Design Grade 12

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DESIGN GRADE12

© Future Managers 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.

To copy any part of this publication, you may contact DALRO for information and copyright clearance.Any unauthorised copying could lead to civil liability and/or criminal sanctions.

Telephone: 086 12 DALRO (from within South Africa); +27 (0)11 712-8000Telefax: +27 (0)11 403-9094Postal Address: P O Box 31627, Braamfontein, 2017, South Africa www.dalro.co.za

ISBN 978-1-920671-31-0

First published 2013

Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders. In the event of unintentional omissions or errors,any information that would enable the publisher to make the proper arrangements will be appreciated.

FutureManagers

Published by Future Managers (Pty) LtdPO Box 13194, Mowbray, 7705Tel (021) 462 3572Fax (021) 462 3681E-mail: [email protected]: www.futuremanagers.net

MODULE 11. Design Overview: Grades 10 – 11 3–73 a. Ancient Greece 4 b. Ancient Rome 7 c. Gothic Period 12 d. The Renaissance 16 e. The Baroque Period 20 f. The Rococo Period 24 g. The Neo-Classical Period 27 h. Victorian Period 32 i. Victorian Period in South Africa 36 j. Arts & Crafts Movement 38 k. Art Nouveau Movement 42 l. De Stijl 46 m. The Bauhaus 50 n. Art Deco 54 o. Modernism 58 p. Scandinavian Design 62 q. HowthemovementsinfluencedSouthAfrica 66 r. Overview Glossary 72

2. Design: From 1950s – today Timeline 74–75

3. Theory: 1 76 a. From the 1960s to today 77 i. Pop Art 78 ii. Optical Art 82 iii. Digital Art 87 iv. Postmodern Architecture & The Memphis Style 91 1. Case Study – International Award winning designer Visions of PoMo: Charles Willard Moore 95 a. Biography 95 b. Social Responsibility and Legacy 96 c. His Design Projects 96 d. Moore’s Social & Environmental Inspiration 100 v. Deconstructivism 101 2. Reinterpreting Decon for a Modern World: Maarten Baas 105

4. Design in a Business Context: 1 109 a. Marketing Mix 110 b. Packaging 111 c. Advertising 120 5. Practical Projects: 1 131 a. Section 1 – 2D 132 b. Section 2 – 3D 144

6. Drawing Programme: 1 162

CONTENTS Page

MODULE 21. Theory: 2 184 a. Design in a Socio-cultural / Environmental and Sustainable Context 185 b. What is Craft and what is Design? 186 c. Traditional Crafts of Southern Africa 189 i. isiZulu Beadwork 192 ii. The AmaNdebele 193 iii. isiXhosa Beadwork 195 d. Traditional Vessels 197 e. Modern Vessels 199 f. Woven Baskets 200 g. Designers: 202 i. Furniture 202 1. Haldane Martin 202 2. Bibi Seck and Ayse Birsel 202 3. Tord Boontje 203 4. Bayo Adegbe 203 ii. Textiles 204 h. Craft Centres, studios and individuals who make a difference through craft 207 i. Case Studies 208 1. Laduma Ngxokolo 208 2. Mielie 209 3. ZenZulu 211

2. Design in a Business Context: 2 215 a. Following Design as a career option 220 b. Case Study / Interview 226 i. Changing the World can be Fun too! This is Monarchy 226 c. Biomimicry 233 d. 7 Principles of Universal Design 233

3. Practical Projects: 2 237 a. Section 1 – 2D 238 b. Section 2 – 3D 254


MODULE 3

1. Architecture: 19th - 21st Century Timeline 292 – 293 2. Theory: 3 294 a. A Quick Historical Overview of Architecture 295 i. Greek 296 ii. Roman 297 iii. Byzantine 298 iv. Romanesque 299 v. Gothic 300 vi. Arts & Crafts 302 vii. Art Nouveau 303 viii. De Stijl 303 ix. Deutche Werkbund & The Bauhaus 304 x. Modernism & International Style 305 xi. Late Modern & High Tech 306 xii. Post Modern 306 b. Buildings of Power and Identity 318 c. Buildings of Pleasure & Retail 311 i. Roman Forum vs Modern Shopping Centers 311 – 314 d. Ancient Theatres vs Modern Stadiums 315 i. The Coloseum in Rome 315 ii. Soccer City 318 e. Ancient Swimming Pools & Public Baths vs Beijing Aquatic Centre 320 – 321 f. Places of Worship 322 i. The Notre Dame Du Haut Ronchamp by Le Corbusier 324 ii. Vaaler Kirke in Copenhagen, Denmark 324 iii. Temples & Mosques from the East 325 iv. The Lotus Temple in Delhi, India 326 v. Centre for Religious Studies in Albania 327 g. Case Studies 330 i. Thomas Heatherwick 330 ii. Tokujin Yoshioka 335 iii. Mokena Makeka 340

3. Design in a Business Context: 3 345

4. Practical Trial: Preliminary Examination 348 a. A Brief and Tips on approaching your Moc Practical Exam Brief 352


MODULE 4

1. Theory: 4 378 a. Social & Environmental Case Studies 379 i. Haldane Martin 380 ii. …XYZ 384 iii. Mitchell Joachim 387 iv. Hok Agency 390 b. Preparing and Revision for the Final Theory Examination 396 c. Grade 12 Exemplar Paper 411 i. Paper 1: 413 1. SECTION A – Design Literacy 413 2. SECTION B – History of Design 415 3. SECTION C – SocioCultural / Environmental & Sustainable Context 416 ii. Paper 2: 418 1. SECTION A – Design Literacy 418 2. SECTION B – History of Design 420 3. SECTION C – SocioCultural / Environmental & Sustainable Context 422

2. Your Exhibition 425

3. Glossary 443 – 455

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ancient Greece consisted of inhabitants from many different backgrounds including: Dorians, Ionians and Mycenaeans. The sheltered nature of the Greek peninsula helped safeguard the developing nation. Soon throughout Greece powerful city states were established, like Corinth, Athens and Sparta. The Greek city states were individually ruled and developed separate characteristics, for example, Athens was a city of intellectuals where studies, thinking and philosophy prevailed while Sparta was a city of warriors. The development of Greek culture and history is divided into three main periods: the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic. After a number of devastating wars between Greek states and between Greeks and other ancient civilisations, such as the Persians, Greece was conquered by Rome in 146 BC. The period from 146 BC to 27 BC is referred to as Roman Greece.

ancient Greece 1000 – 27 BC

Impact of Greek CivilisationThinking and philosophy were encouraged in Ancient Greece, leading to a rational and analytical society which embraced reason. Fields like science, astronomy, education and medicine were all encouraged and explored.

Greek Orders of ArchitectureWhen analysing Greek architecture it is important to note which ‘order’ the building is. The order refers to the type of columns used. In ancient Greece there are three main orders: the first, and oldest, is called the Doric Order, this is followed by the Ionic and finally the Corinthian. To identify the order, you need to look at the capital* (the head piece of the column between the shaft and the ceiling). The Doric order has plain, square capitals; the Ionic features scroll-like patterns called volutes and the Corinthian is the most decorative, featuring stylised acanthus leaves.

Famous Design Examples• Erechtheum (Architecture)• Greek Key Pattern (Surface)• Basic Greek Chiton (Fashion)• The Parthenon (Architecture)• Mask of Agamemnon (Jewellery)• Laocoon and His Sons (Sculpture)

“Man is the measure of all things.” ProtaGoras

Ancient Greek art and design drew inspiration from the human figure. Ancient Greek civilisation placed man at the centre of development, which led to the formulation of concepts like democracy.

Mask of Agamemnon from Mycenae

* Please find the definition of the word on page 72 – 73.

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Discobolus of Myron

Ionic Column with Greek Key Motif

Design InfluencesThe Ancient Greek civilisation was obsessed with the human form. They believed that ‘a sound body produced a sound mind’ and, as a result of this philosophy, the Ancient Greeks worked incredibly hard to develop their minds as well as their physical appearance. Sport and physical activities were a major part of their everyday lives. Another aspect of Ancient Greek civilisation, which was influenced by their focus on man, was their beliefs and mythology. The Greek gods took human form and displayed human emotions like desire, love or regret. The human form is the biggest influence on Ancient Greek architecture and design during the Classical period.

Design CharacteristicsSimplistic, harmonious, rational, proportioned, based in mathematics, balanced.

Ajax and Achilles Playing Draughts, Black-figure Amphora

Development of Ancient Greek SculptureAncient examples of Greek sculpture have varying subject matter. Some depicted Greek myths, the stories of their gods and goddesses and the courageous deeds of their heroes. Other examples, especially relief sculpture, depicted daily life, athletes contesting, warriors fighting, and women with their children and maids, as well as funerary precessions and mourners at tombs. From the 5th century, portraits of prominent people were created and placed in public places. The function of Greek sculpture was normally religious, votive of commemorative. Votive statues refer to statues which were created and dedicated in fulfilment of a pledge, quest or vow. Commemorative sculptures were also important, and a significant victory or an athletic triumph would be celebrated with a statue of the victor.

The Parthenon in Athens

Early example of Ancient Greek text

Analysis of Design: The Parthenon in AthensThe Parthenon was designed by the architects Ictinos and Callicrates and stands on a raised outcrop, called the Acropolis, in Athens. Phidias was responsible for the sculptural elements of the building. The building is almost 70 m long and just over 30 m wide and the facade is constructed within the Golden Ratio (a ratio of 5:8). The Golden Ratio is considered the most proportionally appealing rectangle and the ratio can be found in nature (like in the spiral shape of a shell). The Parthenon is made from marble and is divided into two sections, one housing the cult statue of Athena (the patron goddess of Athens) and the other a treasury. There are 46 Doric columns on the outside of the building.

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Basic Style Analysis: Ancient Greece Most of the examples of ancient Greek writing can be found carved in stone, as in this example, or on Greek vases (pottery). The Greek people did write on papyrus and other materials but these have unfortunately not survived from ancient times. The Greeks believed in the distribution of ideas, public speaking and debate. They also had a thriving trade system that, combined with their focus on spreading ideas, contributed to the development of the Ancient Greek alphabet.

The Greek writing system has not changed much in the last 2000 years, with only minor changes to the way letters looked. In this example of early Greek letters the characters are simple and stylized with a focus on geometric letter construction (using geometry to create letters which has a sense or balance and proportion). The Greek writing system used only capitol letters. This example also shows the practice of boustrophedon writing – where you read in a zig-zag patter; the first sentence from left to right and the next one right to left. In examples of Greek writing there is a focus of precision and clarity.

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ancient roMe 753 BC – 476 AD

The mythological founding of Rome dates to 753 BC when the city was founded by two brothers known as Romulus and Remus, the sons of the Roman god Mars. The brothers were set afloat to die in the Tiber river soon after their birth; however fate had a different plan. They were found by a she-wolf who suckled the boys and later a shepherd’s family found and raised them. Eventually Romulus would go on to found the city of Rome and its first senate. Rome as a nation was focused on conquering the known world and at its height the Roman Empire included most of the Mediterranean as well as sections of Africa and Britain. Whereas the Greeks focused on physical and intellectual pursuits and the search for knowledge, the Romans focused on power, wealth and celebrating the glory of Rome through war and conquest. As the empire expanded, it became more and more difficult to protect its borders. After years of battling enemy forces, and the pressure of internal conflict and administrative difficulties, the empire fell in 476 AD when the Germanic leader Odoacer deposed the last Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman Empire.

Roman Dress: Wealthy Soldiers & Citizens

Design ImpactAs the Roman Empire grew, so did the cities within and as a result engineering and design became important disciplines. Moving water hundreds of kilometres, roads, sanitation and sewers all represent Roman ingenuity. Great structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, triumphal arches*, amphitheatres*, aqueducts* and bathing complexes were physical representations of the superior Roman design and construction style.

Famous Design Examples• Mosaic from the House of Neptune & Amphitheatre at Herculaneum

(Surface)• Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius (Sculpture)• Temple of the Sibyl in Tivoli (Architecture)• The Colosseum in Rome (Architecture)• Roman coins (Product)

Design CharacteristicsFunctional, amalgamated (complex structures and designs), imperialistic strength, monumental, arches in building (arcuated), gigantic, decorative, imposing, dominant.


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“Veni, Vidi, Vici.”Gaius Julius caesar

This Latin quote means “I came, I saw, I conquered”. Julius Caesar is arguably one of the most famous Roman rulers. Under his leadership the Roman Empire grew and flourished but social and political turmoil was always in the background. He was assassinated in 44 BC by the Roman Senate.

Design InfluencesThe Roman style of design and architecture was based on examples from Ancient Greece and Mycenae. Roman design was an evolution of previous styles and successfully combined new innovation and materials with existing design elements. As the Roman Empire conquered other civilisations, their visual styles often influenced Roman design, examples include style influences from Egypt and Persia.

Model of Rome with Colosseum

Medusa Mosaic used in a Roman Villa

Pantheon Interior in Rome


Living in RomeThe Romans invented central heating. Wealthy Romans’ homes had a space below the floor where slaves would make fires. Heat from the fires spread through the floors and walls to heat the interior of the villa – the term used for a Roman house. Outside, or at the entrance of villas, mosaics of guard dogs on the floor or walls warned burglars to steer clear. The pictures sometimes came with the words ‘Cave Canem’, which means ‘Beware of the Dog’.

Design InnovationsProducing monumental structures through engineering. The discovery of concrete and the development and use of arches in construction. Panel paintings were produced in tempera* and encaustic*. Mosaic paving in intricate geometric patterns. Design and production of cameos and metal jewellery. Coins were developed. Evolution and improvement of armour and weaponry.

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Pont du Gard Aquaduct in Niems, France

Pantheon interior

Basic Style Analysis: Ancient RomeThe Roman civilisation was powerful and focused on expansion and development. Materials like concrete made it possible to build impressive structures. As Roman cities grew and prospered so the need for water and trade increased. Facilities in Roman cities and large towns were provided by the state. This included fresh water that often had to be transported over long distances via complex stone channels referred to aqueducts. The water channel of an aqueduct was raised on a series of arches to ensure a downward flow of water from the source to the town.

The Pont du Garde Bridge and aqueduct is actually only a section of the larger ancient Roman Nimes Nimes aqueduct in the South of France. The Nimes aqueduct runs over 50 kilometers through mountainous areas moving water from natural springs, At the river Gardon the Pont du Garde aqueduct bridge was constructed. It is the highest Roman aqueduct bridge (almost 50m high) and dates to the 1st century. The bridge has three tiers of arches, which decrease in size from bottom to top. The precision of construction shows the high standards of Roman engineering. Today the Pont du Gard is a World Heritage Site.


Analysis of Design: The Pantheon in RomeThe Pantheon, known as the Temple of all Gods, was completed in Rome in 125 AD. The domed style of the temple is characteristic of Roman building styles. The main domed temple is fronted by a portico* which has eight Corinthian columns. The dome rests on walls almost 5 m thick and is constructed from poured concrete. The creation and weight displacement of the dome are engineered wonders. The interior of the dome has recessed square patterns which lighten the weight and add a decorative element. In the centre of the dome is an opening known as the oculus*. This opening provides light into the temple. Along the walls of the interior are recessed niches which housed the planetary gods. From the innovative light source to the ingenious drainage system within the temple, the Pantheon represents the incredible skill of Roman engineers, architects and builders.

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v i t y 1InstructIons:Below are statements relating to materials and design characteristics of ancient greece and ancient rome. consider each of the points and decide whether the statement is true or false. tick either the ‘true’ or ‘False’ bubble to indicate your decision.

Marble is a popular material in Ancient Greek and AncientRoman architecture and sculpture.

Ancient Greek design is based on principles of balance, harmony, simplicity and proportion while Roman design is impressive, massive and meant to inspire awe.

Ancient Greek designs were busy and overly decorated.

Roman engineering resulted in many social and environmental changes including improved living conditions in cities and easier travel over land.

The Roman alphabet does not form the basis of our modern alphabet. Our alphabet developed from Middle Eastern examples.

The Colosseum in Rome could be flooded with water to present popular navy battles, using real ships, to Roman citizens as entertainment.

Ancient Greek mathematicians did not contribute any important developments to the field of modern mathematics.

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ancient World crossWord

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v i t y 2InstructIons:answer the questions below and complete the crossword puzzle. all the questions refer to the lives and designs of the ancient civilisations. it may be a good idea to complete the puzzle in pencil first.

Leads:1. This animal was very important in Egyptian beliefs.2. Famous public building in Rome (for entertainment).3. Key feature in Roman architecture.4. Greek art focused on the human form in this period.5. Rulers of Egypt were called this.6. Famous Greek warrior state.7. Greek temple built on the Acropolis in Athens.8. The three famous pyramids are located here.

9. Egyptian goddess of motherhood and wives.10. Greek design is influenced by this.11. Greek conqueror “the Great”.12. A Roman house was called this.13. Famous Egyptian motif, “The ...... of Horus”14. The Temple of All Gods in Rome.15. The Greek goddess of battle.16. Oldest Greek ‘order’ of architecture.17. The main river that flows through Egypt.18. One of the brothers who founded the city of Rome.

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tHe GotHic Period AD 1150 – 1550

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was in a state of confusion which is often referred to as the Dark Ages. During this period nothing was certain. Disease, war, violence and starvation were common and contributed to an overwhelming sense of fear. To help make sense of this dire situation, many individuals became superstitious. However, as the level of literacy declined, superstitious beliefs grew. From this confusion, the Christian church grew as the new authority replacing the Roman emperors and pagan beliefs. Life during this period returned to subsistence* farming and a new social hierarchy and system of control developed, named feudalism*. At the bottom of the social and power pyramid were the peasants and slaves; above them were knights and the landowners professional warrior called a vassal*. At the top of the pyramid were the wealthy landowners, the aristocrats, nobility and the Church. The architectural style associated with this time is Romanesque (based on Roman stylistic features). By c.1150, the Romanesque style had evolved into a more gracious and imposing style called Gothic. It is interesting to note that the term Gothic became associated with this period retrospectively, when the Renaissance art critic Vasari used the term as an insult. The cathedrals of this period are the icons of Gothic style, but illuminated manuscripts, furniture and craft also exhibit their own Gothic features.

Design Characteristics: ArchitectureIn architecture, pointed arches (instead of the rounded arches used during the Roman and Romanesque periods) became popular in the Gothic period. Pointed arches allowed for greater height and therefore more light. Intersecting arches resulted in vaults. During the medieval period, vaults were developed and in the Gothic period the rib vault became popular. Flying buttresses formed permanent scaffolding and allowed for more windows to be included and higher walls. Windows were often used as glass canvassesto tell stories and instruct. A very specific window used in Gothic cathedrals is called a rose window.

Design Characteristics: ManuscriptsManuscript design can be separated into illustrations and typography. Manuscripts were designed and produced by hand and mostly calligraphy-style typography was used. Illustrations are simplified and in many cases outlined. Popular motifs include human figures, plants, animals and geometric patterns. Because many people were illiterate* during this period, illustrations are narrative – they tell stories. Many different styles of manuscript illustration developed and were greatly influenced by local styles and culture.

Famous Design Examples• Lady with the Unicorn at the Chateau Pierre d’Aubusson (Tapestry)• Notre Dame Cathedral, built between 1163–1250 in Paris (Architecture)• Salisbury Cathedral, built between 1220–1270 in Britain (Architecture)• Crucifixion window from c.1190 at St. Remi in France (Glass)• Chartres Cathedral from 1140–1220 in France (Architecture)• Reliquary Bust of Charlemagne, 1349 (Product)

Popular MaterialsArchitecture: stone, glass. Manuscripts: parchment, which is a thin material made from sheepskin or goatskin. If the material was made from calfskin, it would result in a finer writing surface – the material is then called vellum.


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Design InnovationsThe flying buttress is one of the key design innovations in Gothic cathedrals. Flying buttresses were built about the sides and east end of cathedrals and helped distribute the weight away from cathedral walls. In this way, flying buttresses made it possible to move awayfrom solid load-bearing walls. This meant that an additional row of windows could be added in the clerestory and that more light could enter the cathedral. The redistribution also meant that cathedrals could be built taller and taller.

Gargoyle from Notre Dame Cathedral in France

Gothic Manuscript from the 14th Century

Ceiling Detail Norwich Cathedral in Britain

Chartres Cathedral from 1140–1220 in FranceChartres Cathedral’s South Rose Window from 1220 in France

“The Gothic cathedral is ablossoming in stone...”

ralPH Waldo eMerson

Inside of the Chartres Cathedral

‘Sight’ from the Lady and the Unicorn tapestry series from 15th Century, woven in Flanders

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Basic Style Analysis: Gothic In the Medieval and Gothic periods the rich and noble classes of society invested in tapestries to cover the stonewalls of their homes. The selected themes and subjects were often associated with the activities of the family. Subjects included hunting, tales of legends, adventure stories and fables. Tapestries were often very large and highly detailed. The Lady and the Unicorn is a series of tapestries from Flanders woven in silk and wool. There are a number of interpretations of the tapestries’ subject – the most commonly believed insight is that they represent the five human senses (smell, sight, hearing, touch and taste). In the series of tapestries reference is made to the coat of arms of Le Viste who was a prominent nobleman.

In the tapestry linked to ‘sight’ a woman is seated with a unicorn kneeling next to her on the ground, with his front legs resting on her lap. In her hand she holds a mirror into which the unicorn is staring. On the left of her is a lion. The prominent colours used are red and green. The composition is traditional as the three figures are placed in such a way that they form a triangle. Two trees in the background offset the triangular composition. Placing the trees behind the characters creates a sense of depth.

Analysis of Design: Chartres in FranceChartres cathedral dates from c.1140–1220 and is an example of High Gothic architecture. At the Chartres building site, unified groups of skilled artisans worked together to build a monument of faith. In the medieval and Gothic times, individuals of a specific trade, such as stonemasons or carpenters, lived and worked together in guilds. Chartres cathedral has pronounced flying buttresses around the chevet* (the east section of the cathedral). Other Gothic style characteristics, like pointed arch windows, rose windows, lancets and pinnacles, are all present in the design of Chartres. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1194 (with the exception of the west facade portals) and has been completely reconstructed.


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DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS

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v i t y 3InstructIons:Below are terms and phrases, which refer to art, design and life of the Middle ages. Find the meanings of the words and write them in the table. ensure that you write in full sentences and that you use your own words to describe each definition.

Word Definition

Didactic

Feudal

Apocalypse

Sacred

Chivalry

Guild

Heraldry

Spiritual

Cruciform

Dogma

Icon

Hieratic

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tHe renaissance 14TH C – 17TH C

The Renaissance period in Europe represented a change of views, beliefs and mind-sets. From Florence, the heart of Renaissance change and development, a focus on humanism and the rational mind spread throughout Europe and beyond. The feudal system, which represented the political and social ruling system of the medieval period, became unstable, as many wealthy landowners lost everything during the Crusades. Mercantile* towns were established along the coast and ports expanded. With the rise of trade, new opportunities formed in towns and cities. Trading families became enormously wealthy and increased trade enabled later voyages to new worlds. Just as trade and the collapse of the feudal system changed the physical situation of individuals, the printing press changed what they knew and believed at the time. The printing press eliminated the expensive process of book production by hand and, as a result, books and pamphlets became available to the wider public. Knowledge became accessible, literacy levels increased and anything was possible.

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa from 1503–1506

Michelangelo’s David Statue from 1501–1504

Famous Design Examples• Pendant designs by Hans Holbein from c.1532–43 (Jewellery)• St Peter’s Cathedral in Rome by Michelangelo from 1546–64 (Architecture)• The Temptation of St. Anthony by Schongauer from c.1480–90 (Engraving)• Canopied ceremonial bridal bed by Pieter Kolding from c.1640–50 (Product)• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse by Albrecht Durer from 1498 (Woodcut)• Dome of Florence Cathedral by Filippo Brunelleschi from 1420 (Architecture)

Design CharacteristicsGreat thinkers, artists and designers like Michelangelo,Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael gave visual expression tothe ideals of the Renaissance. Design during the period ischaracterised by naturalism, organisation of space, the useof perspective, a revival of classical ideals and motifs, as well as the representation of the individual as a being of importance, reason and questioning.

The Rise of HumanismHumanism refers to the Renaissance philosophy which maintains that every individual has the right to think, reason, question and decide their own beliefs.The word Renaissance means ‘rebirth’ and signifies a return to reason, thought, science and the classical ideals. This mind-set is very different to that of the medieval period where people were told what to think and believe. The Renaissance and followers of Humanism supported free thinking and a questioning of commonly held beliefs.

“Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.”leonardo da vinci


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Innovation: Discoveries & Scientific DevelopmentsWith a new focus on thought, observation, research and rational thinking, the Renaissance was a period which encouraged innovation and scientific discoveries. A few of these examples include:1455 Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press & metal movable type1606 Galileo Galilei invented the astronomical telescope1629 Giovanni Brance invents the steam turbine1687 Isaac Newton publishes Newton’s law of universal gravitation1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury thermometer

Design InfluencesArtists from the early Renaissance period used the natural world as a reference for their art and often art considerations were approached through observation and systematic investigation. The rational approach visualised by these artists differs greatly from the purely faith-inspired artefacts, designs and art from the medieval and Gothic periods. During the 16th century, this new approach and style had begun to flourish. Renaissance design is influenced by observation, striving to accurately reflect nature, a focus on idealism and perfection.

Da Vinci’s Anatomical Drawings

Renaissance Book Cover Design

Interior of Basilica of Saint Peter from 1506–1626

Brunelleschi, Dome of Florence Cathedral

Inside of the dome in the Florence Cathedral

The Portraits of the Ten Virgins by Martin Schongauer, 1483, Copper Engraving

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Basic Style Analysis: RenaissanceDuring the Renaissance ancient documents, both pagan and the Christian classics – became available to a new reading public. This was a direct result of new innovative printing processes. The improvement of the printing press extended also allowed for visual elements to be included through the designs being incised or cut into metal plates – called engravings. Engravings began as an offshoot of the goldsmith’s skilled craft and as a result, early engravings are often finer than woodcuts. Among the best early graphic artists was Martin Schongauer. He was also one of the first engravers to sign his work – you can see his initials at the bottom of the engravings.

The Portraits of the Ten Virgins are biblical images referring to the five foolish virgin’s who did not have enough oil in their lamps and the five wise virgins who made sure they did. Schongauer clearly illustrates the difference between the two groups by having the foolish virgins face away from the viewer with their lamps turned downwards. His style of engraving is highly detailed. Light and shadow areas used to create an overall dramatic tone and image depth. Attention has been paid to the virgin’s facial features and hand gestures to add lifelikeness to the figures.

Analysis of Design: Dome of Florence Cathedral from c.1420–1436Filippo Brunelleschi designed the dome to integrate with the existing Gothic cathedral. The most challenging aspect of the dome was its size, as it had to span over a 50 m drum. To create the dome, Brunelleschi embraced new and innovative theories and building methods – he even invented a number of new machines to facilitate the construction. This aspect of the project represents the new mind-set of Renaissance designers and architects. The final design is a 24-ribbed framework resembling a series of pointed arches over an octagonal drum; however, only 8 of the ribs are visible from the outside. The interior of the double-shelled dome is herringbone brickwork. The repeated and symmetrical elements of the dome are reminiscent of classical ideals of proportions, balance and harmony.

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THE RENAISSANCE MAN

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v i t y 4InstructIons:leonard da Vinci is referred to as the renaissance man because he focused on reason, research and the human mind. He was excellent in a number of different fields including engineering, painting, sculpture, medicine and more. Below are several images of leonardo da Vinci’s paintings, designs and inventions. Research his works and see if you can find the title and descriptions of each example. write your answers in the allocated space

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tHe Baroque Period 1600 – 1750

The Baroque period developed in Europe around 1600, as a reaction against Mannerism (the complicated and prescribed style of the Late Renaissance period). The term Baroque comes from the Portuguese term for an irregularly shaped pearl, with reference to the irregularity of Baroque composition and decoration (as opposed to the symmetry expressed in Renaissance work). The period was named retrospectively and the term Baroque was meant as an insult (a pejorative* term). The shift from Renaissance to Baroque was influenced by many factors, including the rise of wealthy monarchies in Europe (such as that of Louis XIV, the Sun King of France) who wanted a more elaborate style to represent their power and conquest, as well the resurgence* of the Catholic faith after the Counter-Reformation. Baroque art and design can often be experienced by more than just sight as the viewer is awed by size, materials, persuasive nature, interactive elements or theatrical spectacles. The resulting style can be described as dynamic, elaborate, emotional, dramatic, evocative and often manipulates space, volume and light. Iconic artists of this period include Caravaggio, Bernini and Rembrandt.

Pendant Design from 17th C

Absolutist RuleThe term ‘absolutist’ rule refers to a king, queen or ruling family (often referred to as a monarchy) who have complete and unrestricted control. In design, this is an important factor to consider because the style which develops is not the style of the people or the age but rather the vision and taste of one individual or family.

Design InfluencesBaroque design and art is heavily influenced by the Counter-Reformation. This refers to the period in history when the Catholic Church reflected on church practices and principles and implemented positive changes. The Church used Baroque art and design to reach out to the people and promote a rebirth of faith. Baroque design also appealed to the wealthy and aristocracy* who were drawn to the style’s drama, scale and ability to impress.

Famous Design Examples• Triumph of the Name of Jesus by G. Battista Gaulli in Rome from

1672–85 (Ceiling fresco)• Hall of Mirrors at Versailles by Hardouin-Mansart and Le Brun from

1678 (Interior)• Colonnade of St. Peter’s in Rome by Gianlorenzo Bernini begun 1656

(Architecture)• Bernini’s Baldacchino (Altar) in St. Peter’s in Rome from c.1624–1633

(Product)• The Elderly Fool and His Cat by Alexander Voet II from 17th C

(Graphic)• Christ Preaching by Rembrandt from c.1652 (Etching)


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Alexander Voet II’s The Elderly Fool and His Cat from 17th C

Mannerism: Bridging the Renaissance and Baroque Mannerism (1530–1600) is often referred to as the final phase of Renaissance art and design. The style bridges the naturalism of Renaissance examples and the emotion and extravagance of the Baroque period. Mannerist works are characterised by sophistication, elegance and idealised beauty. The importance of

nature, observation and the human figure are still present in Mannerist works; however, naturalism gives way to idealised perfection, exaggeration and the display of an artist’s skill.

Design CharacteristicsBaroque design is characterised by a rebellion against the order and restraint of the Renaissance period. Examples of Baroque design have dynamic compositions, a sense of drama (theatrical)

and an interplay between light and shadows. Many designs refer to religious content (a move away from the pure Renaissance focus on logic and reason). Baroque architecture uses light to create a sense of wonder and movement.

Le Vau & LeBrun’s Palace of Versailles in France begun 1669

Riguad’s Portrait of Louis XIV from 1701

André Le Nôtre’s Versailles Garden Design from 17th C

Bernini’s Baldacchino in St. Peter’s in Rome from 1624–1633

“What began as an insult has become a more positive word associated with energy, emotion, drama, even extravagance...”

ann sutHerland-Harris (2005) reGardinG tHe terM ‘Baroque’

The Baldacchino (Alter canopy) in St Peter’s Cathedral by Bernini, 1624-33

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desiGngraDe12

Basic Style Analysis: BaroqueBernini’s lavish alter for St Peter’s is a monument to the grand and lavish Baroque style. The canopy over the altar was commissioned by Pope Urban VIII and was completed in 1634. It is almost 8 stories high and dominates the interior space. Bernini’s work as a sculptor influenced the style of ornament and the canopy represents an important development in the Baroque Style – the combination of architecture and sculpture. There are a number of decorative elements and surface treatments. Along the 20meter columns, sculptural natural motifs such as bees and leaves can be noted. At the top of the columns there are four larger than life angels. From the angels the canopy curves towards the highest point where a cross, placed on a sphere, can be found.

The production out of bronze was a monumental task. The components of the canopy and supporting columns had to be cast in several different sections. Besides the decorative elements around the columns the canopy features another highly decorated element – the cast border with tassels. Traditionally this would have been made of a textile but in Bernini’s design the border is also cast in bronze.

Analysis of Design: Le Vau & Le Brun’s Palace of Versailles in France from 1669Although most credit Le Vau as the architect of the Palace of Versailles, the building was originally designed by Philibert Le Roy as a stone and brick hunting lodge. In 1669, architect Louis Le Vau and designer Charles Le Brun started extensive expansions and renovations and the once almost simplistic lodge was converted into the stately Baroque icon we know today. Features of the Palace of Versailles that are characteristic of Baroque architecture include complicated shapes, imposing curved forms, the extensive use of columns (functional and decorative), grand and spacious rooms and stairways, high ceilings, dramatic frescoes, panelling, trompe l’œil paintings, the use of reflective materials as well as the inclusion of sculpture as an architectural feature.

Inside the Le Vau & LeBrun’s Palace of Versailles in France

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acti

v i t y 5Explain, in your own words using full sentences, what you understand to be the most important visual characteristics of the Baroque Period.

Which of the following examples are from the Baroque period? Circle the correct answer.

This is Baroque! This is Baroque! This is Baroque!

Of course it is not! Of course it is not! Of course it is not!

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DESIGNGRADE12

tHe rococo Period 1715 – 1780

The emotional and dramatic Baroque period was followed by the lighter and refined Rococo style. In 1715, Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, died and left the throne to his great-grandson who was only five years old at the time. Philip, Duke of Orleans ruled as regent until Louis XV was old enough to rule (1715–1723). The rule of Louis XV is characterised by war, bad decisions and a focus on entertainment and leisure rather than politics. The style which emerged under the reign of Louis XV aimed to react against the controlled symmetry of Versailles and the dominant legacy of his great-grandfather. The overly decorated Rococo style coincides with a lapse of morals, judgement and social consideration on behalf of the French court and aristocracy. The lack of social, economic and political development by the French aristocracy finally led to its demise in the French Revolution of 1789. The revolution also signified the end of the decorative Rococo period.

Portrait of Marie Antoinette by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1779

Portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour by Boucher, 1756

The Queen’s Bedroom at Versailles

Queluz Palace Ballroom by Robillon in Portugal, 1760

The Feminine TouchThe Rococo period is characterised by a more feminine style. Two women who contributed greatly to the development and continuation of the style are Marquise de Pompadour and Marie Antoinette. Marquise de Pompadour was the mistress of the young King Louis XV and was highly influential in developing the visual qualities of the Rococo, which would later become the official style of the French Court. She favoured frivolous, romantic, entertaining and light-hearted subjects and intimate spaces over the grand style of Baroque interiors.When Louis XV died in 1765, he left the throne of France to his son Louis XVI who married Marie Antoinette in 1770. Until the French Revolution in 1789, Marie Antoinette continued to indulge in the frivolity and elaborate nature of the Rococo style. Her expensive taste in Rococo styled costumes, parties, portraits and indulgences did little to endear her to the starving people of France, which led to her beheading in 1793.

Design CharacteristicsThe characteristic qualities of the Rococo style (often referred to as Louis XV style) include an overall lightness, a sense of movement, focus on asymmetry, elaborate decoration, overly refined elements and reference to flower and other natural motifs. Decorative ‘S’ and ‘C’ shaped scrolls can be noted in graphic examples, furniture, sculpture, products, etc. Interior spaces become smaller and more intimate with light colours and ‘overall’ decoration – meaning that floors, walls and ceilings would often all be covered with decorative motifs and elements.

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Famous Design Examples• Pair of Lovers group by Franz Anton Bustelli, c.1760 (Porcelain)• Royal Hunting Palace by Juvarra in Stupinigi in Turin, 1729–33 (Architecture)• The Trevi Fountain by Niccolo Salvi in Rome, 1732–62 (Sculptural Product)• Salon de la Princesse in Hotel de Soubise by Bouffuand in Paris, 1732 (Interior)• Boucher aux Alentours (Croome Court tapestries) woven at the Gobelins*,

1758–67 (Surface)

Fountain of Pinaeus by Pierre-Quentin Chedel

“Elegant, agreeable, seductive, charming, lively, fecund, delicate, voluptuous, imaginative...”

Milissa Hyde, WitH reFerence to tHe rococo Painter Francois BoucHer

Louis XV Console Table

Design InfluencesDesign from the Rococo period is influenced by the views and lifestyles of the wealthy and aristocracy*. The style is extravagant and over the top. Rococo designs lack intellectual depth and are rather a style of decoration. The heavy, dramatic style of the Baroque became outdated when Louis XV came into power – he wanted to establish his own style which reflected wealth, power and grandeur*. The style originally developed in France but spread throughout Europe including Portugal, Germany and Italy.


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DESIGNGRADE12

The Queluz Ballroom

The Gasparini Room in the Palacio Real in Madrid, Spain from the 18th Century

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Basic Style Analysis: RococoThe Rococo style moved away from the dramatic forms or the Baroque period as well as the often-dark colour palette. The term Rococo has been associated with the French terms “rocaille” (stones) and “coquille” (shell), referring to the decorative motifs from the grottoes of Versailles. Rococo was a style of overwhelming decoration supported by the aristocracy and wealthy. During the Rococo period the outsides of buildings and facades become simpler as focus had turned towards the interior.

Charles III of Spain as a dressing room and personal receptions space used the Gasparini Room, in the Palacio Real. The room took so long to be completed that it was only finished after his death. The room is named after the artist Matteo Gasparini who created the space. Decorative motifs uniformly cover ceilings, floors and furnishings giving the room a unity. Main motifs include stylized vines, leaves and different types of flowers. Embroidered silk panels on the walls give the room a rich and textural quality. Mirrors in the room.

Analysis of Design: Queluz Ballroom in Portugal, 1760The National Palace of Queluz is one of the last true Rococo buildings to be designed and is sometimes referred to as the Portuguese Versailles. Architect Mateus Vicente de Oliveira began work on the palace in 1747. Originally the palace was designed as a summer retreat for Dom Pedro of Braganza but, after his wedding to Queen Maria I, it became a royal residence. Queen Maria I stayed on in the palace after the death of Braganza as she slowly lost her mind. The palace’s ballroom is one of the largest rooms in the palace and was designed in 1760 by Robillon. The room is characterised by the typical Rococo style oval shape. The room has a light colour palette with white and gold as the dominant colours.

The doors and sections of the walls are covered with mirrors to enhance the quality of light in the space. Decorative panels and motifs are used throughout the room to give a sense of ‘unity’ to the spacial elements of the room.

Design Grade 12

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