Design and Implementation of an Automated Attendance ......Keywords: Attendance, Attendance...

Vol. 12, No. 2, June 2019, pp. 72 -89 ISSN 2006-1781

T. C. Adeniran, Y. Sanni, N. Faruk and L. A. Olawoyin (2019), Design and Implementation of an Automated Attendance Monitoring System for a Nigerian University using RFID

© 2019 Afr. J. Comp. & ICT – All Rights Reserved

https://afrjcict.net

Design and Implementation of an Automated

Attendance Monitoring System for a Nigerian

University using RFID

T. C. Adeniran1*, Y. Sanni

2, N. Faruk

3 and L. A. Olawoyin

4

Department of Telecommunication Science,

University of Ilorin, Ilorin,

Nigeria

Email: [email protected],

[email protected],

[email protected],

[email protected]

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT The attendance taking- process of any institution including universities and other tertiary institutions is an essential

part of justifying the excellence of a particular student. Conventional attendance management system involving the

use of attendance sheet and signing has proved to have some associated problems such as time wasting, fake

attendance and misplacement of attendance sheet, thus making the system inefficient and ineffective. The

application was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic and Microsoft Access as the database. This research work

successfully designed and implemented an RFID-based Attendance Monitoring System (AMS) that automatically

takes attendance and calculates the percentages via scanning the Unique Identifier (UID) of a tag which represents

each student. The designed system proved to be effective such that it processes information gathered from the tags

within an average of 219ms read time and a narrow error margin of 0 during the subjected trials.

Keywords: Attendance, Attendance Monitoring System (AMS), Database, Identification, Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID). _________________________________________________

African Journal of Computing & ICT Reference Format:

T. C. Adeniran, Y. Sanni, N. Faruk and L. A. Olawoyin (2019), Design and Implementation of an Automated Attendance Monitoring System for a Nigerian University using RFID, Afr. J. Comp. & ICT, Vol.12, No. 2, pp. 72 - 89. © Afr. J. Comp. & ICT, June 2019; ISSN 2006-1781

I. INTRODUCTION

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies are

emerging technologies that could bring significant impact

to many organisations, institutions and countries at large.

The technology belongs to the group called Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) [1].RFID

systems, typically, consists of a reader and multiple tags.

It works based on an identification request sent from a

reader to the tags. However, a collision may occur when

multiple tags reply simultaneously, leading to

unsuccessful identifications of all the participating tags.

For this reason,[2]proposed an adaptive binary tree and

slotted ALOHA techniques to combat this problem.

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Educational institutions, universities, polytechnics,

colleges of education and many others, on the other hand,

are concerned about student attendance, which is

mandatory, and part of the requirements for eligibility for

sitting of an examination. In some institutions such as the

University of Ilorin, students are expended to attain at least 75% classes before they are allowed to sit for an

examination and therefore, before the commencement of

an examination, lecturers are required to submit the list of

students who defaulted. Currently, the obtainable

approach for attendance taking in many institutions in

Nigeria, if not all, is the paper-based (i.e. signing of

attendance sheet or calling names). These approaches are

inefficient, inaccurate, stressful and time-consuming.

Moreover, the signed attendance sheet may also get

misplaced due to human imperfections [3]. Hence, the

need for a better approach to effectively automate and monitor students’ attendance. Even though some systems

have been designed to tackle these challenges as

highlighted earlier, however, the practical implementation

of such systems in institutions in developing countries

could be challenging due to high monetary cost, the need

to deploy specialized hardware and the susceptibility to

fake or proxy attendance.

Therefore, in this paper, we proposed an RFID based

attendance automated monitoring system (AMS) that

mitigates the problems associated with attendance

process. The system was successfully designed, implemented and tested in the University of Ilorin, Ilorin,

Nigeria. The system automatically takes a student's

attendance and provides the percentage of student's

attendance. It is found to be user-friendly, cost-effective

and more suitable for deployment in developing countries

saddled with limited resource.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In the deployment environments, the RFID system is

expected to serve as a replacement to the conventional barcode technologies. This is because it enables

identification from a distance and the line of sight (LOS)

clearance is not required as the case for bar-code

technologies [1]. More so, a broader set of unique IDs

such as the manufacturer, product type can be

incorporated. Furthermore, RFID has the capabilities of

measuring environmental factors such as temperature.

RFID systems are deployed in industries and academic

sectors to tackle challenges such as tracking and

managing attendees' report cards, checking staff and

students' identification when necessary, and maintaining

the cleaning logs for multiple buildings and residence on

campus [4][5]. In advanced countries, RFID has been

incorporated into the Library system to assist in sorting,

tracking and securing books against loss or misplacements

[6][7]. It has also been widely adopted for use in

industries as an authentication system in granting access to some resources [5][8][9], They are used for door locks

and in some instances, quick pay systems [10][11].

RFID was also implemented into the commercial sector

for use in applications such as automatic tracking of train

cars, automobiles, and shipping containers [12]. It has

been applied also in item-level tagging with electronic

product codes, proximity cards for physical access

control, and contact-less payment systems [12].[13],

designed a system that enables parents to monitor the

presence of their children at a specific time. Whenever each student’s ID card is scanned at the gate, an SMS

notification of the student attendance is being sent to their

parents. Another important implementation was in Exam

Hall Maintenance System to resolve the problem of time-

wasting associated with students searching for the

allocated exam halls or seating arrangements[14].

Recently, the application of RFID for attendance taking

has been gaining momentum [5][15][16][17][18][19] due

to the importance of attendance. According to[20]

government offers scholarships based on the merit and

attendance of students, he however argued that the present attendance taking system is not reliable to make the right

decision due to high chance of manipulating the

attendance results which can lead to the forfeiture of

government services planned for the students[15][18].

Similarly, authors in [21] proposed an electronic card-

based system to mitigate the lecture attendance problems

in higher institutions, especially in developing countries.

The system was designed using a single chip computer-

based subsystems, which was interfaced to the serial port

of a digital computer. The designed system proved to eliminate uncertainties that cloud conventional attendance

system in terms of time taken to complete attendance

taking process as well as the possibility of proxy

attendance. The authors ascertained that the system is

error-free, faster and is capable of authenticating students

attendance, which serves as a prerequisite to writing

examinations in an academic institution. However, the

authors later suggest the need to further investigate

student attendance monitoring through other means. Thus

RFID was recommended alongside biometrics

technology.

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Furthermore, libraries are also adopting RFID

technologies to automate processes that were formerly

done manually and are inefficient. Many libraries face

challenges associated with book theft, and this increases

their operational cost in having to replace those books.

Using RFID technology in [6] was able to automate self-checkout of books thus allowing library employees to

track books easily and their records up to date. This

further increases the efficiency and security of the

libraries.

However, [8] pointed out the need to tackle the current

security concerns associated with RFID technology, such

as tag cloning and denial of service etc. It was also stated

that it has become essential to put security mechanisms in

place to ensure availability, integrity and confidentiality

of any RFID system. But due to the uniqueness of tags in RFID technologies, it is almost impossible for proxy

attendance to occur in RFID based AMS. However, [12]

argued that the tricky nature of humans could lead to

proxy attendance even in RFID based AMS. For this

reason, the use of hybrid systems combining both RFID

and fingerprint technologies is proposed. This can be

more expensive due to additional costs incurred, but it

ensures a higher level of security and efficiency of the

system.

Therefore, this research work followed the existing works

of literature to improve the efficiency of attendance

systems, in the academic settings. We adopted the RFID

technology, which is one of the fast growing technologies

in the world today, to design and implement an

automated attendance monitoring system that helps in

calculating and generating attendance in percentages. Thereby assisting educational institutions in making

necessary decisions related to attendance.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 RFID COMPONENTS

The RFID system comprises, primarily of three core

components: the RFID Reader, RFID Tags and Databases.

A. RFID Reader

The RFID readers mainly read data on tags and send it to

the end system for processing through a radio frequency channel, however, some advanced readers have the

capability of writing on tags. Depending on the tag type,

the communication between the tag and reader may be a

single ping or may be a more complex multi-round

protocol. RFID readers also power passive tags through

their RF communication channel. The passive tags

usually, do not have power source embedded. RFID

readers come in different forms and could operate on

different frequencies with different functionalities. Fig 1

shows the typical RFID Reader Module. Interestingly, some readers may have their internal

storage and processing power and even offer network

connectivity. The readers can be a simple conduit or an

external system, and can also have the capacity to store

data locally [5][9]. Some readers can be integrated with

hand-held mobile devices and can be used for taking

inventory of a warehouse by walking through its aisles

[22].

B. RFID Tags

Tags are attached to objects as a means of identification.

Ideally, a tag contains an integrated circuitry and an

antenna or coupling case. Although there are different

types of RFID tags, the differences are in their power

sources. There are two types of RFID tags; they are active tags and passive tags. Active tags are battery powered and

mostly have a high storage capacity of 512KB. The

sensing range could extend up to 300 feet and could be

used for long reads applications. However, they are quite

expensive and considerable large in size.

Unlike the active tags, the passive tags do not require a power source but instead draw power from the

interrogator field in the RFID reader. They also have

lower storage capacities of a few bits to 1 KB. This

compactness makes it smaller and easy to move.

However, the limited power capability limits its range

between 4 inches to 15 feet, making it unsuitable for long

read applications. Additionally, passive tags are relatively

cheaper than active tags, making it the best choice for

most RFID-systems[12]. Fig. 2 shows a typical RFID

Tags.

C. RFID Databases

RFID databases do the association between the data identification using the RFID tags and the arbitrary

records. These records may contain product information

or student information as in this case. Usually, this

depends on the type of application that informs the system

design. Standalone databases are built or may be

integrated into a centralised database system. There is a

secured connection between the databases and the RFID

readers, and this makes it possible for secure parallel

communication. However, if tags contain all relevant

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product information, there may be no need to contact an

off-site database [23].

IV. SYSTEM DESIGN

The RIFD can operate on any frequency depending on the

design and the consideration of collision of rates, but

RFID frequencies are classified based on distance; they

are the near-field and far-field RFIDs. The Near-field

RFIDs are used for closed distance implementation

between the tags and readers [10].Unlike Near-Field

RFIDs, the Far-field RFID is more suitable for long-

distance applications. The primary three components used

for the design are the PC (DELL laptop with 1TB ROM,

8GB RAM and 2.4GHz i7core processor), RFID passive tags and RFID Reader (which comprises of MF RC522

and Arduino Uno R3).To successfully, design and

implement an RFID-based AMS, two phases were

involved. Phase I, the design of RFID Infrastructure

which includes the actual coupling and programing of the

entire RFID physical hardware. Phase II, the design of the

AMS program that will reside in the PC and communicate

with the database to allow for automatic attendance

registering.

4.1. RFID INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN The RFID reader component for the AMS was designed

using two essential components, the MF RC522 and

Arduino Uno 3.

A. The MF RC522

Mifare RC522 or simply called MF RC522 is a highly

integrated RFID card reader designed by NXP [24] that

supports non-contact 13.56MHz communication. The

reader is an affordable, low power consuming, and

compact size read and write chip, which is suitable for

developing portable hand-held devices and smart meters.

The MF RC522 supports 14443A compatible answer

signal and uses DSP to deal with ISO14443A frames and error correction. Furthermore, it promotes rapid

CRYPTO1 encryption to validate Mifare series products

and offer security using cryptography. MFRC522 support

Mifare series higher speed non-contact communication,

duplex communication speeds up to 424 kb/s (full

communication speed of 848kbps) [3][24]. The

MFRC522 has an internal transmitter part that allows it to

drive a reader or writer antenna on how to communicate

with ISO/IEC 14443A/MIFARE cards or tags without any

additional active circuitry. The receiver part of the

MFRC522 provides a robust and efficient implementation of decoding and demodulating signals received from the

tags. The higher communication speed using duplex

channels thus offer it the capability of gaining up to

848kbits/s (424kb/s x 2) in both directions. Various host

interfaces can be implemented using the MFRC522, part

of such an interface includes the SPI interface, Serial

UART interface, and I2C interface [25].Fig. 3 shows

RFID MF RC522 Reader.

B. Arduino Uno 3

Arduino Uno R3 was used to facilitate the communication

between the RFID module and the program, it accepts the

radio signal information from the RFID module and then

converts it into digital data before passing it to the

program [26]. It has 14 digital input/output pins, a USB

connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset

button [25].

C. RFID Reader connection mode The MF RC522 reader is connected to the Arduino Uno

R3 board using the specific order of connection as shown

in figure 5. The reader has to be powered using 3.3V after

which the signal PIN is connected from PIN 9 on the MF

RC522 to PIN 11 of the Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller.

This connection allows the flow of signal information

between the two chips thus allowing the reader to be

programmed via the microcontroller.

4.2. The AMS DESIGN AND DATABASE

DEVELOPMENT

The AMS design was programmed using C# high-level programming language. The model comprises of five (5)

action phases with the last action being to exit the

program. These phases allow the AMS to function

correctly and make the taking of student attendance

possible across different courses. The stages are – Course

Registration, Set Course, Enroll Student, Take

Attendance, View Attendance, and Exit Program. The

program design sits on the lecturer's laptop, or device

allows the lecturer to connect the device to the RFID

reader using a particular RFID Port.

A. Course Registration Phase

This phase allows the user to register each course that is

taken by students. For instance, if a lecturer in a

department takes three (3) courses, then the three courses

will be registered on the AMS assigned to that particular

lecturer. All the courses will be stored in a database that

can be pulled in the form of a drop-down function

whenever a lecturer enters a class with the AMS program

sitting on his device (laptop). The course registration

menu allows for inputs of data such as Session, Course

Title, Course Code, Unit, Number of Students, Level and

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Semester. Once this information is saved, it can be

utilised in the order phases to perform enrolling and

taking of attendance.

B. Set Default Course

This option allows a particular course to be selected so that all other actions are directly involved, with the

specified default course. A lecturer will be able to select

the course he wants to take attendance for from a list of

all the courses he is handling. By choosing a default

course, the attendance taking process affects only the

selected course, allowing each student listed for that

course, to be registered in the AMS database.

The AMS was designed to allow for a lecturer taking

more than a single course to successfully and efficiently

manage the attendance of those courses without having to change the AMS program each time.

C. Student Registration Phase

The student registration phase allows the enrolment of the

entire students in a class to give room for an automated

attendance management process. This phase provides

each student's information be entered and stored as a

legible student for the particular course that has been

initially set as the default course. Each student taking the

class must have their details entered into the system to

make them an eligible student for the class. The

information to be entered includes the Matriculation Number of the Student, Surname, First name, Other

names, Sex, Parent/Guardian, Phone, Session and RFID

Tag Number. The RFID tag number is the unique number

of the student that identifies him as who he is on the

system.RFID tag numbers are always printed on a tag and

it is specific to only one tag. Tag numbers cannot be

edited or changed, and as a result, no two RFID tags have

the same tag number. In figure8, the RFID tag number

11568180195 is used to represent the student,Sanni,

Yusuf and thus once the tag with the corresponding RFID

tag number is scanned, it treats it as Sanni Yusuf.

The database used for the designed AMS was created

using Microsoft Access. Each student detail is entered

automatically into the database by the AMS program

during the course registration phase. Every time a valid

read of a student's RFID tag is done, the AMS program

automatically generates the student list in the attendance

showing the particular student as being present for the

class. Figure 9 showed the image of the database when

two tags identifying two students were read.

The automated AMS is designed to also automatically

calculate the percentage of attendance on request by a

lecturer. This calculation is performed by allowing the

AMS program to pull information from the database and

perform necessary mathematical operations to determine

the corresponding percentage.

4.3. SYSTEM DESIGN FLOW

For the RFID-based AMS to be used for attendance

managing, it is required that there should be a connection

between the AMS program and the integrated RFID

reader. This connection is made, using either an Ethernet

cable or a USB cable. Once this connection is established,

the reader and the program exchange information in the

form of commands which then allows the reader to read

the UID of a tag and then pass the data to the AMS

program for processing. Figure 10 shows the architecture of the AMS operation.

The AMS which is attached to the reader is connected to a

database, which stores the attendance and automatically

computes the percentage of the attendance upon request.

The AMS program resides on a PC which is connected to

the RFID reader with bidirectional communication. Once

a student scans his RFID tag, the reader picks the UID of

the tag and passes it to the AMS program for processing.

The AMS program then increases the attendance count to

+1 for the user of the tag. The complete AMS program

was developed using Visual Basic programming language. The database was created to hold the attendance

information and each valid scan causes an increment of

one in the particular student’s attendance field.

4.3.1ATTENDANCE TAKING PROCESS

The attendance registering process becomes automatic

after the previous phases have been completed. Once a

lecturer gets into the class and connects his computer

(where the AMS program resides) to the RFID reader

using one of the USB communication (COM) port, he/she

then sets the default course, as the particular course intended to be taken by the students from the list of

courses on the AMS program. After this, the Take

attendance menu will be initiated.

The program behind this menu endlessly waits to read

data from a tag. Once it reads data from a particular tag, it

displays the RFID tag number and stores the holder of the

tag as being present for the class then keeps listening for

new tags. The process of storing the information into the

attendance database takes around 211.75 ms so as not to

cause a delay before scanning the next tag.

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V. SYSTEM TESTING AND VALIDATION

After the completion of a class, the lecturer in charge can

view the attendance list to know the students present for

the course. This view option is in two ways – View by

date and View by the summary.

A. View by date

This function allows the attendance of a particular date for

a specific course to be displayed. This will enable the

lecturer to know the number of student present for the

course on a particular date. The matriculation number and

name of the students present in the class will be displayed

along with the total number of students registered for the

course and student present for the course on that particular

date. It also allows the lecturer to check attendance of past

periods if needed.

B. View by summary

The view by summary tab allows the lecturer to view the

summary list of the attendance for a particular class. Since

attending of classes is a prerequisite to writing

examinations especially for Universities such as the

University of Ilorin, the view by summary list displays the

total registered students for a course, shows the number of

times they were present for the class and automatically

calculates the percentage of attendance. This will allow

the authorities to know which students failed to meet up

with the required attendance percentage and be dealt with accordingly.

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Upon completion of the AMS system, the efficiency of

the system was tested based on two main factors/metrics –

time taken per reading and the number of errors

encountered. The test trial was repeated four times to get

an average accurate result of time taken per reading and

errors encountered. The result from the test is as shown

in Table1.

The result from the test showed that after four (4)

consecutive trials using contact tag read type, there is a

100% detection rates and 0% of errors encountered during

the experiments.

The lowest average read time during the test trial is

207.50ms while the highest average read time is

215.50ms. By using the average read time of the entire

test trials, the overall average read time of the trial can be

calculated using the formula above:

(1)

Avg 1 to Avg 5 referred to the Average read time of the

tags during the trials. Thus, the overall average read time

during the entire test is 211.75ms. From the result

obtained during the trial, it can be seen that the RFID-

based AMS designed for this work is very efficient. The error rate encountered during the test for each tag scan is

nil (0%), meaning that there was no error during the

reading process. Error rate refers to the number of

unsuccessful tags read by the RFID system. However,

during the entire experiment, there were no unsuccessful

tag reads, making the AMS system a highly efficient one.

A system with no error is considered to be a perfect

system because it will relatively have a high up-time

performance. Although errors can occur in the system,

this error is not a systematic factor error but rather human

error or other errors such as damage to cables. The tag read time obtained during the entire trial is not constant

but falls within a margin of 207.50ms to 215.50ms. This

is relatively low since it takes less than one-third fraction

of a second to process data received thus making the

AMS an efficient one.

The RFID-based AMS reader mounted at the entry point

of the class has three primary states. The first state is the

connection of the RFID reader to the computer, the AMS

program sits on, via the use of USB Communication Port

(COM PORT). Once this state is completed, the second

state commences, which is the initialisation of the AMS program and setting of a default course that is, the current

holding class. The last phase is the actual reading of each

student tag that represents the registering of attendance

for each class.

The designed RFID-based AMS is more efficient when

compared to conventional attendance systems that require

students to sign on the attendance sheet. Conventional

AMS requires a longer duration of time for each student

to find their corresponding details and sign appropriately

on the space needed on the attendance sheet. This delay is eliminated along with delay incurred in passing

attendance sheet between students in a class. Additionally,

monitoring conventional attendance systems has always

been an issue, which leads to cases of fake attendance

where a student signs attendance for another student not

present in a class. The designed automated AMS employs

the use of RFID technology, which involves using a tag to

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represent only a particular student, thus eliminating the

issue of fake attendance. Each student has to scan their tag

before being marked as present in a class by the AMS

system, making it almost impossible for a student to take

attendance for another student not present in the class.

Also, unlike the conventional AMS which could be

misplaced and lost due to mismanagement, the designed

RFID-based AMS stores attendance data electronically

and can be retrieved from its database anytime requested.

Electronic data are easier to backup and safer, so the

system thus reduces the possibility of misplaced and

damaged attendance sheets.

Complementary to this, the system also automatically

generates the percentages of attendance, making it easier

to read and make decisions based on it. Subsequently, figure 14 shows the attendance of four students in

percentages, of a particular course, TCS 402 that was

meant to be taken 16 times. Student 1 attended all the 16

classes, making the percentage of his attendance to be

100%. Student 2 however, missed 4 classes, making his

attendance 12 times with a percentage of 75% by the end

of the semester. The same goes for students 3 and 4, who

were also absent for some of the classes and the AMS

calculated their respective percentages automatically.

Also, It should be noted that the formula used for

calculating the percentage of the attendance is:

StudentAttendancePercentage = (Number of classes

attended/total number of classes of the course) *100.

Then again, the automation part of the designed system

eases the attendance taking process. Students and

lecturers will no more be faced with the stress of filling

names each time during or class or tracing corresponding

name or serial numbers to compute overall attendance

percentages. The designed AMS system automates the

calculation of percentages of each student in each course

giving the lecturer (instructor) time to do other necessary things.

VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The AMS shows that, by automating attendance

monitoring/management systems, it makes attendance

registering more efficient and productive. Additionally,

automated AMS also eliminates the common

discrepancies that are often associated with conventional

attendance systems. The RFID-based AMS not only

automatically logs each student's presence but also

calculates the total percentage of attendance which is a

needed requirement for grading students. Based on the

metrics used for testing, the system is error-free, and there

is a lower probability of it being cheated as the case is

with the manual attendance system.

The contact tag used for this work, adds a delay in the

attendance registering process. Since each student has to

swipe their tag on the reader before the information is

retrieved from the tag, this means students have to take

turns before the reader reads their tag. Thus, the use of

contactless RFID tag is recommended to eliminate this

delay. Also, since the MFRC522 reader is incapable of

reading tags above the 50mm range, it is recommended

that an external antenna is attached to the reader to allow

it to read data easily from contactless tags. The designed

system makes no adequate provision for security measures to tackle security threats such as Cloning,

Impersonation, Remote Attacks, Denial of Service (DoS),

and Virus and Malicious attacks. Hence, these

refinements are considered in our future works.

The AMS can also be adopted in other organisations like

health facilities, industries, e-government etc. So that its

application can be extended to different working sectors

where there is a need to record and to digitalize the

attendance of employees, providing an efficient and

reliable attendance management system. For instance,

automation is being used in several spheres of human activities including the accreditation and voting process

used during the election in Nigeria. Voters are no longer

faced with the tedious task of matching their name and

corresponding numbers to their voting details to

determine if they are eligible to vote or not. However, to

increase the efficiency of the voting process and reduce

the needed labour associated with prior manual

accreditation systems, it is therefore recommended that a

smart electronic voting system (e-voting) be integrated

with RFID technology for voter's accreditation and

authentication especially in the developing country such as Nigeria. In order, to eradicate election discrepancies

and inadequacies such as votes buying, ballot box

snatching, loss of lives due to motor accidents and other

election violence.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to appreciate the anonymous

reviewers for taking their valuable time out to scrutinize

the submitted manuscript.

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w

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Fig. 1: RFID Reader Module[22]

Fig. 2: RFID Tags[12]

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Fig. 3: RFID MF RC522 Reader [24]

Fig. 4: Arduino Uno R3 Board [6]

Fig. 5: Connection of the microcontroller with RFID module[26]

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Fig. 6: Course Registration Interface

Fig. 7: Set Default Course Interface

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Fig. 8: Student Enrolling Interface

Fig. 9: Database handling storage of AMS attendance input.

84





Fig 10: Architecture of the Design

Fig. 11: Tag Reading Interface

85





Fig. 12: Attendance View Option Interface

Fig. 13: Attendance View by Date Sheet

Fig. 14: Attendance View by Summary Sheet

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Table 1: Result obtained from testing the RFID-based AMS

S/N Read Type Number

of Trials

Number of

Detections

1st Read

(ms)

2nd

Read

(ms)

3rd

Read

(ms)

4th

Read

(ms)

Avg. Read

Time (ms)

No of

Errors

1. Contact 4 4 225 210 203 224 215.50 0

2. Contact 4 4 212 200 221 218 212.75 0

3. Contact 4 4 201 209 211 219 210.00 0

4 Contact 4 4 212 216 202 200 207.50 0

5 Contact 4 4 210 208 215 219 213.00 0

APPENDIX

Source Code linking attendance with percentage calculation Sql = "Select Fullname, Slevel, MatricNo, Count(MatricNO) AS MC from AttendanceInfo where Code='" & Trim(setCourse) & "'

GROUP BY MatricNo, Fullname, Slevel" Rec.OpenSql, Conn, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText

FrmSummary.lbl.Caption = "SUMMARY ATTENDANCE FOR " &UCase(setCourse) FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "" FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "" FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "" FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print ""

FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "": FrmSummary.Pic.Print "" FrmSummary.Pic.FontName = "Arial Narrow" FrmSummary.Pic.FontSize = "11" FrmSummary.Pic.Print Tab(10); "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" FrmSummary.Pic.Print Tab(10); "MATRIC NO:"; Tab(35); "NAME :"; Tab(85); "LEVEL :"; Tab(100); "NO. OF TIMES PRESENT:"; Tab(135); "PERCENTAGE(%):"

FrmSummary.Pic.Print Tab(10); "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" With Rec While Not .EOF P = (Val(!mc) / SA) * 100 FrmSummary.Pic.Print Tab(10); !MatricNo; Tab(35); !Fullname; Tab(85); !Slevel; Tab(100); !mc; Tab(135); P & "%" .MoveNext

DoEvents Wend End With FrmSummary.Show PS = 0 SA = 0 End If Rec.Close

CloseConn

87





BIODATA OF AUTHORS

Adeniran, Temitayo Caroline is a lecturer II in the

Department of Telecommunication Science, Faculty of

Communication and Information Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. She holds a Bachelor

of Technology, B. Tech (Hons) in Computer Science from

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH),

Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. She completed her

Master’s Degree, M.Sc. in Computer Network

Administration and Management (Electronic and

Computer Engineering Department) with Merit and also

won a M.Sc. project prize from the University of

Portsmouth, United Kingdom. She is also a member of

IEEE Computer Society.Her research interests include:

Networking, Network and Information Security, Knowledge Based Authentication Systems, Radio

Frequency Identification (RFID) and Telecommunication

Project Management.

Sanni, Yusuf Mohammed received a Bachelor of Science

B.Sc. degree in Telecommunication Science from University of Ilorin (UNILORIN), Ilorin, Kwara state,

Nigeria in 2018. He is currently undergoing a compulsory

1-year National Youth Service Corp (NYSC) programme.

After which he will proceed to do his Masters Program in

Network Security field. His research interests centres on

Network Design, RFID applications and Network

Security.

Dr. Nasir Faruk is a senior lecturer in the Department of

Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

He received his Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering at University of Ilorin, Nigeria in 2015,

Masters of Science in Mobile & High Speed

Telecommunication Networks with distinction from

Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK in 2010 and

Bachelor of Science in Physics with first class honours

from Kano University of Science and Technology

(KUST) Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria in 2007. Dr. Faruk

joined the service of the University of Ilorin in 2010.

From 2015-2016, he was a postdoctoral researcher at the

department of Communication and Networking, school of

Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland where

he lead the group that proposed an energy efficient self-

backhaul solution for future Heterogeneous networks. He

received numerous research grants and fellowships from

TETFUND, AFRINIC/FIRE, Dynamic Spectrum

Alliance, Extensia Ltd and IEEE. He is an author or co-

author of over 80 scientific publications and his research

interests lie in the areas of Spectrum management,

Channel modelling, Computational Intelligence, energy

efficiency of access and backhaul networks, and universal

rural telecommunication networks. He is a member of

IEEE and IET.

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4)

Lukman A Olawoyin received B.Eng. degree in

Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Federal of Technology, (Akure, FUTA), Nigeria in 2003 and M.Sc.

degree in Modern Digital communication Systems from

the University of Sussex, United Kingdom in 2010. He

had his PhD in Information and Signal Processing at the

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,

Beijing, China. His research interests include Physical

Layer security, signal

processing, MIMO and information theory. He is a member of Nigeria Society of Engineer and Registered

Member of Council of Regulation of Engineering in

Nigeria (COREN). He has over 40 publications to his

credit and presently Head of department of

Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

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