Design for Block and Brick Retaining Walls

8/22/2019 Design for Block and Brick Retaining Walls

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-for-block-and-brick-retaining-walls 1/12

Thisguide s orbuilders,designersandplanners.Itprovides uleof humb

guidance or hestableconstructionof arangeofcommon ypesofbonded

brickworkand blockwork

earth etainingwallstoamaximum retainedheightof1.725 m.Walls of

greater heightshould

bedesignedbyan

appropriately qualifiedperson.

Forpractical purposes, his

guide providesasimplifiedclassificationofsoilswhichare suitable ofoundon,and gives foundationandwall dimensions or several

wallheights.

Contents Page

• Scopeof hisguide•Typesof etainingwall

• Simplified classificationof oils

•Buildingwalls nsloping ground•Choosingmaterials

•Wall and foundation dimensions•Constructionguidelines• Safety• Further information

Thisguide givesadviceonbuilding mall

retainingwalls.Itcomplementstheguidancegivenin GoodRuildingGuides 14and 19for

building reestandingwalls.

Itstressesthe needforgood supervision n

construction,notonly toprevent prematuredeteriorationbutalsotoensurethecareful

co-ordination and executionrequiredfor someformsofconstruction.Building einforcedwalls, inparticular, requiresa number of

complex operations tobecarried out n

sequence.

warning!

Ifanyof heexclusions n thenext columnapply,youshouldseek headviceofachartered civil orstructural

engineer,orsimilarly qualified person.

Retainingwallsspecifically xcluded fromthis

guide are:

•wallshigherthan1.725 mabovethetopofthefoundation

•wallshigher than 0.25 mabovethe retained

ground•wallsforsupportingbanked-up soil,storedmaterialsorbuildingsonthebackfill closeto

thewall•wallsforsupportingvehiclesor rafficon thebackfillclosetothewall

•walls forsupportingretained soil with a

slope steeperthan1:10 immediatelybehindthewall(seepage3forminimumdictance)•wallssupportingafenceof ny typeotherthana imple guard-rail(seepage11)•walls for retainingverywetearth,peatorretainedwater,forexampleagarden pond•wallsformingpartoforadjoining,abuilding•wallsnotconstructedofbricksorblocks

•wallsofdrymasonryconstruction•wallsinareasofminingsubsidenceorotherunstableground•wallswhere he water able lieswithin 0.5 m

of heundersideof hefoundation.

IDIrII

GBG27

bD

C

.00)

1

2

2

3

3-56-78-10

11

12



2

Types ofretaining wall

Stepped solidwall (brickorblockwork) Piered (brickorblockwork)

Simplifiedclassificationofsoils

Remember!

Ifyouare unsure about hedefinitionsof he

soil ypes,alwaysseekadvice roma

chartered civilorstructuralengineer.

Soil dentification

Digest363shows howto ecogniseand

describesoil ypes and assess heir

strength.

Forpractical purposes,soils whicharesuitabletofoundon can beclassified

simplyas non-cohesiveand cohesive.These two classifications havebeenusedtocalculate hefoundation width

anddepthfor thedifferent ypesofwall.Thesmaller foundation dimensionsshowninred n thediagramsonpages6 and 7maybeusedonly if hewallisfoundedon non-cohesivesoil.

If he soil onwhichyouarebuilding ssuitable,butyouare notsure

whether t s cohesiveornon-cohesive,alwaysuse he largerfoundationdimensions

givenforcohesivesoils.

Soils suitable to oundon

Non-cohesive oils and rocks

Dense o oose sandorgravel (can contain up to15%clay in matrix)

Soundchalkor rock

Cohesive oils

Verystiffclaystosoftclays

Sandy clay, gravelly clay

Unsuitable soils

Verysoftclays

Verysoftclaycan readilybe dentifIed,as texudes betweenthe Ingerswhensqueezed n the

hand. t s oo softto oundon,but f heexcavation canbedeepeneduntilasuitablesoil s

reached, itmaystillbepossibletouse headvicegiven in hisguide.

Peat andorganicsoils

MadegroundorflU____________________________________________

Topsoil

Reinforced hollow block

Staggered (brickorblockwork)



Buildingwalls n sloping ground

Slopeof 1:3isacceptableinnon—cohesive oil

3

Remember!

Clayslopes steeper than 1:61.-100),

especiallypoorly drained, ong clay slopes,

mayhave an instabilitymode knownasa

slipcircle'and, herefore, must be

investigatedbyachartered civilorstructural

engineer,orsimilarlyqualifiedperson.

• heminimumdistancebetween hewall andpoint A is 1.25 xHf(the otal

height ofthewall including hefoundationdepth)• oading theslopebeyond Adoesnotaffect hepressureon the rearofthe

wall• ncohesivesoils, theslopeoftheground beyondA must not besteeper than1:6 (._100)• nnon-cohesivesoils, theslopeofground beyondA canbequite teep: a

gradientof1:3 (—18°) isacceptableprovidedthe surface isprotected bygrassordenseshrubs toprevent erosion

Foundations

Remember!

Do notuse he oundationsizesgiven n this

guide if hewatertableat tshighest evel

lies ess than0.5 m beneathheunderside

of heproposedfoundation. nstead, he

foundation mustbedesignedbyachartered

civil orstructural engineer,orsimilarly

qualified person.

Thechoiceofconcretemix s important if oundationsare tobestronganddurable.Alwaysuse clean tapwater inpreparingthemix.

lithe soilconditionsgenerallyaredry, awide rangeofconcrete mixes,including hose basedonordinaryPortlandcement,can beused.

Ifthesoil iswetorconstantlydamp,thefoundationswill need toberesistanttoanysulfatesaltsin thewaterand thechoiceofmix shouldbegovernedbytheconcentrationof altspresent.

If he soil is contaminatedbyindustrialwaste,anappropriatemixshould beused. Check theeffectsofcontaminantson theunitswith themanufacturer.

For nformationonconcrete mixesseeBS5328andDzgest363.Ifthere sanydoubtover thestabilityof hesoil,thewater table,or the salt

oracidcontent of he soil,you must seekadvice fromachartered civilorstructuralengineer,orsimilarlyqualifiedperson.

Recommendedmixes forunreinforced walls

FeacIy-mixed Site mixed

Fordrysoils,

—________

or orwetsoilswith

lowsulfate evels

DesignatedmixGEN 1

with 125mmnominalslump

(75mm if renchblindingor

shutteringisused)

All site mixes must be

very carefully batched,

preferablybyweight

BS5328standardmix

ST2 or

a 1:8PC42.5 mix.

For othermixessee

Digest363 Table 1)

Forwet soilswith

highersulfate levels

(seeDigest363

forclasses)

2 DesignatedFND2

3 DesignatedFND3

4 DesignatedFND4

1:4PC42.5 or

1 :4'/2(SRPC)

1:4(SRPC)

1 3'/2(SRPC)

Hf

125 iHf

Slopemust notexceed 1:6

ri cohesive soil

toBS 5328

Class

PC42.5

SRPC

—OrdinaryPort ndcement

= SulfateresistingPortlandcement



4

Recommendedmixes for einforcedwalls

Ready-mixed Site mixed

toBS 5328

DesignatedRC35mix SITE

ordesigned035mix(specify MIXING

maximumwater/cement ratio ISof0.6 andminimumcement NOT

content300 g/m3 for20mm RECOMMENDED

maximumaggregate size). FOR

Nominalslump 75mmfor REINFORCED

either option. WALLS

Forsoilswith higher Class

sulfate evels 2 DesignatedFND2

(seeDigest 363 3 DesignatedFND3

forclasses) 4 DesignatedFND4

Bricks and blocks

Minimumdensityandstrengthor bricks ndblocksisshownon the eft.

Normally,calcium silicate bricksofClass3orstronger toBS 187,and

1500kg/m3dense concreteblocks andconcretebrickstoBS 6073aresufficiently

frost resistant for use inmost UK locations.

UsetypeMN orMLclaybricks toBS3921between hedpcs,butonly if

1700kg/m3 thecoping/cappingndhigh leveldpcprovide adequate protection toavoid10.5N/mm2 saturation(seeGoodBuildingGuide17).

UsetypeFLorFN claybricks(orcalciumsilicatebricksofClass4 or

stronger) hroughout thewallif t sdifficult toproviderainprotectionor

wherethere sahigh riskof rostattack — forexample,nareaswith ahigh

drivingrain index (seeClimateandbrickworkconstruction otes).

Usefrostresistant claybricks (orcalciumsilicatebricksofClass4or

stronger)aboveahigh-leveldpc,and rom thetopof hefoundationto

200mmabove finishedgroundlevelinfrontofthewall.

Thesizingofwallsgiven in hisguideassumesamoderatedegree of

adhesionbetween hemortar and thebricksorblocks.Do notuse bricksor

blockswhichdonot providemoderate adhesion.SeeBS5628:Part3for

adviceonadjusting hemoisture content of hemortar toachievetherequiredadhesion. Check after7daysthat using stronghandforceonlycannot

dislodge

heunits fromthewall.

Formost locationstheDesignation (ii)mortarmix isrecommendedforall

levelsin thewall (seeDikest362).If uildinginaverywetlocation,use a

Designation (i) mortarbelow he low leveldpc.Ifnormalsaltcontent claybricks(DesignationN) areused,or fsulfates n

thesoilexceed Class1 (seeDikest363),theuseof ulfate-resistingPortland

cement(SRPC) srecommended.UseTypeS (coarser)sandstoBS 1199/1200.

Movement oint

Sealingmovement oints improvestheweather-tightnessofthewall andmayenhance itsappearance.Make surethat thesealantand thebackingtothe

sealant can accommodatetheexpectedmovement. SeeBS6093and BS6213

forguidanceonselectingandapplyingsealants.

For ow sulfate soils

Specifications forbricksand blocks

Bricks

Minimumdensity

Blocks

Minimumdensity

Minimumstrength

Remember!

Alwayscheckwith thebuilding supply

merchantor he brickorblock upplier hat

thebricksorblocks tobeusedprovide

moderate adhesion.

Suggestedmortar mixes MortarsDesignation i)mix

• 1partP042.5 OPC)• 1/4partlime• 3partssand (Type S oBS 1200)

Designation ii)mix

• 1 partP042.5 OPC)• /2partlime• 1/2 parts and(Type S oBS 1200)



Steel reinforcement

Steel (seeBS4449)

5

Usehigh yieldType2reinforcementbar(notmildsteel).Steel sizes forgiven

height andexposureareshown for reinforcedhollow block walls.Starterbars

normallyaresuppliedcorrectlycut andbent to BS4466.

Suggestednfill mix

• 1 partPC42.5

• Oto1/4partlime

• 3parts and

• 2partsaggregate

(maximumaggregate size10mm)• Plasticiser

• Expandingagent

Thefollowing teelspecification, is recommended.• nsheltered locations use galvanised teel (galvanised fterbending)toBS5628:Part2or asbelow.

• nexposedlocations use austeniticstainlesssteeltoBS6744

(see BS5628.Part2).• nvery acidicorcorrosiveenvironments,alwaysuse austeniticstainless

steel.

•Alwaysuse thesame steeltype orbarsandtyingwireorconnectors.

lnfill

Forthe nfill around thereinforcement,useaprescribedmix(shownon the

left) ordesignedGrade25 mixtoBS5328. Useaplasticiser oachieve a

workabilityof75 mm nominalslumpandaproprietary expanding agent, bothinaccordancewith themanufacturers' nstructions.

Damp proof courses (seeBS8215)

High-levelandlow-leveldpcsarerecommended in allwalls that arenotfrost resistant.See GoodBuildingGuides 14and 17,andDikest380 forgeneraladviceondpcselection.

High-Ievedpc

Dpc detailingsmorecomplexinstaggeredwalls and flexibledpcs maybe

difficult toincorporateunobtrusively.This isbecauseof he largeproportionofoverlaps necessaryand the needtobed on bothsurfaces.If t s intended to

use a flexibledpcathigh level itisadvisable ocheck detailingwith thebrick

anddpcmanufacturers.Anyflexibledpcs incorporated must havegoodbonding properties.

Remember!

Donotuse lexible materialsor late for

dpcsat helow evel.

Low-leveldpcThepreferredminimumsolution stobuildupfromthe foundation with dpc

Type 1or2claybricks(or equivalent) oonecourse abovethetopofthe

weep-holes.Amorepracticablesolution istoformthe total construction fromthetopofthefoundationtoapproximately200mmabove finishedground levelwith

dpcType1 or 2claybricks(or equivalent).

Cappingsand copings

Choose rost-resistantcappingsorcopingssizedtoBS4729or othercopingstoBS5642.Thecappingsorcopingsshouldincorporateanoverhanganddripifthewallis not inavery sheltered locationor isnotgoing obebuiltof rost-resistantbricks. Beforechoosingawall ype, makesurethatasuitable

combinationofcopinganddpcisavailable for thesite conditions(seeGoodBuilding Guide 17).

Ifhere sariskofchildrenplayingonwalls,orofvandalism, electawall

typewhich allowstheadditionofinterlockingcapping (seeGoodBuildingGuides17and 19).

Toaccommodatecappingsandcopingsitmaybeeasiertofinishpiersorsections over staggershigherthan the restof hewall.Also, specialbricks orconcrete units oftenareavailable forcappingsandcopingsatpiers.



Section showing thestepped increase in

wall hickness mm)

j ;

Section showing the stepped increase in

wall hickness mm)

Blockwork laid flat)

Maximumheightof etainedsoil mm)

Planviewshowing panel dimensions (mm)

forstaggeredblockworkwalls

Blockwork(laid lat)

Maximumheightof etained soil (mm)

Stagger (mm)

g530 1100

Remember!

Thedimensions

shown n red may

beusedonly fhe

wall s ounded

onnon-cohesive

soil (seepage 2).

6 WaIl and oundation dimensions

BrickworkStraightwalls

215(1brlok(

32811 br,cks(

44012 rIcks)

553121 brIcks

Maximumheightofretainedsoil(mrn) 825 1125 1425 1725

1125 1310300

300120

800 1400

215)1blOcksdth)

443(2bock s lh

665(3blocksl

1725

Remember!

l4JJo10 L. l° I

10

520 850 1100

The dimensions

shown n redmaybe usedonlyif he

wall s ounded

onnon-cohesive

soil (seepage ).

BrickworkStaggeredwalls

1810

Maximumheightofretainedsod(mm) 1200 1350 1575

Stagger (mm) 440 553 665

328

Stagger

2138centres

2466 maximum


forstaggeredbrickworkwalls

215

1585

Stagger

1100 1500

440 665

1800 entres

2015 maxmun



Wall and foundation dimensions 7

Piered wallsBrickwork

_______225

Blockwork laid flat)

Maximumheightof etained soil (mm)

1100

1600

_______________401000

Remember!

The dimensions

shown n red may

beusedonly f he

wall s ounded

onnon-cohesive

soil (seepage 2).


forpiered blockworkwalls

Reinforced hollow blockwalls

Maximumheightof etained soil (mm) 1700

'no

__ 450

1100

215

2138centres

Maximumheightof etainedsoil mm) 1350 1575

Positionofwall

215

1810 . 328

Forwalls higher than 1425ncrease the pier hicknessto 450for hefirst 3 courses


for piered brickworkwalls

2025centres

1511

050 Icon

Pieredwalls are

not positioned

centrallyon he

foundations.

The dimension

from he backof

thewall to he

edgeof he

foundation s

shown on the

diagrams.

1100 1600

215

1585

--440

Forwailshigher than1100 increase the pier hicknessto 450for he tirst 5 courses

Highyield steel12 mmdia



8

Constructionguidelines

Excavation

To avoidground ollapse, xcavationf heground prior toconstructionofretainingwallneeds obeundertaken withcare(seeBS6031 and BS8004).Faceshigherthan1.2 mshouldbeslopedback toa safeangleas shownon theleft.Agradientof :1 (45°) is recommended.

Do notleave excavatedfacesincohesivesoilsunsupported for longerthannecessaryas theriskofnstability ncreaseswith time. Consider excavatingtheground progressivelyandconstructingthewall inpanels.

Foundations

Minimumwidthandthicknessfor footings areshownfor hedifferentwall

types in thediagramsonpages6and7.Thedimensionsgivenarefor the twomain soilclassifications listedonpage2.If here sanydoubtabout the soil

type,alwaysseek advice fromachartered civilorstructuralengineer,or

similarlyqualifiedperson.Digthe trench so thetopofthe foundation is 150mmdeeper than the

adjacentsoil,asshownon the eft.Advice on steppedfoundationsandbridgingover drainsandtree roots s summarised n GoodBuildingGuide 14.

Blind the trench if thasrainedorif everaldaysarelikely oelapsebetweendiggingandplacingthefootings.

Takeparticularcarewhen settingout thefootings.With heexceptionof

piered walls, thebaseofallretainingwallsmust beconstructedcentrallyontheirfoundations.Forpiered walls,refer to thediagramsonpage7for thecorrectdimension fromthe rearfaceof hewalltothe rearedgeof hefoundation.

Reinforcement

Starter reinforcingbarsshouldhavea bend tooptimise anchorageand oenable the steel o beincorporatedwith adequateconcrete cover.Theorientationofthe bend in thefoundationisnotimportant.In theabsenceofstructuraladvice,thestarter shownon the eftcanbeused,providedconcreteinfill istobeused aroundthe reinforcement.

Amoreeconomical useof teelusemaybepossiblebyfollowing hedetailedguidance giveninBS8110.

Steelshould be cut andbentaccordingtothe recommendationsgiven n

BS4466.

Reinforcement—how oproceed

•Wire he starterbarstoproprietary 50mm concreteorplastics

spacers, D,andmark he op evelofhe oundation on each bar

withachalk line.• Positionthebarsascarefullyaspossible ensuring hatnopartof

the einforcementwillhave ess than 50mm ofconcrete cover.

• Pour he ootings, steadying hebarstokeepthemasupright as

possibleandcheckingtheirposition againsta ig,©.• Once hepour is inished useastringtoalign he starterbars;

check theircentresagainst he ig.• Compactand eveltheconcrete andsupport thebars,®,untiltheconcrete has set.• Once he ootings aveset,attach theverticalbar o he starter

bars.The usualwayofprovidingastructural connection swithsteelwire,©,butmechanicalconnectors, ®,maybenecessarywhere he hicknessofawired lapwould result n nadequate

concrete cover at heap.• The British CementAssociationpublication, Concreteonsite.

2—Reinforcement,givesadviceongoodpractice uring

reinforcing. Duringconstruction,takespecial caretocompact the

concrete infill around hereinforcement.

For ma er walls hese bars may,

wherepracticabe,be exteoded othe fa heightof hewalL

00

150mm

0to /

2mm dia steel

Standardbend



9

Waterproofing

Waterproofthe backofa etainingwall witheitherabituminous membrane or

twocoats ofbituminousemulsion.Protectthewaterproofingwith fibreboard,

orsimilar,beforebackfilling.

BackfiIinganddrainageTheretaining ideof hewallshouldpreferablybebackfilledwith lightly-

compactednon-cohesive material.Theuseof ntermediatetohigh-plasticityclay,orhighly organicsoils shouldbeavoided (seeDigest383).Adrainage

layerof ree-drainingmaterialsuchascoarseaggregate,cleangravelor

crushed stone shouldbeincorporatednextto hewall.Thedrainage ayer

shouldbeofminimumwidth450 mm.If hegeneralbackfill consistsoffine-

grainedmaterial,separateitfromthedrainage ayerwithageotextilefilter

fabric.Thiswillpreventthedrainage ayerfrombecoming clogged.Advice on

theselectionofasuitablegeotextile abriccan beobtainedfromthe

manufacturers.

Thedrainage ayermustbeableto discharge hroughweep holes in the

wall.Weepholes shouldbeatleast75mmdiameterand spaced horizontally

atnotmore than 1 mintervals.Build heweep holesnearthebaseof hewallbelow,orwithin,the low-leveldpc.Topreventwater rom reachingthe

foundations, nfihlwithconcretebehindthewallbelow heweep holes.The

infillconcrete shouldhavethesame mixproportionsas thatusedforthe

foundations(seepage3).Afterconstruction,it simportanttoadvise heownertokeep theweep

holesclear and free fromobstruction.

MasonryFollow acceptedgoodworkmanship practice (seeBS5628.Part3and

BS8000:Part3).Asimplified constructionsequenceisgivenin GoodBuilding

Guide 14.

• f hebricksare rogged, ayfrogup.

• inish oints, preferablywithabucket handle

profile.• f hewallis to berendered, rakethe oints back10to 12mm (notnecessary

on blockworkwalls). Adviceonchoosing appropriaterenderingisgiven n

GoodBuilding Guide 18.

•To avoid excessive oadsonfreshmortar,do notexceed liftsof .5 mper

day.Protect newmasonryfromfrost,rainandwind.

•Allow28daysfor themortar tosetbeforebackfilling.

Minimum450 mm backfill of Topsoil

free-draining ranularmaterial

Backfil

Suitable

coping

High-level pc

Low-level pc

I 1

Gentextile ilter fabric -

- (see ext)

Concretent ll



AllowingformovementMovementjointsarerequiredinallretainingwalls and mustbeContinuous

through thedpC, andcappingandcoping.

Spacing andwidthofmovement oints

Type Width MaximumdistanceMaterial of oint of oint Spacing fromendofwait

orcorner return

Claybrickwork Expansion 12—16mm 10—12m 6.0mCalcium silicate brickwork

* *Contraction 10—12 mm 6—7 m 4.5 mbrickworklockwor

*Contraction 10—12mm 5—6m 3.Oni

or3 imes theheightof he wall fthis s ess han hedistancegiven

Instaggeredrpiered walls, movementjointsshould bebuiltinatthecentresofspecialpanels.Thedimensionsofthepanel for hesewallsareshownbelow.

Maximum dimensionsofmovementointpanels and wail endsforstaggeredwalls

Normal panel Panel with mosemerrtoint End panel

Brickwork 1810 * io675

675 675 (maxjBlockwork ---1585 -

Maximumdimensionsofmovementointpanelsandwall ends orpieredwails

Normal panel Panel with movement joint End panel

H H H80000 800 (max)

Brickwork -1810 -

1610

675

675 675 (max(Biockwork 1585

Endsofwalls

Typical etainingwall ends reshownonpage2.

Typeofwail Wall end

Stepped_solidwall Nospecial terminationrequired

Staggeredbrickwork wall Terminatewitha fullstagger shape

or o800mm maximum romstagger(see diagram above)Staggeredblockworkwall Terminatewitha full stagger shape

or o675mm maximumfromstagger (seediagramabove)Pieredbrickwork wall Terminatewith apier equal nsize to heothers n hewall

or o800mm maximum rompier seediagram above)Pieredblockwork wall Terminatewithapierequal n size o heothers n hewall

____________________ or to675mm maximum rompier (seediagram above)Reinforcedhollow block wall Nospecialterminationneeded

10



Safety

11

Remember!

It s hebuilder'sresponsibilitytoadvise he

owner:

• aboutsafetyand maintenanceof hewall

ingeneral, and

•about hedangersofaltering nany way

either hestructure of hewall or he

ground in rontof,orabove, hewall.

• f here sariskofchildrenplayingonwallsorofvandalism, elect awalltypewhichallows theaddition

of nterlocking apping (seeGood

BuildingGuidesl7and19).

•Avoidplacinggardenfurniture,shedsor otherobjectsinapositionwhichencourageschildrento

climbon thewall.

•Don'tmount any heavy objectsor

afenceofany ype (other hana

simple guard-rail)ona etainingwall unlessastructural check hasbeencarried out.

•Don'tbank upsoil next othetopof hewall.

•Don'tdig anytrenchesimmediately nfrontof hewall.

•Keeptheweepholes clearandfree

from obstruction.

Plantingnear walls

•Don'tdiganytrenches forplants

immediately n rontof hewall.

•Dwarf rees, small shrubs and

perennialherbaceousplants can

beplantedinbedsnearwalls,buttrees shouldbeplanted at

recommendeddistancesawayfromthewall foundation (seeBSS837andDikest418).•Climbingplantscan betrainedupwallsona ight climbing rellis,but

discourageanydirectgrowth on

thewallandcutgrowthback

regularly oprevent developmentof

argerootsystems.

•As ageneralruledonot llow

plantstoclimb more thantwo-thirdsup hewall.

•Don'tremovebricksorblockstoallowplantstogrow through thewall.

Site safety

Current legislation equiresallpersons toconsidertheeffectsoftheiractions

orlackofactionon thehealthandsafetyof hemselves and others. Advice on

safety egislationsavailable fromtheHealthand

SafetyExecutive.

Site operativesshouldbeawarethatPortlandcement,whenwet, releasesalkalis whichcan beharmfulto theskin.Duringsiteoperationstakecaretoavoid skinandeyecontactwith Portlandcementmixes.



12 _________________________________________________ ___________

Further nformation

British Standards InstitutionBS 187: 1978Specification or alcium silicate (sandlime and flintlime) bricks

BS1199and1200: 1976Specifications orbuildingsandsfromnatural sources

BS 3921: 1985Specification or lay bricks

BS4449:1988Specificationfor arbon steel barsfor hereinforcementofconcrete

BS4466:1989Specificationfor cheduling, dimensioning,bendingandcuttingofsteelreinforcement orconcrete

BS4729:1990Specificationfordimensionsofbricksofspecial shapesandsizes

BS5328:— Concrete

Part 1: 1991 Guide tospecifyingconcrete

Part2: 1991 Methods orspecifyingconcrete mixes

BS5628:— Codeofpracticeforuseofmasonry

Part1: 1992Structural useofunreinforcedmasonryPart2: 1985Structural useof einforced and pre-stressedmasonryPart3: 1985Materialsandcomponents, designandworkmanship

BS5642:— Sills andcopingsPart2: 1983Specification or opings ofprecast oncrete,caststone, clayware,slate

and natural stoneBS5837:1991Guide or rees n relationtoconstruction

BS6031:1981Codeofpractice forearthworks

BS6073:— Precastconcretemasonryunits

Part1: 1981Specification orprecast concretemasonryunits

BS 6093:1993Codeofpractice fordesignofointsand ointing inbuildingconstruction

BS 6213:1982(1992)Guide toselectionofconstructional sealants

BS 6744:1986Specification oraustenitic stainless steel bars for hereinforcement of

concrete

BS 8000:—Workmanshiponbuildingsites

Part3:1989CodeofpracticeformasonryBS 8002: 1994Codeofpracticeforearth retainingstructures

BS 8004: 1986Codeofpracticefor oundations

BS 8110:—Structural useofconcrete

Part1: 1985Codeofpracticefordesignand construction

BS 8215: 1991Codeofpracticefordesignand nstallationofdamp-proofcourses inmasonryconstruction

BuildingResearch Establishment

Dikes/s362 Buildingmortar

363 Sulfate and acid resistanceofconcrete intheground380 Damp-proof ourses

383 Site investigation or ow-risebuilding:soildescription

418 Bird,bee andplantdamagetobuildings

GoodBuildthgGuides14 Buildingsimplebrickorblockworkfreestandingwalls

17 Freestandingbrickwalls—repairstocopingsandcappings

18 Choosingexternalrendering19 Building einforced, diaphragmand wideplan freestandingwalls

Other publications

Thedesignofbrickwork retainingwalls. Brick DevelopmentAssociation,1991.

Ckmateandbrickworkconstructionnotes. LondonBrick, 1988 reprinted 1990).

Concrete on site.2—Reinforcement.British CementAssociation,1991.

Environment

Technical nquiries o: Digests construction Research Fulldetailsof all ecent Published by ApplicationsocopyallorBREAdvisoryService GoodBuildingGuides Commanications td, issuesofBREpublications ConstructionResearch any partof hispublicationGarston,Watford, GoodRepairGuides 151 RoseberyAvenue aregiven nBRENews, Communications tdby should be made oWD27JR InformationPapers London,EC1B4QX sent tree osubscribers, permissionat hn Controller ConstructionResearchTelephone01923 664664 are available n Telephone0171 5056622 of -IMSO and heBuilding Communications td.Facsimile 01923 664098 subscription.For current Facsimile 0171 5056606 ©Crowncopyright1996 ResearchEstablishment P0Bun202,Watford,

pricespleasecontact: ISBN1 86081 105 1 Hvrts,WD27QG

Design for Block and Brick Retaining Walls

Documents

Transcript of Design for Block and Brick Retaining Walls