DESIGN STRATEGY FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Transcript of DESIGN STRATEGY FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
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DESIGN STRATEGY FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
RAEng Frontiers Champion Project:
Recycled Aggregate Concrete in South East Asia
Nikola TošićUniversitat Politécnica
de Catalunya
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CONTENTS
▸ Intro to CEN prEN1992 and fib Model Code 2020
▸ RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
▸ Background to RAC code provisions
▸ Implications for design and future work
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1.Intro to CEN prEN1992 & fib MC2020
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
CEN – European Committee for Standardization
EU + Iceland + Norway + Switzerland + UK + North Macedonia ++ Serbia + Turkey
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
EN 1992 – Design of Concrete StructuresEN 1992-1-1:2004 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1992-1-2:2004 Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designEN 1992-2:2005 Part 2: Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rulesEN 1992-3:2006 Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures
Links to other EN standards:EN 196, EN 197 – Methods of testing cement; CementEN 206+A1 – Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformityEN 10080 – Steel for the reinforcement of concreteEN 12620 – Aggregates for concreteEN 13670 – Execution of concrete structures
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
Revision of the Eurocodes
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
Revision of the Eurocodes
https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpage.php?id=23
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
Revision of the Eurocodes: prEN1992-1-1 & prEN1992-1-2
▸ CEN Enquiry: September–December 2021
▸ Target date of availability of 2nd generation EN 1992: March 2023
▸ Date of publication – national choice (National Annexes!)
▸ Target Date of Availability of last 2nd gen. Eurocodes: March 2026
▸ Target Date of Withdrawal of 1st gen Eurocodes: March 2028
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
International Federation for Structural Concrete – fib
Euro-International
Committee for Concrete
Comité euro-internationale du béton1953
CEB
International Federation
for Prestressing
Fédération internationale
de la précontrainte
1952
fib
David Fernández-Ordóñez, 2018
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
International Federation for Structural Concrete – fib
David Fernández-Ordóñez, 2018
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
Evolution of Model Codes
David Fernández-Ordóñez, 2018
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Intro to prEN1992 and MC2020
Task Group 4.7: Structural Applications of Recycled AggregateConcrete – Properties, Modelling, and Design
https://www.fib-international.org/commissions/com4-concrete-concrete-technology.html
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2.RAC provisions in prEN1992 & fib MC2020
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Current basis: EN 12620 & EN 206+A1
▸ Only coarse RA▸ Composition-based classification▸ Future – performance-based classification?
https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/reports/aggregates/en/04%20Sanchez-
%20EN%2012620%20Aggregates%20for%20concrete.pdf
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Current basis: EN 12620 & EN 206+A1
▸ Only coarse RA▸ Low substitution ratios▸ Assuming no change in properties/not taking into account any change
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Current situation:
▸ “High collection rates of well-segregated CDW are achieved…but the market uptake of recycled materials is really low; large storage areas at treatment plants have essentially become temporary landfills”
▸ Motivation: increase the use of RA in structural applications!
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
MC2020 section 12
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3.Background to RAC code provisions
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Background: significant amount of research performed overprevious decades on all levels – from material to structural
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Background documents
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Fabienne Robert, 2021
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Choice of main variable – N.3
▸ Definition of αRA
▸ Future: changes to EN 206?
▸ Future: LoA with more variables?
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Choice of main variable – MC2020
▸ τTRA (=αRA) and τRCA
▸ MC2020 does not rely on EN 206
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Density
• volumetric vs. mass replacement ratio
Δ𝜌RAC = 𝜌ag ∙ 𝑉ag − 𝜌ag ∙ 𝑉ag ∙ 1 − 𝛼V,RA + 𝜌c ∙ 𝑉ag ∙ 𝛼V,RA = (𝜌c−𝜌ag) ∙ 𝑉ag ∙ 𝛼V,RA
𝛼RA =𝜌c ∙ 𝑉ag ∙ 𝛼V,RA
𝜌ag ∙ 𝑉ag 1 − 𝛼V,RA + 𝜌c ∙ 𝑉ag ∙ 𝛼V,RA=
𝜌c ∙ 𝛼V,RA
𝜌ag ∙ 1 − 𝛼V,RA + 𝜌c ∙ 𝛼V,RA
𝛼V,RA =𝜌ag ∙ 𝛼RA
𝜌c + (𝜌ag − 𝜌c) ∙ 𝛼RA
𝜌RAC = 2.50 − 0.22 ∙ 𝛼RA[9]
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Compressive strength
• Input parameter in the code!
• No observed difference in statistical distribution vs. NAC
• <= C50/60 (~fcm,max = 60 MPa)
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Modulus of elasticity
• 𝐸cm = 𝑘E ∙ 𝑓cmΤ1 3
• 𝐸cm = 𝑘E − 𝑘E − 𝑘RA ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝑓cmΤ1 3
• Experimental database
• prEN1992: 𝐸cm = 𝑘E ∙ 1 − 0.25 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝑓cmΤ1 3
• MC2020: 𝐸cm = 𝑘E ∙ 1 − 1 −7100
𝑘E∙ 𝛼𝑅𝐴 ∙ 𝑓cm
Τ1 3
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Tensile strength
prEN 1992: 𝑓ctm = 0.3 ∙ 𝑓ckΤ2 3 = 0.3 ∙ 𝑓cm − 8 Τ2 3; for concrete strength class ≤ C50/60
and 𝑓ctm = 1.1 ∙ 𝑓ckΤ1 3; for concrete strength class > C50/60
MC2020: 𝑓ctm = 1.8 ∙ ln 𝑓ck − 3.1 = 1.8 ∙ ln 𝑓cm − 8 − 3.1; for all strength classes
𝑓ctm = 𝑎 ∙ 1 − 1 −𝑏
𝑎∙ 𝛼𝑅𝐴 ∙ 𝑓ck
Τ2 3
Experimental database
For low RA content no change!
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Stress–strain relationship
•𝜎c
𝑓cm=
𝑘∙𝜂−𝜂2
1+ 𝑘−2 ∙𝜂
• 𝜀c1 = 0.7 ∙ 𝑓cmΤ1 3 ≤ 2.8‰
• 𝜀cu1 = 2.8 + 14 ∙ 1 − Τ𝑓cm 108 4 ≤ 3.5‰
• Increases for RAC observed in experiments
• 𝜀c1 = 1+ 0.33 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 0.7 ∙ 𝑓cmΤ1 3 ≤ 2.8‰
• 𝜀cu1 = 1 + 0.33 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 2.8 + 14 ∙ 1 − Τ𝑓cm 108 4 ≤ 3.5‰
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RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
Fracture energy
• prEN 1992: not treated
• MC2020: 𝐺𝐹 = 85 ∙ 𝑓ck0.15
• Experimental database:
• 𝐺𝐹 = 1 − 0.4 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 85 ∙ 𝑓ck0.15
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Shrinkage
• Strong increase for RAC!
• RECYBETON: 𝜀cs,RAC 𝑡, 𝑡𝑠 = 1+ 0.82 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝜀cs 𝑡, 𝑡s
• Tošić et al. 2018: 𝜀cs,RAC 𝑡, 𝑡s = 𝜉cs,RAC ∙ 𝜀cs 𝑡, 𝑡s =100∙𝛼CRA
𝑓𝑐𝑚
0.30∙ 𝜀cs 𝑡, 𝑡s ≥ 𝜀cs 𝑡, 𝑡s
• 𝜀cs,RAC 𝑡, 𝑡𝑠 = 1+ 0.8 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝜀cs 𝑡, 𝑡s
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Creep
• Strong increase for RAC!
• RECYBETON:𝜑RAC 𝑡, 𝑡0 = 1 + 0.9 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝜑 𝑡, 𝑡0
• Tošić et al. 2019a: 𝜑RAC 𝑡, 𝑡0 = 𝜉cc,RAC ∙ 𝜑 𝑡, 𝑡0 = 1.12 ∙100∙𝛼CRA
𝑓cm
0.15∙ 𝜑 𝑡, 𝑡0 ≥ 𝜑 𝑡, 𝑡0
• 𝜑RAC 𝑡, 𝑡0 = 1 + 0.6 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙ 𝜑 𝑡, 𝑡0
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Durability
• prEN 1992: If Exposure Resistance Classes (ERC) are not used, “traditional” cover
recommendations are given
• ERCs not envisioned by MC2020
• Qualitative literature review:
• Carbonation – cmin,dur,NAC + 5 mm
• Chloride ingress – cmin,dur,NAC + 10 mm
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Flexural and shear strength
• Basing calculations on fcm – no need to modify flexural strength models
• For shear there is a need to increase γC!
• Members not requiring shear reinforcement:
• 𝜏Rd,c ≥ 𝜏Rdc,min ⟹0.66
𝛾C∙ 100 ∙ 𝜌l ∙ 𝑓ck ∙
𝑑dg
𝑑
Τ1 3
≥11
𝛾C∙
𝑓ck
𝑓yd
𝑑dg
𝑑
• 𝑑dg = 16 mm+ 𝐷lower ≤ 40 mm for 𝑓ck ≤ 60 MPa
• 1 − 0.2 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙0.66
𝛾C∙ 100 ∙ 𝜌l ∙ 𝑓ck ∙
𝑑dg
𝑑
Τ1 3
≥ 1 − 0.2 ∙ 𝛼RA ∙11
𝛾C∙
𝑓ck
𝑓yd
𝑑dg
𝑑
• ddg limited to 16 mm
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Deflection control
• Decrease modulus; increase creep and shrinkage – not enough
• Decrease tension stiffening (Tošić et al. 2019b)
• 𝑎 = 𝑎1 ∙ 1 − 𝜁 + 𝑎2 ∙ 𝜁; 𝜁 = 1 − 𝛽tRA ∙𝜎sr
𝜎s
2
• 𝛽tRA = 1.0 for single, short − term loading
• 𝛽tRA = 0.25 for sustained or repeated loading
• Expression for L/d can be used as long as modulus, creep and shrinkage are considered
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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Bond and anchorage/lap lengths
• No differences observed relative to NAC
RAC provisions in prEN1992 and MC2020
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4.Implications for designand future work
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Implications for design and future work
Example: 6-m one-way slab in a residential building, As for ULSShear strength:
Deflection control:
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
15 17 19 21 23 25
VR
d/V
Ed
L/d
NAC RAC 0.2
RAC 0.4
C25/30
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
15 17 19 21 23 25
VR
d/V
Ed
L/d
NAC RAC 0.2
RAC 0.4
C50/60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
15 17 19 21 23 25
a/a
lim
L/d
NAC
RAC 0.2
RAC 0.4
C25/30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
15 17 19 21 23 25
a/a
lim
L/d
NAC
RAC 0.2
RAC 0.4
C50/60
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Implications for design and future work
Directions for future work
Punching: critical for RAC use in residential and office buildingsExisting research scarce or not fully representative
Carbonated RA: easier mix design, improvement of RAC fresh-state and hardened properties; structural behaviour?
Prestressed RAC: existing research scarce
Innovative reinforcements/concretes: FRC, FRP, 3DPC, etc.
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REFERENCES1. Tam, V.W.Y.; Soomro, M.; Evangelista, A.C.J. A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000-2017). Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 172, 272–
2922. Gálvez-Martos, J.-L.; Styles, D.; Schoenberger, H.; Zeschmar-Lahl, B. Construction and demolition waste best management practice in Europe. Resour.
Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 136, 166–1783. Silva, R. V.; De Brito, J.; Dhir, R.K. The influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete: A review. Eur. J. Environ. Civ.
Eng. 2015, 19, 825–8494. Ignjatović, I.; Marinković, S.; Mišković, Z.; Savić, A. Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams under short-term loading. Mater.
Struct. 2013, 469, 1045–10595. Silva, R.V.; de Brito, J.; Dhir, R.K. Establishing a relationship between the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate
concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 2171–21866. Lye, C.Q.; Ghataora, G.S.; Dhir, R.K. Shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. In Proceedings of the Structures and Buildings, Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers; ICE, 2016; pp. 1–257. Pacheco, J.; Brito, J. De; Soares, D. Destructive Horizontal Load Tests of Full-scale Recycled Aggregate Concrete Structures. ACI Struct. J. 2015, 112, 815–
8268. Bodet, R.; Colina, H.; De Larrard, F.; Delaporte, B.; Ghorbel, E.; Mansoutre, S.; Roudier, J. Comment recycler le béton dans le béton: Recommendations du
projet national Recybeton; 20189. Tošić, N.; Torrenti, J.M.; Sedran, T.; Ignjatović, I. Toward a codified design of recycled aggregate concrete structures : Background for the new fib Model
Code 2020 and Eurocode 2. Struct. Concr. 2020, 1–23, doi:10.1002/suco.20200051210. Pacheco, J.; de Brito, J.; Chastre, C.; Evangelista, L. Experimental investigation on the variability of the main mechanical properties of concrete
produced with coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 201, 110–12011. De Larrard, F.; Colina, H. Concrete Recycling: Research and Practice; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 201912. Tošić, N.; de la Fuente, A.; Marinković, S. Shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete: experimental database and application of fib Model Code 2010.
Mater. Struct. Constr. 2018, 51, 12613. Tošić, N.; de la Fuente, A.; Marinković, S. Creep of recycled aggregate concrete: Experimental database and creep prediction model according to the fib
Model Code 2010. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 195, 590–59914. Tošić, N.; Marinković, S.; de Brito, J. Deflection control for reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams : Experimental database and extension of the
fib Model Code 2010 model. Struct. Concr. 2019, 20, 1–1515. Tošić, N.; Torrenti, J.M. New Eurocode 2 provisions for recycled aggregate concrete and their implications for the design of one-way slabs. Build.
Mater. Struct. 2021, 64, 119–125
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
RAEng Frontiers Champion Project:
Recycled Aggregate Concrete in South East Asia
Nikola TošićUniversitat Politécnica
de Catalunya