Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is...
Transcript of Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is...
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Desert Tortoise Health Assessment
Observing and Recording
Clinical Signs on Data Sheet
PK Robbins, MRCVS and Jim Oosterhuis, DVM
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- Maximize individual survival - Minimize spread of disease - Bank for the future ( data, photos, biological samples)
Goal Oriented Approach
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Systematic Approach
-Far to near -Head to tail -Least to most
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Attitude and Activity •= Animal’s disposition in the context of it’s environment
•Normal •Lethargic/weak
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Normal attitude and activity
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Normal
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Normal
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Lethargic and weak
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Respiration
–Lack a diaphragm –Air is moved in/out of the lungs
through movement of the forelimbs
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Respiration
• Normal breath sounds –None –Whistling, hissing
• Abnormal breath sounds/breathing –Wheezing, rattle
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Increased Respiratory Effort
–Head/neck extended –Open mouth –Exaggerated forelimb movement or
“pumping”
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Increased respiratory effort
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QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Beak • = An external anatomical structure with a
keratinized covering which serves as the mouth in some animals
• Normal • Abnormal
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Normal beak
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Abnormal beak
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Abnormal beak
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Evidence of foraging on beak
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Naris (s), Nares (pl)
• = External opening of the nasal cavities
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Naris (s), Nares (pl) • Normal • Asymmetrical = left and right openings are
different in size or shape • Eroded = loss or wearing away of scales • Occluded = Narrowing or reduced opening
of the naris due to debris, exudates or scarring
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Normal nares
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Asymmetrical nares
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Asymmetrical nares
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Eroded nares
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Eroded nares
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Eroded nares
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Eroded nares
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Occluded nares
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Occluded nares
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Occluded nares
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Occluded Nares
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Occluded Nares
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Nasal Discharge
• None • Serous = clear, watery • Mucous = cloudy, thick
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Nasal Discharge Severity 1) Mild = moisture at/around nares,
bubbles from nose 2) Moderate = discharge visible
beyond nares 3) Severe = discharge from nares
running down beak
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Serous Discharge
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Mild Serous Nasal Discharge
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Moderate Serous Nasal Discharge
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Severe Serous Nasal Discharge
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Mucous Discharge
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Mild Moucoid Nasal Discharge
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Moderate Mucoid Nasal Discharge
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Severe mucoid nasal discharge
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(things are rarely simple)
The Real World
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Occluded, Eroded Nares With Moderate Mucoid Nasal Discharge
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Eroded Nares, Severe Mucoid Nasal Discharge
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Eyes • Normal • Sunken • Corneal opacity
– Cloudy, hazy, or loss of transparency of cornea
– Focal or diffuse • Partially or fully closed
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Normal Eyes
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Sunken Eyes
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Corneal Opacity
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Corneal Opacity
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Partially Closed
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Fully Closed Eyes
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Ocular Discharge
•Serous discharge •Mucous discharge
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Serous Discharge
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Mucoid Ocular Discharge
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Periocular Region
• = Area around the eye from the eyelid margins outward (covered with skin)
• Normal • Swollen • Reddened
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Normal Periocular Region
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Periocular Swelling
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Periocular Swelling
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Periocular Swelling
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Periocular Swelling
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Periocular Swelling
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Periocular Swelling and Redness
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Conjunctiva • = Mucous membranes from the eyelid
margin inward, includes the third eyelid (tissues beneath the eyelid)
• Normal • Swollen • Reddened
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Conjunctival Redness
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Conjunctival Swelling and Redness
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(things are still not simple)
The Real World
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Periocular And Conjunctival Swelling
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Partially Closed Eye, Serous Ocular Discharge, Periocular Swelling
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What are the clinical signs?
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Skin Lesions
• Lesion = An abnormal change in structure of an organ or part due to injury or disease
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Skin Lesion Location/Distribution
• None • Generalized • Head • Neck • Forelimb
•Hindlimb •Axillary region •Prefemoral region •Vent/tail
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Condition Of Skin Lesion • N/A = Not Applicable
• Active = Status of a wound or lesion that
is very recent or unhealed
• Inactive = Status of a wound or lesion that is no longer changing significantly or is healed
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Normal Skin
![Page 77: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Mental Glands (normal)
![Page 78: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Skin Lesion, Head, Active
![Page 79: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Skin Lesion, Neck, Inactive
![Page 80: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Skin Lesion, Right Forelimb, Inactive
![Page 81: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Skin Lesion, Neck, Active
![Page 82: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Skin Lesion, Vent/Tail, Active
![Page 83: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Skin Lesions, Axillary Region, Active
![Page 84: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Coelomic Cavity Palpation
![Page 85: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Normal Tortoise
![Page 86: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
One Urolith
![Page 87: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Two Uroliths
![Page 88: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
One Urolith and Three Eggs
![Page 89: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Urolith (bladder stone)
![Page 90: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Shell
![Page 91: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Shell Characteristics • N/A • Compressible • Sunken
–may be normal in geriatric animals but not normal in a juvenile
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Shell Characteristics
• Extra scutes • Missing scutes • Peeling/flaking keratin • Bone exposed
![Page 93: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Shell Abnormalities
• Location –Carapace –Plastron –N/A
![Page 94: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Shell Abnormalities
• Distribution –None –Localized –Multifocal –Generalized
![Page 95: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Shell Abnormalities
• Condition –N/A –Active –Inactive
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Dyskeratosis
– Main Entry: dys·ker·a·to·sis Pronunciation: \ ˌdis-ˌker-ə-ˈtō-səs\Function: noun Inflected Form(s): plural dys·ker·a·to·ses \-ˌsēz\: faulty development of the epidermis with abnormal keratinization—dys·ker·a·tot·ic \-ˈtät-ik\ adjective
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Causes of Dyskeratosis
–Causes are many including but not limited to auto-immune, infectious, traumatic, metabolic, nutritional, or toxic etiologies
• Idiopathic
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Cutaneous Dyskeratosis • A disease affecting the shell • High mortality rates in some populations • Lesions include white discoloration,
flaking, and peeling of the scutes with irregular pitting and chipping of the shell, +/- bone exposure
• Plastron usually affected first • Cause not definitively determined
![Page 99: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Normal Shell
![Page 100: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Normal Shell
![Page 101: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
Compressible Shell
101
![Page 102: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Peeling Scutes
![Page 103: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Sunken Scutes
![Page 104: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Extra Scute
![Page 105: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Localized, Inactive
![Page 106: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Bone Exposed, Carapace, Localized, Inactive
![Page 107: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Plastron Abnormality, Localized, Inactive
![Page 108: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Localized, Active
![Page 109: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Plastron Abnormality, Localized, Active
![Page 110: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Multifocal, Active
![Page 111: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Generalized, Inactive
![Page 112: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Generalized, Inactive
![Page 113: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Multifocal, Active
![Page 114: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Carapace Abnormality, Generalized, Inactive
![Page 115: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Circumstances of Skin/Shell Trauma
• N/A • Unknown • Suspect canid bite • Vehicle • Other
![Page 116: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Vehicular Trauma
Canid Predation
![Page 117: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Other Trauma, Lesions, Or Identifying Features
• Missing Limbs • Missing Eyes • Missing Digits/Nails
![Page 118: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Ticks • Argus (family) • Ornithodoros (genus) - Soft-bodied tick • Orinthodoros parkeri and O. ruricata
(Greene 1986) • Life span 20 yrs for some argastid ticks • Ticks can survive long periods of
starvation
![Page 119: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Ticks
![Page 120: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Ticks
![Page 121: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Ticks
![Page 122: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
• Choana
• Tongue & Oral Mucosa
Oral Cavity
![Page 123: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Choana
• Not Examined • Normal • Pale • Reddened
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• Not Examined • Normal • Pale • Reddened
Tongue & Oral Mucosa
![Page 125: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Tongue & Oral Mucosa
– Crusts – Ulcers – Plaques – Hypersalivation – Impaction
![Page 126: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Normal Oral Cavity
![Page 127: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Choana Reddened
![Page 128: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Pale Tongue
![Page 129: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Reddened Tongue
![Page 130: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Tongue and Oral Mucosa Reddened
![Page 131: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Oral Crust
•Crust is an outer layer of solid material formed by drying of a bodily exudate or secretion
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Oral Ulcers
• An ulcer is a localized defect or excavation of the surface of a tissue, usually produced by sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
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Oral Plaques
• In the oral cavity, plaques are flat areas that tend to have a white or yellow appearance with a dry surface compared to the pink moist tongue or mucous membrane
![Page 134: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Oral Ulcer & Plaque
Ulcer
Plaque
![Page 135: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Oral Plaque
![Page 136: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Oral Plaque
![Page 137: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Oral Plaque and Ulcer
![Page 138: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Hypersalivation
![Page 139: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Oral Impaction • Occasionally observed in tortoises • Food or debris is lodged in the
oral cavity, often in the cheek • Can cause an abscess • Bromus seeds
![Page 140: Desert Tortoise Health Assessment · •Occasionally observed in tortoises •Food or debris is lodged in the oral cavity, often in the cheek •Can cause an abscess •Bromus seeds](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050504/5f95c80f7fdff062f558d0a7/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Oral Impaction