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Investigation of stream characteristics

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Fig. Methods of fixing position of sounding boat

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Fig. Illustration of large span of a bridge across a deep valley

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Fig. Ganga bridge at Patna. The average and the maximum depth of the stream arecomparable.

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Fig. An example of a meandering river

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Bridge site

Fig. Identification of catchment area for a bridge site

Catchment area

Ridge line

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Fig. Coefficients for use in Dickensflood formula (multiply by 0.014 when area is in sq. km

and discharge is in cumecs)

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Fig. Schematic illustration of scour at a bridge pier

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Fig. Variation of discharge in the Ganga at Garh Mukteshwar

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Fig. Predicted and measured scour depths in the Ganga at Garh Mukteshwar

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How to decide the area of the bearing pedestal?

Plan dimension of the beating pedestal is decided based on the limiting

stresses and the thickness should be such that the cone of load dispersion

should be confined within the bearing pedestal

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Load combinations to be considered in design

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oad co b at o s to be co s de ed des g

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3.8+0.4+0.1=4.30 m

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A page from the ACI Building Code, ACI 318-08

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Mechanisms of shear resistance in a R.C. beam without web reinforcement

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Concrete contribution, Vc= Vcy + Vay+ Vd

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Typical detailing of reinforcement in a pier cap

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Strut-and-tie modeling of pier-caps

(Development of strut-and-tie models)

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Typical detailing of a corbel test specimen in elevation

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Corbel test set-up

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Failure crack patterns of the corbels

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Strut-and-tie models for double corbels

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Strut-and-tie models for single corbels

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