Design of a Carbon Neutral Airport - George Mason Universityhydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and...

Design of a Carbon Neutral Airport Joel Hannah, Danielle Hettmann,

Naseer Rashid, Chris Saleh, Cihan Yilmaz

Agenda

• Context/Background

• Stakeholders/Problem

• Airport Operations

• Case Study

• Airport Inventory Tool

• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

2

Aviation

Sources: The Global Airline Industry, Belobaba et al, 2009

FAA 2010 Year in review 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Pas

sen

gers

(i

n M

illio

ns)

Year

Enplanements at U.S. Airports Air transportation is a critical part of United States economy as part of movement of people and goods for economic growth

•$7.4 Billion profit for passenger carriers in 2010 •786.7 Billion revenue passenger miles in 2010

Climate Change

Sources: New England Aquarium, Introduction to Climate Change, 2012; White House Initiative on Global Climate Change, 1995

ACRP Report 11, Transportation Research Board 2009; Putting Aviation's Emissions in Context, International Civil Aviation Organization 4

•3.63% of U.S. GHG Emissions •2% of global CO2 Emissions

•Keeling Curve from data measured in Hawaii •Since 1960, data shows an increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere

Emissions Introduction

Source: Adapted from Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024

5

Governmental Response

• Kyoto Protocol (United Nations) – Aims to reduce four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide,

methane, nitrous oxide, and sulphur hexafluoride) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and perfluorocarbons (PFC)

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (USEPA) – CO2 included as air pollutant since 2007, no CO2 in aviation

• International Air Transport Association (IATA) Carbon Neutral Growth – 1.5% average annual improvement in fuel efficiency from 2009

to 2020 – Carbon-neutral growth from 2020 – 50% absolute reduction in carbon emissions by 2050

Sources: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 15th Conference of the Parties , Background Paper A, 2009

EPA, GHG Tailoring Rule, May 2010

IATA, Carbon-Neutral Growth by 2020, 8 June 2009 6

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

7

Stakeholder Interactions

8

Maturity

-customer complaints

-impacts on airport service

-regulations

Control

-negotiating airport budget

-capital investments

-manage daily ops

Emissions

-regulations (FAA, EPA)

-manage daily ops

-maintenance

Implementation

-handle customer complaints

-issues with airport service

-staff training

-manage daily ops

Evaluating Solutions

9

Airport Manager

Problem Statement

• Airport needs to achieve carbon neutral growth operating an enterprise with limited control

• With unmitigated growth, unable to reach carbon neutral growth by 2050

Source: FAA, Office of Environment & Energy

10

Notional FAA Domestic Projection for

Carbon Neutrality

2018

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

11

Airports as Sources of Emissions

•Aircraft

•Taxis

•Shuttles

•Rental Cars

•Personal Vehicles

•Tugs & Tractors

•Fuel Tankers

•Ground Power Units

•Buses

•Container Loaders

•Transporters

•Air Starter

•Catering Vehicles

•Passenger Boarding Stairs

•Pushback Tugs

•Mobile Lounges

•Boilers

•Waste Disposal

•Incinerators

•Training Fires

•Construction Activities

•Airport Vehicles

12

Airport Operations

Four Main Sources of

Emissions:

Aircraft

Ground Access Vehicles

(GAV)

Stationary

Ground Support

Equipment (GSE)

General Idea:

•Passengers flow-in in

cars/buses/mass-

transit/airplanes

•Passengers leave on

airplanes/mass transit

Source: Google Maps 13

Airport Operations Video

14

Landing-Take Off Cycle (LTO)

Source: Port of Seattle Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - 2006 15

• LTO refers to the number of aircraft that land and then takeoff

• LTO is divided into 4 segments

• Approach

• Taxi-idle

• Takeoff

• Climbout

• Baseline for emissions calculations

• N = number of engines

• T = time in mode (minutes)

• F = fuel burn rate

• E = emissions index for LTO mode

• LTO = annual landing take-off cycles

•

Aircraft Emissions

Aircraft Emissions =

(𝑁𝑒𝑛𝑔 ) 𝑇𝑖 ∗ 𝐹𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝑖 𝐿𝑇𝑂

16

T = time in use

R = horsepower

L = load factor

C = CO2 emissions factor

GSE Emissions

GSE Emissions =

𝑇𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝐿𝑔 (𝐶)

17

Source: Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority

GAV Emissions

• D = distance travelled by vehicle

• F = fuel economy of vehicle

• E = emissions index value

• v = vehicle

18

GAV Emissions =

𝐷𝑣

𝐹𝑣 (𝐸𝑣)

Stationary Emissions

• f = total fuel consumed

• E = emissions index of fuel type

• m = source

19

Stationary Emissions

= 𝑓𝑚 ∗ 𝐸𝑚

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

20

Case Study – Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)

• Operated by MWAA • Located in Chantilly, VA • Airport Opened – Nov. 1962 • Airport Property – 11,830 acres

– 3 Terminals – 104 gates – 4 Runways – Mobile Lounges – AeroTrain system

• 5 Public Parking Areas – 24,000 spaces – Serviced by MWAA controlled

shuttle buses

• Dulles Toll Road, Route 28 • Taxi Contract – Washington

Flyer

Source: Quick Airport Statistics, Dulles International Airport, http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/208.htm 21

IAD Trends in Demand

Source: Air Traffic Statistics, Dulles International Airport, http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/653.htm 22

-5,000,000

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

20

10

Passengers

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

20

10

Total Flights

Focus of Work

• Provide the airport manager a tradeoff analysis for strategies to achieve carbon neutral growth

– Carbon neutral growth by 2020

– Baseline of 2005

– Zero net growth of emissions by 2050

Sources: FAA Next Gen, faa.gov/nextgen

International Air Transport Association, http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2009-06-08-03.aspx

23

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

24

Tradeoff Analysis – Airport Inventory Tool

• Airport Manager as user

• Calculate emissions for baseline

• Provides emissions projections

• Model reflects design alternatives

25

Airport Inventory Tool

26

Method - Aircraft

27

Method - Aircraft

• Operations Data from Dulles Airport: – Fleet mix – Annual LTOs for each aircraft

• Fuel Burn Rates for each LTO segment (CATSR, George Mason University): – Applied FBR to each aircraft in Dulles fleet – Assumptions made if aircraft not in CATSR database by using similar class of

aircraft/engine – Supplemented with data from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport

Environmental Impact Study

• LTO Emissions Factors / Fuel Consumption (kg/LTO/aircraft) verified with Aircraft Emissions Data from ICAO (2007)

• Time in Mode for each LTO segment (MWAA): – Applied time to each aircraft in Dulles fleet

• APU Emissions calculation (European Commission): – 1.6% of total aircraft emissions

28

Airport Inventory Tool - Aircraft

29

Airport Inventory Tool - Aircraft

30

Method - GSE

31

Method - GSE

• Derived GSE Groups based on Dulles Operational Data – List of GSE for IAD from Draft Environmental Impact

Statement for New Runways and Terminal Facilities (MWAA, 2005)

– Analyzed each aircraft type, found similar groupings of GSE, assigned group label

– Calculated emissions for each group using provided information: operating time, horsepower, load factor

– Emissions index values from EPA based on IAD specified fuel types

32

Airport Inventory Tool - GSE

33

Airport Inventory Tool – GSE Groups

34

Method - GAV

35

Method - GAV

• Total passengers for IAD in 2005 (MWAA) • O&D passengers Seattle-Tacoma Emissions Inventory, verified by

vehicles per year data from Roadway Database (IAD – EDMS) • Distribution of O&D passengers to vehicle type, MPG, distance

travelled (Seattle-Tacoma Emissions Inventory) • Passengers per vehicle:

– Personal vehicles: derived through assumptions of average vehicle capacity (Census data and first person observation)

– Parking shuttle: derived using passengers traveling by private vehicle. 60% of these passengers are assumed to park on airport property. Of these passengers, 60% are assumed to take a parking shuttle to the main terminal.

– Rental shuttle: 100% of passengers using rental cars are assumed to use the rental shuttles.

36

Airport Inventory Tool - GAV

37

Method - Stationary

38

Method - Stationary

• Stationary data currently being collected by the airport for reporting to Clean Air Act regulations

• Emissions indices from EIA and EPA for each fuel type

39

Airport Inventory Tool - Stationary

40

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

41

AIT Results

42

LTO Modeled:

185,390

Domestic and International

Passengers (Annually)

27,052,118

O&D Passengers

19,748,046

Total CO2 Emissions (kg/year)

590,876,659

CO2/Passengers CO2 (kg) Aircraft (total CO2/total passengers) 9.43 GAV (total CO2/O&D passengers) 14.77 GSE (total CO2/total passengers) 1.10 Stationary (total CO2/total passengers) 0.52

25.83

Evaluating Alternatives

Source: Transportation Research Board, Airport Cooperative Research Program, Report 56 43

Score Implementation

Time Maturity of

Reduction Strategy Airport Control Emissions Reduction

1 Long-term: > 10

years Conceptual stage

Airport operator has no ownership, control, or influence over implementation of the strategy.

Does not decrease emissions

2 Medium-term: 6–

10 years Trial tested

Airport operator has no ownership or control but can influence the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions through policy, procedures, or training.

Low: Reduction of emissions is always relatively low.

3 Short-term: 1–5

years Proven

Airport has no ownership or control but can influence the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

through infrastructure improvements.

Medium: There is potential for the reduction of emissions to range from

low to high depending on implementation details.

4 Immediate: < 1

year Proven at airports

Airport operator has complete control over implementation of the strategy.

High: Reduction of emissions is always relatively high.

*4 is best, 1 is worst

Utility

Implementation Time

(0.15)

Maturity of Reduction Strategy

(0.15)

Airport Control

(0.30)

Emissions Reduction

(0.40)

Aircraft Implementation

44

Alternative How will this impact

emissions Goal

Utility

Value

CO2

Reduced

(kg)

Annually

Ranking

by

Utility

Cost

Ranking by

Emissions

Saving

Minimize the Use of

Auxiliary Power Units

(APUs)

Decrease emissions

through APU,

supplement APU

with electric ground

power

50% reduction in

emissions from

APU

0.63 6,129,651 1 8

Fuel Efficiency Targets

for Aircraft

Higher efficiency,

less fuel burned,

lower emissions

50% inc in

efficiency per

aircraft

0.60 125,591,052 6 1

Development of

Alternative Fuels for

Aircraft

Alternative fuels

have lower

Emission Index

compared to Jet A

Fuel

50% fuel mix in all

engines 0.32 67,920,449 11 2

Implement Emission-

based Incentives and

Landing Fees

Incentivize landing

more efficient

aircraft, lower

emissions/LTO

Shift total annual

LTO per aircraft

class to most

efficient aircraft in

that class

0.52 63,968,930 7 3

GAV Implementation

45


emissions Goal Utility Value

CO2 Reduced (kg) Annually

Ranking by Utility Cost

Ranking by Emissions

Saving

Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars

and Commercial

Vehicles

Convert Rental Cars from Gas to Hybrid

50% Rental Fleet to Hybrid

0.62 24,111,294 4 5

Provide Transit Fare Discounts

and/or Alternative

Mode Subsidies

Promote using low emission vehicles for

airport transport

10% GAV to Hybrid

0.52 17,093,539 7 6

Alternatively Fueled Taxis

Convert Taxi Fleet to Hybrid [Control through MWAA

Contract]

100% Taxi Fleet to Hybrid

0.63 2,545,749 1 9

Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions

Friendly Vehicles

Priority Parking encourages driving Emissions Friendly

Vehicles

2% GAV to Hybrid 0.50 1,084,202 9 10

GSE & Stationary Implementation


emissions Goal Utility Value


Ranking by

Utility Cost

Ranking by

Emissions Saving

Install Sustainable, Long-term Vegetation

Offset CO2 Emissions through trees (CO2

removed based on tree diameter)

4 acres of mature trees (planted 10 feet apart, each absorbing 10 kg CO2 annually)

0.63 17,400 1 11

Alternatively Fueled Ground Service

Equipment (GSE)

Convert GSE from Gas/Diesel to Electric

Power

50% GSE to Electric Power

0.48 10,386,825 10 7

Push Back Tugs Minimize taxi time,

implementing push back tugs reduces taxi time

Reduce Taxi Time 50%

0.62 37,016,242 4 4

46

Utility vs. Cost

47

CO2 per Passenger

CO2 (kg)/PAX [without

mitigation] 25.8 kg

CO2(kg)/PAX [with design alternatives

implemented] 7.8 kg

18.0 kg mitigated

48

Findings

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,600,000,000

1,800,000,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(kg)

Year

Emissions Projection 2005 to 2050 (2% Growth)

All Design Alternatives Combined Forecasted 2% Desired

49

Carbon neutral growth can be achieved with a margin of 51 million kg CO2 in 2050

Findings

-

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,600,000,000

1,800,000,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(kg)

Year

Emissions Projection 2005 to 2050 (4% Growth)

All Design Alternatives Combined Forecasted 4% Desired

- Carbon neutral growth cannot be achieved

- Exceed desired levels beginning in 2038

- Gap of 302 million kg CO2 in 2050

50

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

51

Recommendations

Alternative Goal Utility Value


Ranking by Utility

Ranking by Emissions

Saving

Minimize the Use of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) 50% reduction in emissions from APU 0.63 6,129,651 1 8

Install Sustainable, Long-term Vegetation 4 acres of mature trees (planted 10 feet apart,

each absorbing 10 kg CO2 annually) 0.63 17,400 1 11

Alternatively Fueled Taxis 100% Taxi Fleet to Hybrid 0.63 2,545,749 1 9

Push Back Tugs Reduce Taxi Time 50% 0.62 37,016,242 4 4

Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commercial Vehicles

50% Rental Fleet to Hybrid 0.62 24,111,294 4 5

Fuel Efficiency Targets for Aircraft 50% inc in efficiency per aircraft 0.60 125,591,052 6 1

Implement Emission-based Incentives and Landing Fees

Shift total annual LTO per aircraft class to most efficient aircraft in that class

0.52 63,968,930 7 3

Provide Transit Fare Discounts and/or Alternative Mode Subsidies

10% GAV to Hybrid 0.52 17,093,539 7 6

Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions Friendly Vehicles

2% GAV to Hybrid 0.50 1,084,202 9 10

Alternatively Fueled Ground Service Equipment (GSE) 50% GSE to Electric Power 0.48 10,386,825 10 7

Development of Alternative Fuels for Aircraft 50% fuel mix in all engines 0.32 67,920,449 11 2

52

Future Work

• Inhibiting factors to carbon neutral growth: – Technology (aircraft)

– Limitations of cost

– Stakeholder disagreement • Disagreement between people and policy

• Required cooperation between multiple regulatory agencies

• Evaluate how advances in technology impact ability to attain carbon neutral growth

• Evaluate the use of ‘green’ ticket fee to cover carbon offsets and invest in new technology

53

Agenda




• Case Study


• Results

• Recommendations

• Management

54

WBS

55

Design of a Carbon Neutral

Airport

1.0 Planning

1.1 Context

1.2 Stakeholder Analysis

1.3 Problem

1.4 Need

1.5 Scope

1.6 Requirements

2.0 Design / Method of

Analysis

2.1 Research

2.2 CONOPS

2.3 Develop Tool

2.4 Analyze Tool

2.5 Enhance Tool

3.0 Implement

3.1 Apply Tool

3.2Analyze Results

3.3 Formulate Goals/Limits

3.4 Develop Mitigation Strategies

4.0 Deliver

4.1 Preliminary Project Plan

4.2 Final Project Plan

4.3Poster

4.4IEEE Conference Paper

4.5 Presentations

4.6 Competitions

5.0 Management

5.1 WBS

5.2 Budget

5.3 Weekly Activity Summary

5.4Timesheets

5.5 360 Evaluation

Schedule

56

Earned Value

57

CPI / SPI

58

Questions

59

Design of a Carbon Neutral Airport - George Mason Universityhydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and...

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