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Advanced Soil Mechanics

Dr. Mubashir AzizDesign Class -1 (10-01-2012)

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Tentative List of Experiments

1. Shear Strength of Cohesive Soilsa) Effects of Shear Strain Rateb) Effects of Pore Fluidc) Effects of Testing Method (TC / DS)d) Effects of Soil Structure (Flocc. / Disp.)

2. Shear Strength of Sand-Clay Mixtures

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Groups / MembersGROUP-1

Muhammad Ramzan2011-MS-CEG-118

Yasar Ali Abidi2010-MS-CEH-257

Zia-ur-Rehman2011-MS-CEG-186

Usama Khalid2011-MS-CEG-245

Asad Sultan2011-MS-CEG-124

Hasan Gul2011-MS-CEG-213

Ilyas Akram2011-MS-CEG-092

Ahmed Hasnat2008-MS-GEO-101

GROUP-2

Rabia Yaseen2011-MS-CEG-0616

Hufsa Kanwal2009-MS-CEG-3115

Syed Umair Ali2008-MS-GEO-0714

Khuram Arshad2009-MS-CEG-1313

Hira Mashkoor2011-MS-CEG-1612

Shojat Munir2011-MS-CEG-1011

Jawad Munir2011-MS-CEG-2310

Attique ur Rehman2011-MS-CEG-079

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GROUP-3

Mian Atif Hafeez2011-MS-CEG-0223

Abid Hameed2010-MS-CEG-0722

Faisal Butt2008-MS-GEO-1521

M. Faheem Haider2011-MS-CEG-1520

Sajid Bilal2011-MS-CEG-2219

Azhar Shehzad2011-MS-CEG-1918

Omer Altaf2011-MS-CEG-0817

GROUP-4

Adil Umer2011-MS-CEG-0529

Fahad Aziz2010-MS-CEG-1828

Muhammad Ali2011-MS-CEG-0127

Jehanzaib2010-MS-CEG-0826

Muhammad Arham2010-MS-CEG-2025

Muhammad Ali2010-MS-CEG-0424

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INTRODUCTION

Geotechnical Design/Problems Types of Geotechnical Reports Types of Tests

LABORATORY LAYOUT

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Each type of geotechnical construction has its own designand investigation requirements.

Experience plays a major role in adopting the most efficientgeotechnical design.

A good geotechnical design will identify issues and will offeralternatives if unexpected conditions are encountered.

Cutoff WallsUnderpinningMarine Bulkheads

Finite ElementsFootingsRetaining Walls

Rock StabilizationPiles & Caissons

Geotechnical Design

Deep Excavations

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Geotechnical Reports _ Possible Subjects

Geotechnical seismic risks Tunnels and underground caverns Geotextiles and geomembranes Marine structures

Ground water cutoff, environmental cutoff barriers

Slope stability and landslide problems

Soil nailing walls, mechanically stabilized earth

Earth retention structures, gravity walls, deep excavations. Levees, design of earth and concrete dams.

Load capacity of piles and footings Settlement of structures and roads

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Laboratory-Based Engineering Properties of Soils(ASTM Standards)

BASIC TESTS

Visual-Manual Classification ASTM D248

Unit Weight & Moisture ASTM D2937

Moisture Content ASTM D2216, ASTM D4643 Atterbergs Limits ASTM D4318

Sieve/Hydrometer Analysis ASTM C136, D1140, D422

Soil Classification ASTM D2487

Standard / Modified Proctor ASTM D698, D1557

Index Densities of Sands ASTM D4253, D4254

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Standards: EN 933-2, ISO 3310-1, ISO3310-2, ISO 565, ASTM E11

All test sieves must be manufactured toInternational Specifications and should besupplied with a Certificate of Compliance.

Each sieve should be individually serialnumbered, ensuring full traceability.

Testing Sieves

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Standards: EN 932-5, ISO 3310-1

The Sieve Shaker imparts a circular motionto the material being sieved so that itmakes a slow progression over the surfaceof the sieve. At the same time a feature ofthe rapid vertical movement agitates thesample which helps to clear the sieveapertures and avoid them blinding.

The shaker is fitted with timer which can bepreset for any duration.

Sieve Shaker

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PycnometerA pycnometer (from Greek : puknos meaning "dense"),also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle ,is a device used to determine the density of soils.

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Standards: BS 812, ASTM D4944,AASHTO T217

The Speedy Moisture is a portable systemcomprising a vessel with an integralpressure gauge a weighing scale and a

carry case.A small sample of the material is prepared,weighed and placed into the vessel.

The reagent is then added and the vesselis sealed and shaken to mix the reagentwith the sample.

Speedy Moisture Meter

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Standards: ASTM C 127- C136-D558,D559, D560, D698, D1557, D1559, BS1377:1-1924:11

Drying, warming and general laboratoryapplications.

Fitted with fixed shelf runners andremovable chrome plated wire gridshelves.

The control system comprises of aDigital thermometer with thermostaticallycontrolled units Microprocessor digitalcontroller.

Laboratory Ovens

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Standards: BS 1377:2, ASTM D4318,AASHTO T89

Used to determine the moisture content atwhich clay soils pass from a plastic to aliquid state.

It helps in the classification of soil whencomparing the potential properties of soilmaterial against empirical data.

Consists of a removable brass cup,adjustable crank, mechanical blow counter,and base.

Liquid Limit Devices: Casagrande Method

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Standards: BS 1377, 1924-2

The Cone Penetrometer is used to carry onliquid limit tests on soil samples.

It is a static test depending on the soil shearstrength. The test is based on the relationshipbetween moisture content and the penetrationof a cone into the soil sample underpre-set conditions.

Liquid Limit Devices: Cone Penetrometer Test

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Standards: ASTM D4318, AASHTO T90,BS 1377:2

The plastic limit is defined as the lowestmoisture content of a soil that will permit a

sample to be rolled into threads of 3 mmdiameter without the threads breaking.

The Plastic Limit Set comprises of a glassplate, steel rod, mixing dish, spatula andmoisture content tins.

Plastic Limit Set

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Standards: ASTM D427, AASHTO T92,BS 1377.

When the water content of a fine-grainedsoil is reduced below the plastic limit,shrinkage of the soil mass continues untilthe shrinkage limit is reached. This methodof test covers the determination of theshrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, volumetricshrinkage and linear shrinkage.

The set comprises prong plate, shrinkagedish, spatula, glass measuring cylinder andmoisture content tins.

Shrinkage Limit Apparatus

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Dry Density, Moisture RelationshipStandard / Modified Proctor MouldStandards: BS 1377-4, 1924-2, 1997-2, ASTMD558, 559, 560, 698, 1557, AASHTO

The Moulds are used for determining the

relationship between the moisture content anddensity of compacted soil.

Made of plated steel, includes collar, mould bodyand base plate.

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Standards: BS 1377-4, 1990, ASTM D558, 560, 698, 1557

The Automatic Soil Compactors is designed to provide auniform compaction of Standard, Modified and CBRspecimens assuring conformity with the referencestandard.

The Compactor is equipped with programmable digitalcounter which allows machine to stop at the presetnumbers of blows.

The height and weight of the rammer is adjustable to suittest requirements.

The drop weight is adjustable to 300 mm drop height andis also adjustable to 450 mm drop height. The rammer is

circular faced with a 50 mm diameter and is adjustable to2.5 kg. or 4.5 kg.

Automatic Soil Compactor

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Sand ReplacementStandards: BS 1377:9, 1924:2

The Sand Replacement is used todetermine the dry density of in-situcompact, fine, medium grained soils andfor layers not exceeding 50 cm thickness.

A circular hole is dug in the ground, all thesoil from within it is collected, weighed anddried. The hole is then back-filled withstandard uniform sand or fine gravel,poured from a calibrated container forcalculating the volume of hole.

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Sand Cone DensityStandards: ASTM D1556, AASHTO T191

The Sand Cone Density is used for on sitedetermination of the degree of compactionof sand. Complete set includes doublecone, plastic sand jar 5lt capacity andmetal tray.

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Standards: ASTM D2167; AASHTO T205

Voluvessel determine the in-place densityof compacted or firmly-bonded soils usinga rubber balloon apparatus viewed througha graduated, direct-reading clear plasticcylinder protected by metal casing.

The model features a plastic cylinder,which screws into the density plate with thepump assembly mounted tothe base.

The Voluvessel comes with a pressure-vacuum pump assembly, pressure gauge,quick coupler valve, double graduatedcylinder, balloons and a density plate.

Voluvessel, 1/20 cu. ft. (1600ml) capacity

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CBR Test MachineStandards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883,AASHTO T193

The California Bearing Ratio or CBR testis used for the laboratory evaluation of thebearing value of highway sub-bases andsub-grade.

The CBR is composed by a robust andcompact two-column frame with adjustableupper cross beam driven by anelectromechanical ram with a maximumcapacity of 50 kN.

The CBR is designed to load the penetrationpiston into the soil sample at a constant rate

to measure the applied load and pistonpenetration at pre-determined intervals. Theram speed can be set.

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CBR Mould and AccessoriesStandards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883,AASHTO T193

Product Description

CBR Mould, CBR Extension Collar, CBRSolid Base Plate, CBR Perforated BasePlate, Plated steel 150mm diameter x120mm body height CBR Perforated Base

Plate, Plated steel 6 in. (152.4mm)diameter x 7in (177.8mm) body height,Cutting Collar, Annular Surcharge Weight2.27kg Slotted Surcharge Weight 2.27kg,Spacing Disc with T handle 5 15/16in.diameter (150.8mm) x 2.416 in. (61.4mm),Straight Edge, C-spanner, Filter Papers,Base Plate Tool.

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In-situ California Bearing Ratio

ApparatusStandards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883,AASHTO T193

The in-situ California Bearing Ratio is usedfor the evaluation of the bearing capacity ofsoil from a vehicle on site immediatelyand with less delay.

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Universal ExtruderStandards: ASTM D698, D1587, D1883,BS 598:107, 1377:4, 924:2

The Universal Extruder has been designedfor laboratory and field use to extract samples

from various moulds.

The extruder head is for standard use withsample tubes. Also used to removeCompaction Moulds, CBR and Marshall Moulds.

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Triaxial Testing ApparatusStandards: BS 1377-7,8 1924-2,ASTM D2850 D4767, AASHTO T296 T297

The Triaxial Testing Apparatus test soil samplesfor the following applications:

Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Consolidated Undrained (CU) Consolidated Drained (CD) Unconfined Compression (UC)

The Triaxial Testing Apparatus consists ofa Load Frame, Platen adaptors, dial gaugeor digital transducer assembly, Triaxial Cell,Base and pressure system.

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Direct Shear ApparatusStandards: BS 1377, ASTM D3080,AASHTO T236

The direct shear apparatus is used fordetermination of the direct shear strengthof soils specimen.

Comprises:

Direct Shear box, floor mounted withcarriage assembly and load hanger with10:1 lever loading device.

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Consolidation ApparatusStandards: BS 1377:5 / ASTM D2435,D3877, D4546, AASHTO T216

The One-dimensional Consolidation test is used to determinethe consolidation characteristics of soils of low permeability.

The frame is designed to load the specimenthrough a yoke assembly and one of three alternativebeam ratios as 9:1 0:1 and 11:1. The beam is fitted with acounter balance weight and beam support check. The cellplatform will accept the complete range of consolidationcells and is fitted with a central spigot to ensure accuratecentering of the cell under the loading yoke.

The fixed ring consolidation cells are manufactured fromcorrosion resistant materials and conform to the requirements

of the relevant standards.An integral water reservoir is incorporated in the cell whichallows the specimen to be inundated when required.

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Plate Bearing Test EquipmentStandards: ASTM D 1194, D1195, D1196,BS 1377:9

The Plate Bearing Test is used todetermine the bearing capacity of a soilunder field loading conditions for a specificloading plate and depth of embedment.

It is also used for load tests of soil andflexible pavement components.

The Basic test set unit is supplied completewith long datum bar. 3 dial gauges,hydraulic cylinder with hand pump,pressure gauge, connections and 300 mmdiameter loading plate.

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Expansion SwellTest Equipment

The Swell Test Equipment is placed on topof the soil sample to enable monitoring ofswelling.

The swell test consists of perforated platewith adjustable stem (swell plate) dialgauge tripod and dial gauge.