Dependence & Addiction - North Seattle Collegefacweb.northseattle.edu/karchibald/PSYC100/Lecture...

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Dependence & Addiction

Transcript of Dependence & Addiction - North Seattle Collegefacweb.northseattle.edu/karchibald/PSYC100/Lecture...

Dependence & Addiction

Dependence and Addiction Introduction to

addiction Drug classifications Causes and

treatment of addiction

Introduction to Addiction

"Suddenly the thought crossed my mind that if I were to put an ounce of whiskey in my milk it couldn't hurt me on a full stomach. I ordered a whiskey and poured it in my milk. I vaguely sensed I was not being any too smart, but felt reassured as I was taking the whiskey on a full stomach. The experiment went so well that I ordered another whiskey and poured it into more milk. That didn't seem to bother me so I tried another. Thus started one more trip to the asylum for Jim.“

- Jim (Alcoholism)

Introduction to Addiction Addiction: compulsive craving for a

substance despite negative consequencesMarked by physical symptoms (e.g.,

aches, nausea, distress) following withdrawal

Introduction to Addiction

What are drugs? Drug: Any substance that affects our mental state or behavior

Psychoactive drugs Chemical substances that alter perceptions

& mood When is drug use a psychological

disorder? “abuse,” “dependence,” or “addiction”

Introduction to Addiction Is drug use a problem in Washington?8

Illicit Drug Use inPast Month amongPersons Aged 12or Older by State(2005-2006) -

SAMHSA

Alcohol Dependenceor Abuse in Past Yearamong Persons Aged18 to 25, by State

(2005-2006) -SAMHSA

Introduction to Addiction9 Is alcohol dependence/abuse a problem in

Washington?

Addiction: Dependence

Physical Dependence When periodic or continuous

use of the drug is necessary to avoid intense, physical disturbances

Psychological Dependence When periodic or continuous

use of the drug is necessary to produce pleasure and/or avoid emotional discomfort

Addiction: Tolerance/Withdrawal

Tolerance Diminishing effect of

the drug after repeated exposure (graph)

Withdrawal Discomfort after

discontinuing use of drug

Physical or psychological

Small LargeDrug dose

Littleeffect

Bigeffect

Drugeffect

Response tofirst exposure

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect

Addiction: Learning Classical

ConditioningUCS = drugUR = highCS = people,

excitement, paraphernalia

CR = craving

Addiction: Learning Operant

ConditioningPositive

ReinforcementAddition of dopamine Increases

behaviorNegative

ReinforcementRemoval of

withdrawal symptoms increases behavior

Intro to Addictions: Summary Definitions of addiction and psychoactive

drugs Physical and psychological dependence Tolerance and withdrawal Principles of learning and addiction

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

Drug Classifications and Specific Drugs

“I had not taken a bath in a year nor changed my clothes or removed them except to stick a needle every hour in the fibrous grey wooden flesh of heroin addiction. . . . I did absolutely nothing.” - Anonymous (heroin addict)

Drug Classifications

DepressantsReduce neural activitySlow body functions

StimulantsExcite neural activitySpeed up body functions

HallucinogensPsychedelic (mind-manifesting)Distort perceptionsEvoke illusionary sensory images

Pre-Quiz Are the following drugs depressants (d),

stimulants (s), or hallucinogens (h)?

1. ___ Nicotine2. ___ Heroin3. ___ LSD4. ___ Cocaine5. ___ MDMA (Ecstasy)6. ___ Alcohol7. ___ THC (marijuana)8. ___ Caffeine9. ___ Amphetamines

Drugs: Depressants Alcohol

Disinhibiter (increases impulsivity)

Slows motor skills, impairs judgment, reduces self-awareness, and disrupts memory

Barbiturates Depress CNS activity Reduce anxiety by

impairing memory and judgment

Drugs: Depressants Opiates: opium

and its derivatives Ex. Morphine,

heroin Depress neural

activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Highly addictive

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A poppy field in Afghanistan

Drugs: Stimulants Amphetamines

Stimulates neural activity, causing body function enhancement and mood changes

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Cocaine Forms: coca leaves,

powder, crack Euphoric rush

followed by crash of agitated depression

Coca leaves, Bolivia

Drugs: Hallucinogens LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide): “Acid”

Delusions and visual hallucinations MDMA

(Methylenedioxymethamphetamine): “Ecstasy” Interacts with serotonin in the brain to cause

energizing and euphoric effects

THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) Active ingredient in marijuana Triggers variety of effects including

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Ecstasy

Drug Classifications: Summary

Depressants Alcohol, Barbituates,

Opiates (heroin)

Stimulants Amphetamines (Meth),

Nicotine, Cocaine

Hallucinogens LSD, MDMA, THC

Causes and Treatment of Addictions

Causes of Addiction Biology

Predisposition

CultureSocialReligious

Self medicationRelief of psychological

symptoms

Addictions Treatment Behavior therapy

Coping with cravings, avoiding drugs, relapse prevention

Medications Ex. Methadone (opiates) Ex. Patches, gum (nicotine)

Addictions treatment is often long-term with multiple interventions

Dependence and Addiction: Summary Introduction to

addiction Drug classifications Causes and

treatment of addictionBiology, Culture,

Self-medicationBehavior Therapy,

Medications

Anti-Drug Campaign29

In 2003, the U.S. government spent around $19 billion on the War on Drugs Includes law

enforcement, education, ad campaigns, etc.

Is the drug war working? “Across countries and

across drug types, drug use is becoming

Drug arrests, US Department of Justice

Meth in Washington Methamphetamine has

impacted the entire Pacific Region, but Washington has been hardest hit with: Nearly twice the number

of methamphetamine labs reported than Oregon and exponentially more than Idaho and Alaska. (Reports of 951 labs, compared to 474 in Oregon, 67 in Alaska, and only 43 in Idaho just by the 3rd quarter of 2004) (Department of Ecology [DOE]).

Rural areas hard hit by meth

The highest amount of Federal Drug Seizures of methamphetamine in the pacific region. (Federal Law Enforcement in 2003 seized 205.7 kilograms of methamphetamine in Washington, compared to 40.4 in Oregon, 78.0 in California, and 53.0 in Idaho) (NDIC, 2005).

Higher levels of availability of the drug resulting in lower prices than any other state (NDIC, 2005).

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