Evolution Chapter 19 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life.
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: A DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE
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Transcript of DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: A DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE
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DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: A
DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE
CHAPTER 22
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“ Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”T.B. Dobzhansky
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Figure 22.2 Fossils of trilobites, animals that lived in the seas hundreds of millions of years ago
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HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) – founder of taxonomy (scientific name) grouped similar species into same genus
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) – catastrophism – different species in layered rock due to catastrophic events like floods
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James Hutton (1726-1797) – gradualism – profound change is a cumulative product of slow but continuous process; ex. Rivers making canyons
Charles Lyell (1797-1875) – uniformitarianism – geological process have not changed throughout Earth’s history
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)- thought acquired characteristics can be passes on to offspring
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Figure 22.3 Formation of sedimentary rock and deposition of fossils from different time periods
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Figure 22.4 Strata of sedimentary rock at the Grand Canyon
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Figure 22.18 Charles Darwin in 1859, the year The Origin of Species was published
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CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
Worked on the HMS Beagle in 1830’s
Observed and collected thousands of different species
Galapagos Islands (west of S. America) most interesting
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Figure 22.5 The Voyage of HMS Beagle
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Figure 22.6 Galápagos finches
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“The Galápagos tortoise (or Galápagos giant tortoise), is the largest living tortoise, endemic to nine islands of the Galápagos archipelago. Adults of large subspecies can weigh over 300 kilograms (660lb) and measure 1.2 meters (4 ft) long. Although the maximum life expectancy of a wild tortoise is unknown, the average life expectancy is estimated to be 150-200 years.”Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise
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Darwin read Lyell’s Principles of Geology and felt age of earth was much older than previously thought
1844 Darwin wrote essay on the origin of species
1858 – Alfred Wallace sends manuscript to Darwin about Natural Selection
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Lyell presented Wallace’s paper as well as Darwin’s 1844 essay to scientists
1859 The Origin of Species published by DarwinDescent with modificationNatural selection (the
mechanism)
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Figure 22.7 Descent with modification
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DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONSPopulation size can lead to
struggle for existenceIndividuals who inherited
characteristics best fit for environment are likely to have more offspring than less fit individuals
Leads to gradual change in a population
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NATURAL SELECTION
A population evolves, not an individual!
Acquired characteristics may be adaptable but are not inherited!!
The environment does not create a best fit characteristic, but selects for it!
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Figure 22.9 A few of the color variations in a population of Asian lady beetles
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Figure 22.11b Artificial selection: diverse vegetables derived from wild mustard
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AP:April. 29, 2005 ST. THOMAS, Barbados - It's male. But what is it? A zonkey? A deebra? That's the debate in Barbados since a zebra gave birth to a foal sired by a donkey.
Goldendoodle and a liger
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EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONBiogeography – geographical
distribution of speciesEx. Islands with similar species
to mainlandFossil record – transitional
formsComparative Anatomy –
homologous structures among different organisms
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Vestigial organs –marginal, if any importance, remnants of structures that once served a functionWhale pelvis and leg bones and
human appendixComparative Embryology – most
vertebrates share common early development (gill slits)
Molecular Biology – similar overall DNA, similar proteins (ex. Cytochrome c)
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Figure 22.12 Evolution of insecticide resistance in insect populations
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Figure 22.13 Evolution of drug resistance in HIV
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Figure 22.14 Homologous structures: anatomical signs of descent with modification
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Table 22.1 Molecular Data and the Evolutionary Relationships of Vertebrates
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Figure 22.15 Different geographic regions, different mammalian “brands”
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Figure 22.16 The evolution of fruit fly (Drosophila) species on the Hawaiian archipelago
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Figure 22.17 A transitional fossil linking past and present