noun: synthetica synthetic material or chemical, esp. a textile fiber.

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How Psychoactive Substances Work

• Because of their chemical structure, alcohol and drugs have dramatic effects on receptor cells and neurotransmitters in Central Nervous System.

• Effects on:

– Mental processes

– Behavior

– Perception

– AlertnessSOURCE: NIDA. (2010). Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction.

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Our body and brain operate by maintaining, increasing, or decreasing chemicals and hormones that affect

neuro-receptors and neuro-transmitters

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For those who want to alter Sensation, Behavior, and Bodily Functions it’s all about ingesting drugs that affect neuro-receptors & neuro-transmitters.

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How these drugs work

When absorbed into the body, drugs interact with and modify cells, organs, and bodily systems by:• Altering the way the body normally functions

(increasing, slowing, or enhancing bodily processes, or level or quality of functioning),

• Altering the operation of tissues, organs, and systems,

• Affecting hormones and enzymes, and• Impacting processes such as digestion,

respiration, circulation, and mental functioning.

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Commonly Used Psychoactive Substances

SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

SUBSTANCE EFFECTS

Alcohol (liquor, beer, wine)

euphoria, stimulation, relaxation,lower inhibitions, drowsiness

Cannabinoids (marijuana, hashish)

euphoria, relaxations, slowed reaction time, distorted perception

Opioids (heroin, opium, many pain meds)

euphoria, drowsiness, sedation

Stimulants(cocaine, methamphetamine)

exhilaration, energy

Club Drugs (MDMA/Ecstasy, GHB)

hallucinations, tactile sensitivity, lowered inhibition

Dissociative Drugs (Ketamine, PCP, DXM)

feel separated from body, delirium, impaired motor function

Hallucinogens(LSD, Mescaline)

hallucinations, altered perception12

“Psychoactive/Psychotropic” Drugs

These drugs affect the brain, brain chemicals, and brain receptors.

These drugs are “mind altering” and affect a person’s mind and body because they are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which many drugs cannot cross.

Alcohol, Marihuana, Cocaine, Heroin, Amphetamines are all examples of drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. 13

Problem with Designer Drugs

Although the chemical structure may be barely changed, the problem is that the properties of these drugs can dramatically change!

Super-enhanced properties of the drugs they copied: hyperactivity

hallucinationsparanoiasuperhuman strength ...

And then some bad properties of their own.14

Problem with Designer Drugs

Because their molecular structure is different these drugs are usually not illegal; however, legal does not mean safe!

New molecular structure creates whole new effects on mind and body- many of them bad:

increased heart rateheart attacksstrokes (brain attack)permanent brain injuriesorgan damage and shut-down 15

Close but drastically different!

Making one small change to a molecular structure of a compound can lead to drastic changes in the properties of that substance.

For example: H20 is water, of course.If you add another oxygen atom: H202

The water becomes Hydrogen Peroxide, not poison but toxic and corrosive to human tissue...causes burns. Used for rocket fuel and making bombs.

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Some Designer Drugs

Bath Salts

Spice/K2

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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• Designer drugs do not have FDA approval and are produced by underground chemists who do not care about quality control of the product.

• Designer drugs are not correctly synthesized and purified.

• Designer drugs contain numerous toxic impurities not separated from the desired active ingredient after the synthesis was completed.

• Toxic impurities are ingested by user, can create serious problems, esp. for IV users.

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Where do Designer Drugs come from?

• Chemical Research

• Published articles by Pharmaceutical Companies and Chemists

• Independent Chemists who love drugs

• “Basement Chemists”

• Made/imported from China and India then “assembled” and marketed in U.S.

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Underground Chemists

• Underground chemists first determine which drugs are listed in the jurisdiction’s controlled substance statute.

• Then these chemists make changes to the molecular structure of these drugs creating a slightly altered compound.

• May have very bad effects!• Legal Safe!!!!

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Common Characteristics of Designer Drugs

• Synthetic

• Marketed as something else – Bath Salts, Incense, Glass

Cleaner, Plant Food, Room Spray

• Attractive packaging

• Very small quantity (250mg-3gm) to obtain “high” thus many people overdose!

• Disclaimers

“Not for human

consumption” 21

Common Characteristics of Designer Drugs

• White Powder or capsule

• No Ingredients listed

• Sold in Head Shop or Internet

• “Research Chemicals”

• “Does not contain . . .”

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Spice sold as Incense

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www.24hoursmokeshoplasvegas.com

Las Vegas Smoke Shop is the home of some of the world’s highest quality and best selling brands of Spice and Potpourri blends. Our spice and potpourri products are made with quality ingredients. These products are extremely potent and have the soothing aroma that you seek. All of our brands have the strength, quality, and consistency of the world’s best. All of our blends are lab certified not to contain any DEA banned synthetics.

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Bath Salts a/k/a “K3”

“Bath salts” is an informal name for a family of designer drugs, that have similar effects of amphetamines and cocaine. Labeled as “bath salts” to avoid being labeled as a drug for human consumption.

“Bath salts” contained Cathinone (extracted from the Khat plant).

Then, Bath Salts went to synthetic Cathinone-known as MDPV.

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Cathinone aka “Kat”

Cathinone is extracted from the Khat plant.

Khat is a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

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Cathinone Bath Salts

• Stimulant, similar to ecstasy, cocaine and/or methamphetamine

• Derived from Cathinone from Khat plant

• “Not for human consumption”

• White, odorless, “pills”, fine-grained powder or crystals (oxidizes to yellow or tan)

• Can be ingested by snorting, smoking, swallowing, and intravenous access.

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Cathinone is Illegal in U.S.

Cathinone is Schedule I drug under the Federal Controlled Substances Act.

Schedule I drugs under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) are classified as having a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision.

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MDPV Bath SaltsSold as “Bath Salts”

Chemically created to be like Cathinone (Schedule 1 C.S.)

Dose: 25mg – 500mgCNS stimulant (up to 3 days)

Delusional

Seizures

Restless / Irritated

Inflammation of heart

Teeth Grinding.30

What is MDPV?MDPV- Methylene-dioxy-pyrov-alerone

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties which acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).

Produces a feeling of euphoria and well-being (dopamine) and energy (adrenaline).

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MDPV= Active compound

Sold as “Bath Salts”

“Chemical analog”of Cathinone

What is a “Chemical Analog”?A chemical compound that is structurally

similar to another but differs slightly in composition -as in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element. (Merriam-Webster On-Line Dictionary)

Designed to be different to get around the law.32

MDPV now banned In U.SSchumer Law Passes

In July 2012 bath salts containing MDPV and some 29 other synthetic drugs (most of the synthetic marijuana drugs and their clones) became illegal in the U.S. when MDPV and mephedrone were added to Schedule I of the Federal Controlled Substances Act, which classifies drugs that are illegal and cannot be prescribed under any circumstances.

U.S. Senator Charles Schumer D-NY

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1 Dose Bath Salts…

DAY 1 Banging head into wall Pulled out IV twice Hallucinating, thought security

guard drank his beer

• HGN: 2• Pulse: 112 bpm• Blood Pressure: 144/94• Body Temperature: 98.5• Pupils: 9 – 10 mm in all lighting

conditions• Muscle Tone: Rigid

DAY 2• Combative• 12 people to control, injures 1

security guard• Lorazepam x 3, Haloperidol x1

to control• Moved to ICU• Combative again when woke

up

DAY 3• Resting pulse 120• Exhausted, no memory

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Dangers of Bath Salts

• Abuse of recreational drugs sold as "bath salts" has sent an increasing number of people to hospitals in the United States and has resulted in deaths.

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Effects of Bath Salts

DESIRED

• Euphoria

• Empathy/decreased hostility

• Hallucinations

• Increased insight/self-discovery

• Increased energy

• Enhanced music appreciation

WHAT REALLY HAPPENS

• Restless / irritated

• Delusional / paranoia

• Nose bleeds, headache

• Dilated pupils, blurred vision

• Blue/cold extremities

• Nausea/vomiting

• Seizures, teeth grinding

• Chest pain (inflamed heart)

• Excessive sweating/panic

• Trip to Jail, Hospital, or County Morgue

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Synthetic Marijuana

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Spice/K-2

Synthetic Marihuana

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What is SPICE / K2 ?Dangerous, synthetic research chemicals that have been dissolved in acetone and sprayed onto dried plant material (herbs)

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SPICE/K2

• Plant material

• Marketed as incense

• Laced with various synthetic compounds that behave like THC

• Smoked or mixed in drink or food

• Was legal, now illegal

• 1g -3g packages About 2x price of marihuana

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Spice/K2

Ingredients: Baybean, Blue Lotus, Lion's Tail, Lousewort, Indian Warrior, Dwarf Scullcap, Maconha Brava, Pink Lotus, Marshmallow, Red Clover, Rose, Siberian Motherwort, Canavalia Maritime, Leonotis Leonurus, Leonurus Sibiricus, Pedicularis Densiflora, Scuttellaria Nana, Vanilla Planifolia, Zorinia Latifolia, Magnolia Officinalis, Rosa Gallica, Trifolium 41

Brands/Flavors

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Symptoms of SpiceNot always a bad trip, but if you’re involved it probably is

•Elevated BP (140-210 / 100-110)

•Rapid heart rate (110-150bpm) – can be decreased BP / heart rate

•Tremors / Seizures

•Unconsciousness

•Hallucinations / Delusions / Paranoia

•Numbness / Tingling / Muscle Loss.43

Symptoms of SpiceNot always a bad trip, but if you’re involved it probably is

• Vomiting• Memory Loss • Incoherent/slurred

speech• May feel cold / hot • Excessive thirst• 6-8hr high (some effects

up to 30hrs)

Permanent Brain Damage

Death

• Cyclic Symptoms

• Effects vary from use to use and person to person

• “Excited Delirium”– No pain

– No clothes

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Synthetic Marihuana aka “Spice” and Driving

Michigan Criminal Case APD#10-14949•Crossed raised median 3 times, hit concrete wall 2x, driving on sidewalk w/ broken axle / tire

•6HGN + vertical

•.000 BAC

•Hallucinating

•“Death is all around me”

•Going to kill Officer.45

Emily Bauer – victim of Spice! Cypress, Texas

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Treatment?• No antidote

• Symptoms more like Stimulants and Dissociative Anesthetic than Marihuana

• Not detectable on standard screen

• Flush with Fluids (but not too much)

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SPICE/K2 now illegal

Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 (federal law).

The legislation bans synthetic compounds commonly found in synthetic marijuana ("K2" or "Spice"), synthetic stimulants ("bath salts"]), and hallucinogens, by placing them under Schedule I of the Federal Controlled Substances Act.

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Designer Drugs and Plants & Herbs

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT...

... as synthetic (“designer”) drugs become illegal, there is a large increase in the search and demand for organic/natural plants and herbs that are not illegal and that can create same desired effects- getting high or buzzed, hallucinating, decreasing sexual inhibitions, etc.

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Kratom (“Krat-om”)Asian plant leaf ‘Kratom' making

presence felt in US emergency rooms (NBC News March 19, 2012)

Opiate-like leaf from Southeast Asia is well known in the worlds of alternative medicine and the drug culture.

Used in S.E. Asia for hundreds of years.

Dozens of companies selling Kratom leaf and touting it as a way to combat fatigue, pain and depression — even as an antidote to heroin addiction

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KratomAsian leaf ‘Kratom' making presence

felt in US emergency rooms

But in addition to its possible medicinal uses,Kratom is beginning to show up in U.S.emergency rooms, with doctors saying theyare dealing with people sick from taking it,especially teens who try it to get high.(NBC News March 19, 2012)

Kratom is legal in most states – no federalban. Is on federal watch list. 51

KratomAsian leaf 'kratom' making presence

felt in US emergency rooms (NBC News March 19, 2012)

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Kratom Sold Herein Austin and in your city!

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Kratom- Available now at your local “Head Shop” or “Smoke Shop”

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Conclusions

Legal Safe!!!

Many items are legal, but dangerous.e.g. gasoline, rat poison, bleach, drain cleaner, spray paint, glue, arsenic

There are and will be hundreds and hundreds of synthetic drugs...because they are always morphing and changing

Most synthetic drugs are more dangerous than the original drugs they copy/mimic

Expect the unexpected when dealing with people under the influence of synthetics.

Conclusions

as synthetic (“designer”) drugs become illegal, there is a large increase in the search and demand for organic/natural plants and herbs that are not illegal and that can create same desired effects-getting high or buzzed, hallucinating, decreasing sexual inhibitions, etc.

Special ThanksKenneth Stecker

Michigan Traffic Safety

Resource Prosecutor

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