Design Handouts

7/31/2019 Design Handouts

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Chapter 1: Residential

1.1 BATHROOMSActivities commonly performed in the bathroom include washing of hands, face, and hair, bathing,elimination, and grooming, and also such activities as hand laundering and infant care. Often it isalso used as a dressing room. Major problems in bathroom design include planning for optimumconvenience and privacy of all bathroom functions for all members of the household, adequate

provision for storage of supplies and equipment, and ease of cleaning. Some of the topics coveredunder this section are

Bathroom Design, Layout & Clearances Guidelines Bathroom design basic concepts Bathroom layout dimensions & measurements for mirror height, shower clearances,

bathtub clearances Flooring and ventilation suggestions for bathrooms Lighting recommendations for bathrooms Bathroom safety glass requirements Typical bathroom layouts

Bathroom Design BasicsA well-designed bathroom is comfortable to use, safe, durable, and easy to clean. Space planningrevolves around the main fixtures and their required clearances. Proper clearances are critical toavoid problems such as banged elbows at a sink placed too close to a wall or difficult access to thetub faucet.Bathroom safety concerns should be paramount in design decisions and material choices. For example, choose only nonskid flooring types and select tub and shower controls with foolproof anti-scald protection. Avoid designs with sunken tubs or tub surrounds with steps, both of whichare hazards.

Primary FixturesThe three primary fixtures found in most bathrooms are the lavatory, water closet (toilet), and tubor shower. The arrangement of the fixtures determines whether or not the bath is truly functional.For example, avoid locating the lavatory or water closet under a window. Provide ample space for each fixture in the room. Bathroom fixtures vary in size as shown in Figure 7-22. Check themanufacturers specifications and code requirements for placement of each of the fixtures. Amirror should be placed above the sink. Arrange the mirror so it will be well lighted and away fromthe tub to prevent fogging. The mirror should be tilted slightly downward for full viewing or bemounted low enough for a wheelchair user to see. Another option would be to install a full-lengthmirror on a bathroom wall or door. Medicine cabinets should be mounted so that the top shelf isnot over 50-1/2 from the floor; lower if mounted over a counter or sink.

Sink cabinets or vanities are popular and provide much-needed countertop and storage space.Lavatories can be circular or rectangular shape as well as other shapes. Twin lavatories aredesirable when more than one person must share the bathroom. Wall-mounted and pedestal modelsare once again becoming popular. They usually provide sufficient knee space for wheelchair users.A variety of vanity base units is shown in Figure 7-26.


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Lavatories: Sink Clearances, Heights, Measurements Clearances . Locate each sink so its centerline is at least 15 inches from a wall and 30

inches from the centerline of a second sink. The minimum walkway shown in front of thesink may not allow full accessibility (see Figure 6-16).

Height . While the standard vanity or sink height is 30 to 32 inches, 34 inches is a better

compromise between shorter and taller users. If a bath has more than one vanity, set one at30 to 34 inches and the other at 34 to 42 inches high.

Mirror Height Specifications for BathroomsThe bottom edge of a mirror over a vanity should be no more than 40 inches above the floor, or 48inches if the mirror is tilted forward.

Shower Dimensions, Clearances & Measurements for Bathrooms Clearances : Allow a minimum 21-inch walkway (30 inches preferred) from the front of

the shower stall to a wall or fixture. These clearances may not allow full accessibility. Size : Provide a minimum clear floor space inside the shower stall of 34x34 inches,

preferably 36x36 inches or larger.For optimal accessible-bathroom comfort and safety, increase the size to 36x42 inches to 48inches, which allows space for the user to step out of the stream of water to adjust thetemperature (Figure 6-17). Controls . Offset controls toward the outside of the tub so they are accessible from both

inside and outside the fixture. Bathtub controls should be no more than 33 inches high. If a handheld showerhead is used, it should be no higher than 48 inches at its lowest

position (Figure 6-18).


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Toilets and Bidet Layout & Clearances for Bathrooms Clearances . Fifteen inches is the allowable minimum from the centerline of toilets and

bidets to a fixture or wall, while 17 to 18 inches will create a more comfortable space(Figure 6-19).

Sixteen inches is the minimum for full accessibility as long as there is sufficient transfer space in front or on the side

Separate compartment . Compartmental toilet areas should be a minimum of 36x66 incheswith a swing-out or pocket door.

Toilet paper holde r. Locate with the center 26 inches above the floor, about 8 inchesforward from the front of the toilet.


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AA small bathroom with a shower. BA small full bathroom containing only the necessaryfixtures.CAn elaborate bath design that includes the bathing area, a dressing area, a grooming area, and asauna. Fig adjacent to is a planned layout for a minimum-size bathroom.

AccessibilityAccessibility to the bathroom is important, Figure 7-20. If there is only one bath for all the

bedrooms, locate the door in a hall common to all the bedrooms. One should not be required to go

through another room to reach the bath.Bathroom doors are ordinarily not as wide as bedroom doors. A door width of 2-6 or even 2-4is usually sufficient. If provisions are being made for wheelchair use, then the door should be aminimum of 2-8 wide. Doors should swing into the bathroom and not interfere with any fixtures.In some instances, a pocket door is used to subdivide the bath into two or more areas, as in a two-compartment bath, Figure 7-21.


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1.2 KITCHEN

Kitchen Design & Layout Guidelines: best practices List of types of work centers in kitchens Space and clearance requirements for kitchen work centers & activities: dishwasher, sink,

food prep, recycling, cooktop, oven landing area, microwave, refrigerator work areas. Clearances for kitchen walkways, work aisles Kitchen cabinet frontage recommendations Layout of the kitchen work triangle, two-cook kitchen layout Kitchen counter size, layout specifications Kitchen lighting, natural Kitchen layout examples, typical Sketch for single wall kitchen Sketch for galley kitchen Sketches for L-shaped kitchens Sketch for U-shaped Kitchen


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This part explains the basic principles of kitchen layout and design, including the layout andclearances for different types of kitchen activities or work centers, and kitchen layouts for one andtwo-cook kitchens. This part discusses current best design practices for kitchens and bathrooms,including layout, clearances, work space, and accessible kitchen and bathroom layout, clearances,turning space, grab bars, controls, etc.

Kitchen Design BasicsWhether designing a small galley kitchen or an expansive space for multiple cooks andentertaining, the same rules apply regarding clearances and relationships between key work centersso that work in the kitchen flows smoothly and efficiently.While the traditional kitchen developed around three main appliancesthe sink, range, andrefrigeratortodays kitchen may have many more centers of activity, including the following listadapted from the National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA)

Primary clean-up center : Includes the main sink, dishwasher, recycling center, and wastedisposer.

Secondary sink center : May also serve cleanup functions. Often associated with the food preparation center.

Food preparation center : A clear space at least 16x36 inches typically located betweenthe sink and cooktop or sink and refrigerator. A two-cook kitchen requires two such spaces.

Cooking center : Revolves around the cooktop and may also include a separate built-inoven or microwave.


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Microwave center : Because of its frequent use, this should be near the main activity areas. Pantry center : Tall storage cabinets work well to store food and cooking supplies near the

preparation area. Tall cabinets may also store dishes in the serving or dining area. Serving center : This area stores dishes and other serving items and may be in the kitchen

or closer to the dining area.

Dining center : Many kitchens include either an eating counter or a separate dining area. Socializing center : A casual seating area adjacent to the kitchen work space allows other family members or friends to visit and socialize with the cook.

Home office center : A space for the telephone, mail, household records, and cookbooks isoften incorporated into the kitchen. Concealing the desktop visually from the kitchen isappreciated by many clients.

Kitchen Walkways and Kitchen Work Aisles

Kitchen work aisles with counters or appliances on both sides should be at least 42 inches wide for a one-cook kitchen and 48 inches wide for a two-cook kitchen.

Walkways in kitchens, which may have a work counter on one side, should be at least 36 incheswide and should not cross the work triangle (see Figure 6-1).

Kitchen Work TriangleSpecifications

The shortest walkingdistance between therefrigerator, primary sink, and primary cooktop should be 26 feet or less, as shown in Figure 6-1above. Each leg of the triangle should range from 4 to 9 feet long. No major walkway should passthough the triangle, and no corner of an island or peninsula should intersect the triangle by morethan 12 inches.Two-Cook Kitchen Work TrianglesIn a two-cook kitchen, each person should have his or her own work triangle of less than 26 feet.The two kitchen work triangles may share a leg, but they should not cross one another (Figure 6-2).


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Conflicting Kitchen Entry, Appliance, Cabinet DoorsAll entry doors, appliance doors, and cabinet doors should swing freely without interfering withanother door.Provide the minimum cabinet frontage shown in Table 6-1 at left.Do not count difficult-to-reach wall cabinets over hoods or refrigerators unless special access is

provided.A pie-cut lazy Susan base counts as 30 inches.Tall cabinets 72 inches or higher can count as either base or wall cabinets as follows: for 12-inch-deep cabinets, multiply frontage by one to count as base cabinets and by 2 to count as wallcabinets.

Double these amounts for 21- to 24-inch-deep tall cabinets.

Kitchen Counter Heights and Edge

SpecificationsProvide at least two counter heights inthe kitchen with one 28 to 36 inches high and the other 36 to 45 inches high. Varied heights creatework spaces for various tasks and for cooks of different heights, including seated cooks. Also, clipor round over countertop corners and edges to eliminate sharp edges.Dishwasher Work Center Location


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Locate the dishwasher within 36 inches of the sink and allow at least 21 inches of clearance between the dishwasher and any counters, cabinets, or appliances placed at a right angle to thedishwasher.If possible, allow 30 inches of clear floor space on each side of the dishwasher so two people canwork at the same time (Figure 6-3).

Kitchen Sink Work Center LocationLocate the primary sink between or across from the cooking surface, food preparation area, or refrigerator (Figure 6-4).

Counter space : Allow 24 inches on one side of the sink and 18 inches on the other.If the sink is within 3 to 18 inches of a corner, provide at least 21 inches of additional spaceon the return counter.

Cabinet space : Provide at least 60 inches of wall cabinet frontage within 72 inches of the primary sink centerline.Alternate: Use one tall cabinet within 72 inches of the sink.

Floor space : A 30x48inch floor space centered in front of the sink will make itwheelchair accessible. Secondary Sinks.Provide a minimum of 3 inches of countertop frontage on one side of a secondary sink andat least 18 inches on the other side.

Food Preparation Area SpecificationsProvide 36 inches of continuous countertop, at least 16 inches deep, immediately adjacent to asink.


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For a two-cook kitchen, provide either two separate 36-inch spaces or one 72-inch space adjacentto a sink (see Figure 6-5).

Recycling Center Area Specifications for KitchensUnless provided elsewhere in the plan, provide at least two waste receptacles in the kitchen, onefor garbage and one for recyclables.Cooktop Work Center Design Specifications

Counter space: Provide 15 inches on one side of the cooktop and 9 inches on the other. Or if placed against an end wall, leave at least 3 inches of clearance to the wall and cover itwith a flame-retardant material. Where there is no backsplash, as in an island or peninsula,

provide a minimum of 9 inches behind the cooktop for safety reasons (Figure 6-6). Clearances : Allow at least 24 inches of clearance between a cooking surface and a

protected surface above, such as a range hood, or 30 inches to an unprotected surface. Ventilation : Ventilate all major appliance cooking surfaces with a minimum 150 cfm

exhaust fan. Gas appliances must vent to the exterior.

Oven Landing Space Needed inKitchensProvide at least 15 inches of landingspace, a minimum of 16 inches deep, nextto or above the oven. If the oven does notopen into a traffic area, the landing spacecan be directly across from the oven by nomore than 48 inches.Microwave Work CenterMeasurementsLocate stand-alone microwave ovens sothat the bottom of the appliance is 24 to48 inches above the floor. Provide at least15 inches of landing space, a minimum of

16 inches deep above, below, or to the side of the microwave oven.


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Refrigerator Work Center SpecificationsProvide at least 15 inches of counter space as a landing area adjacent to the handle side of therefrigerator or on both sides of a sideby- side refrigerator.Alternately, provide 15 inches of countertop directly across from the refrigerator and no more than48 inches away.

With a side-by-side unit, provide easy access to a counter from the fresh food side (Figure 6-7).

Overlapping Work CentersWhere countertop areas of two work centers (e.g., sink, refrigerator, food preparation) overlap, theminimum counter frontage between the centers should equal the longest of the required twolengths plus 12 inches.Tall Cabinets Between Work CentersDo not separate two primary work centers (primary sink, refrigerator, preparation area, or cookingcenter) by a full-height, fulldepth tower such as an oven cabinet, pantry cabinet, or refrigerator.One exception is a corner-recessed tall tower if knee space is planned to one side.

Kitchen Eating Area Design Specifications Eating counter heights. Heights and capacities for tables, eating counters, and bars areshown in Figure 6-8.

Seating widths have been increased to 30 inches in the 30-inch-high seating area toaccommodate wheelchairs.


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Clearances to walls.Allow a minimum clearance of 36 inches from the edge of a counter or table to a wall or obstruction. Increase this to 65 inches if the space also serves as a walkway (Figure 6-9).


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Table sizes . Many kitchens feature small or full-size dining tables (Table 6-1). When selecting a table, pay close attention to whether leg placement will interfere with the

number of chairs planned.

Kitchen Wiring for Use of Electrical DevicesInstall ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) on all receptacles within the kitchen. Locate wall-mounted room controls, including electrical receptacles, switches, thermostats, telephones, andintercoms, between 15 to 48 inches above the finished floor.

Home Kitchen Fire Protection AdviceA fire extinguisher should be visibly located in the kitchen away from cooking equipment and 15to 48 inches above the floor. Smoke alarms should be installed near the kitchen.

Natural Lighting for KitchensThe combined area of windows and skylights should equal at least 10% of the square footage of the kitchen. Also, every work surface should be well illuminated by appropriate task or generallighting.

Typical Kitchen LayoutsKitchen plans should follow the work flow from the garage or side entrance where food enters thehome to the storage area or refrigerator.From there, work typically flows to the sink and food prep area, then on to the cooktop or oven,and eating area.Finally, dishes move back to the sink and dishwasher for clean up.All kitchens from the simplest to most complex should be designed to smoothly accommodate this

basic workflow (see Figure 6-10).


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Single-Wall Kitchen LayoutThe simplest kitchen plan is designed for one cook and primarily used in small apartments. If thekitchen has a second wall, use it for storage with pegboards or shelving narrow enough to leaveadequate clearance.

Galley Kitchen LayoutA corridor or galley-style kitchen can provide an efficient layout for a single cook. If householdtraffic must regularly pass through, provide at least 48 inches of clearance between counters.

L-Shaped Kitchen Design LayoutThis layout provides adequate counter space and creates an efficient work triangle away from thehousehold traffic flow. The large open space can often accommodate a dining area.

U-Shaped Kitchen PlanMany designers consider this the most efficient plan, since the cook is surrounded on three sides

by countertop, work centers, and storage areas. Also, household traffic is naturally directed aroundthe work area, keeping it clear for kitchen tasks.

L-Shaped Kitchen Layout with Island

This combines the compact efficiency of a U-shaped plan with the benefits of a more open plan.The island invites interaction between the cook and visitors or helpers because more than one

person can work at the open counter.


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Bunk Bed - 2'8" x 6'3" (Suitable for 2 children) Dressing Table - 1'3" x 3'0", 1'6" x 3'6", 2'0" x 4'0" etc. Dresser or Chest of Drawers - 1'6" x 3'0", 1'10" x 4'0" Bedside Table - 1'2" x 1'2", 1'6" x 1'6", 2'0" x 2'0" Desk - 1'6" x 3'4", 1'8" x 3'6"

Chair - 1'6" x 1'6" Boudoir Chair - 2'6" x 3' Chaise Lounge - 2' x 4', 2'4" x 5' etc. Closet or Wardrobe - Each shutter size is about 1'6" x 7'0". A 2 shutter Wardrobe is the

minimum in a single occupancy bedroom and a 4 shutter or 6 shutter closet is necessary ina double occupancy Bedroom.

Bedroom size and furniture placement

One of the first problems in designing a bedroom is determining its size. How big is a large bedroom? How little is a small bedroom? It is recommended 100 square feet as the minimum

size. A small bedroom is shown in Figure 7-6. It has 99 square feet and the bare essentials infurniture. An average-size bedroom contains between 125 and 175 square feet, Figure 7-7. Such aroom provides ample space for a double or twin bed, chest of drawers, dresser, and other small

pieces of furniture.

A large bedroom has over 175 square feet of floor space, Figure 7-8. A room of this size providesspace for additional furniture. A desk, chair, or television set may be included as bedroomfurniture. The largest bedroom is usually considered to be the master bedroom.


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Colors and Finishing

A well-planned bedroom is a cheerful, but restful, place. Carefully select colors that help to createa quiet and peaceful atmosphere. Figure 7-13 shows an average size bedroom. This bedroom couldfunction as a master bedroom, guest room, or regular bedroom. There is adequate ventilation

through the large sliding windows. A private bath and large closet are assets. The lounge chair andsmall table provide a comfortable place to read or relax. Furniture is arranged in such a way that all pieces are easily accessible. Figure 7-14 shows a bedroom with 156 square feet plus closet and bath. It is a functional arrangement. Adequate space is provided for traffic by the furniturearrangement. Ventilation is sufficient, but could be improved with additional windows if this is acorner room. The private bath is positioned in such a way that it can be shared with other rooms if desired.

Clearances:

To ensure adequate space for movement and the convenient use of furniture in the Bedroom, thefollowing minimum clearances must be observed:

At least 2" clearance should be allowed between the wall and the furniture. A minimum of 3" should be kept between furniture units. A minimum of 3'6" space between the foot of the bed and the dressing table/ dresser for

dressing. At least 3' in front of Closet, Dresser/Chest of Drawers to open and use them. A minimum of 2' on one side of bed to allow for movement and making bed. At least 1' on the least used side of the bed for making the bed. However, in case of single

beds, they can be placed against the wall on the least used side. A minimum of 2'6" for movement from the door through the room A 5' turning diameter for a wheelchair.


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Bedroom location:

The bedroom is a private space used for rest, relaxation, reading, writing, working, listening tomusic, convalescing, sleeping, phoning etc. Hence there is a need for privacy, quiet and peace. Itshould also be well lit and airy and preferably be near some green garden etc as the oxygenreleased by plants is rejuvenating. It should be away from the noisy parts of the house and therooms where guests are entertained.

How you use your space: Look at the entrances to the room. Do you have doors? Do they open in or out? If they

open in, you will need to allow room for those to open fully. Do you use the room as a pathway to another room? Is the room a destination room? In

other words, is the room one that people go TO or go THROUGH? If they go through, youneed an easily navigable pathway from one room to another.

How do you want to feel in the room? Do you want it to be cozy and intimate? Do youwant an open and spacious feel? Furniture in a cozy room tends to be places in closer groups. A open feel needs more space between pieces.

Are you going to use the room for entertaining? If so, you need flexibility in your furniturechoices. Extra seating may be placed out of the way and be moved into use when companycomes.

Furniture Placement Guidelines:

Between the sofa and side chairs, designers normally allow 48 to 100 inches. But youshould adjust the space according to your family's needs. If you feel more comfortable withthe chairs closer or if you are better able to hear conversations, then move them closer.

If you are using a coffee table in front of the sofa, the normal placement is 14 to 18 inchesfrom the sofa. But again, if you have short arms or long legs, adjust the table until you arecomfortable.


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