Descriptive Method Of Research (1)
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Transcript of Descriptive Method Of Research (1)
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Group 2
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` Can involve collecting quantitative information
` Can describe categories ofqualitative information
such as patterns of interaction when usingtechnology in the classroom.
` Doesnot fit neatly into either category
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` Involvesgathering data that describeeventsand
then organizes, tabulates, depicts,and describes
the data.
` Uses descriptionasa tool to organize data intopatterns that emerge duringanalysis.
` Often usesvisual aidssuch asgraphsand charts
to aid the reader
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` What is the best way to provideaccess to
computerequipment inschools?` Do teachers hold favorableattitudes toward
using computers inschools?
` What have been the reactions ofschool
administrators to technological innovations inteaching?
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` Refers to thenature of the research question
` The design ofthe research
` The way that data will beanalyzed for the topic
that will be researchedThe type ofresearch question will determine
whether descriptive research approach is
appropriate to use.
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` Educational research and
experiences may contain
manyvariables that
cannot be realistically
controlled.
` Educational research
may require observations
of lifeexperiences
` Data collection may be
spread overa large
number ofpeople overa
largegeographic area
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Surveys Interviews
Observations Portfolios
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` May be used to reveal
summarystatistics by
showing responses to all
possible questionnaire
items.
` Often provide leads in
identifyingneeded
changes
` May be used to explore
relationships between 2
or morevariables.
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` Written questionnaires
` Personal interviews
` Telephone interviews
Factors to be considered
` Sampling
` Type ofpopulation
` Question Form
` QuestionContent
` Response rates
` Costs
` Availablefacilities
` Length ofdata collection
` Computerassisted techniques
for data collection
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` More timeefficient
` Allow the researcher to establish a rapport withthe respondent
` Allow theacquisition ofmore in-depth information
` Allow for interviewer observation
` Allow the interviewer to obtainvisual cues
` May be personal or telephone interviews
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Disadvantages
` Require morestafftime` Require more travel time
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Advantages
Lessexpensive
Less time-consuming
Disadvantages
Limited telephoneaccess
Lack of interviewers
ability to observe the
respondent and obtain
visual cues
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Advantages
Ability to reach largenumber
ofpeopleacrossa wide
geographic area
Easeand low cost ofdistribution
Minimal amount ofstaff
required
Allows respondents to respond
in their timeframe
Disadvantages
Lower response rate
Need to designasurvey
instrument with asimple
format
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` A letter of transmittal should accompany mailed
questionnaires.
` Should state purposeand importance ofresearch
` Should state importance ofresponding
` Should givea timeframe to respond
` Should includea confidentialitystatement
` Should includean offer to share results
` Should includea thank-you note to the respondent
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` Good questioning techniques
` Use completesentences
` Offera limited set ofanswers
` Interesting` Worded so that questions mean thesame to all
` Provide definitionsfor confusing terms
` Uses the I dont know answervery carefully
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1. Naturally occurring behaviors observed innatural
contexts
2. Contexts that are contrived to be realistic
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` Require direct observation ofbehavior
` Datagathered without intermediary instruments
` Canyield a wealth of invaluable information
` Can bea complicated process
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` Can beemployed productively to support many
purposes ineducational technology
` Can be used to determine how people interact
with technology invariousstages ofdesignandimplementation
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` How do learners interact with aspecific program?
` How do learners interact with anew hardwaresystem?
Observation makes it possible to explore theimplementation ofa particular technological innovation
and assess the instructional outcomes.
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` 2 Forms ofObservational Research Structured
Unstructured
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Structured Observations
Rigid and controlled
Predetermined methods
Unstructured Observations
Used to determine unselective,
detailed, continuous
description ofbehavior.
Detects unintended effects More time consuming because
oftimeand labor required to
collect and analyzesets of
extensive observations
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` Providea descriptive measure ofstudent work
based onactual performance
` Consist of learner-created products that reflect the
processes of learningand development over time
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` Although descriptivestudiesare important, most
educational studies involve questionsabout
cause. W
hat causes underachievement? Will multimedia causestudents to be more motivated or
lead to high achievement levels?
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` Not alwayseasy to isolatevariable that will explain
those causes,so descriptive research can playan
important role in providing informationfrom
another perspective.` Bygathering descriptions ofwhat is and
comparing them to what we would like educators
cansee thearea that needs to beaddressed.
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` DescriptiveResearch methods havegained
acceptance
` Number ofdescriptivestudies published in
research journals has increased` Descriptive research leads to prescriptions that
instructional designersand educators can heed as
they considerfuture direction