DENTAL CARIES AND FLUOROSIS IN DENTAL CARIES AND FLUOROSIS IN DIFFERENT DRINKING WATER FLUORIDE DIFFERENT DRINKING WATER FLUORIDE

LEVELS IN 7-12 YEAR OLD STUDENTS OF FORG LEVELS IN 7-12 YEAR OLD STUDENTS OF FORG DISTRICT OF DARAB.DISTRICT OF DARAB.

DR. HEIDAR KHADEMI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DR. HEIDAR KHADEMI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT SCHOOL OF OF ORAL MEDICINE DEPARTMENT SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY OF ISFAHAN MEDICAL SCIENCES DENTISTRY OF ISFAHAN MEDICAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY AND HEALTH SERVICES,IRANUNIVERSITY AND HEALTH SERVICES,IRAN

INTRODUCTION

• Fluoride has played a central role in oral health promotion for the past 50 years but the ingestion of excessive fluoride during tooth development particularly at the maturation stage ,may result dental fluorosis,which has a extensive range of clinical sign.

• The classical studies of DEAN and DEAN et al conducted in the USA provided the basis for the generally accepted rule that optimal dental protection and minimal dental fluorosis are associated with drinking water fluoride level of about 1p.p.m

• Traditionally an inverse relationship has been found between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and caries experience ,where as insignificant fluorosis associated with approximately ,1 p.p.m fluoride in drinking water.

• Many investigations showed that enamel fluoride level,caries experience and dental fluorosis score vary from one population to another. Additional factors responsible for these variations are dietary fluoride intake ,climate, systemic and topical fluoride adminstration,socio-economic status, any factor that decrease urinary pH,temperature and altitude.

• Despite the fact this study was conducted and the aim of this research was to determine the relationship between caries experience ,degree of fluorosis and different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water (range .07-1.8 mg-L) of school children in FORG district who had lived there since birth.

REVIEW OF LITRATURES

• 2000 CHENG H CHINA 1527 AGED 6-152001 GROBLER SOUTH AFRICA 282 AGED 10-15 2.7 P.P.M2002 BUDIPRAMANA INDONESIA 477 AGED 6-12 0.51 3.15 PPM2002 WHELTON IRELAND 17851 8 12 2003 ERMIS TURKEY 278 12 14 2004 JANAKIRMA CHANDRASHEKAR INDIA 1131 12-15 0.22-3.14PPM2004 MARINO CHILE 421 6-9 2004 JUDITH UK AND WONDWOSSEN ETHIOPIA

Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Iran

• In some parts of our country for example.FARS,BUSHEHR ,some parts of HORMOZGAN,YAZDprovinces the level of fluoride in drinking water is over optimum and the incidence of dental fluorosis is high, but in northern area has no fluorosis.

FORG DISTRICT

• Consist of 11 village Population:15000Location:130km south of Darab850m above see level Temperature:Max 46 cJob: agriculture Production: fruits specially date

• This was a cross sectional study and the goals were determining of fluorosis and comparing DMF score in 11 area mentioned above .Totally 934 school children(469 boys 50.2%,465 girls 48.8%)aged 7-12year old were selected and were examined for dental caries (DMF WHO 1997 ORAL HEALTH CRITERIA) and Dean's index for dental fluorosis degree. Necessary information including age,sex,DMFscore,F score ,Fluoride levels in drinking water were collected in a QUESTIONAIRE form and then results were statistically analyzed by student T TEST.

CRITERIA FOR DEAN,S FLUOROSIS INDEX

• DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA0-_Normal The enamel represent the usual translucent semivitriform type of structure. The surface is smooth,glossy,and usually of a pale creamy white color.1-Questionable The enamel discloses slight aberrations from the translucency of normal enamel, ranging from a few white flecks to occasional white spots. This classification is utilized in those instances where a definite diagnosis of mildest form of fluorosis is not warranted and a classical of normal not justified.2-Very mild small opaque ,paper white area scattered irregularly over the tooth but not involving as much as approximately 25% of the tooth surface. Frequently included in this classification are teeth showing no more than 1 to 2 mm of white opacity at the tip of the summit of the cusps of bicuspids or second molars.3-Mild The white opaque areas in the enamel of the teeth are more extensive but do not involve as much as 50 of the teeth.4-Moderate All enamel surfaces of the teeth are affected, and surfaces subject to attrition show marked wear. Brown stain is frequently a disfiguring feature.5-Severe Includes teeth formerly classified as moderately severe and severe .All enamel surfaces are affected and hypoplasia is so marked that the general form of the tooth may be altered.The major diagnostic sign of this classification is the discrete or confluent pitting. Brown stains are widespread ,and teeth often present a corroded appearance.

F. Concentration in drinking water

mg/lNumber Area

1.8 49 shahzakaria

0.86 195 Fadami

1.8 70 Ghalatoeh

0.85 148 mars

0.52 34 Bostan

1.8 28 mehrabad

1.5 92 Ghalae nov

0.7 150 Doborgi

1.2 98 shahmarz

1.8 22 Mohammed abad

1.5 48 Nasir abad

Table 1 : Frequency of distribution of students area according to fluoride levels

in drinking water of Areas and the number of the students

SD DMF Mean DMF Number F. Concentration

Mg/l

2.40 2.50 150 0.7

2.30 1.47 34 0.82

1.68 1.18 148 0.85

2.05 1.89 195 0.86

1.98 1.60 147 1.2

1.92 1.34 140 1.5

1.45 0.92 120 1.8

2.03 1.61 934 کل

Table 2:Comparison of mean DMF according to fluoride concentration in drinking water

P < 0.01 Significant

:

:

2.5

1.89

1.6

1.36

0.92

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.7 0.86 1.2 1.5 1.8Fig 1:

Comparison of mean DMF according of fluoride concentration in drinking water of arias

(P<0.01 )correlation R 5.3 Significant

SD DMF Mean DMF Number

Mean DMF

F Concentration

2.14 1.84 527 <1 mg/l

1.94 1.48 283 1.01-1.5

1.45 0.92 120 > 1.5 mg/l

Table 3:

Comparison of mean DMF according to F Concentration

SD . DMF Mean DMF Number

F. Concentration

Severity of fluorsis

2.74 2.63 83 Normal

2.28 2.39 143 Question able

1.92 1.48 305 Very mild

1.70 1.34 182 Mild

1.28 0.79 172 Moderate

2.12 2.52 44 severe

2.03 1.61 934 Total

Table 4:

Comparison of mean DMF according to severity of fluorosis

Total 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 DMFAge

167 1 1 1 3 5 5 12 21 21 34 64 7 years

180 1 1 3 8 16 8 16 15 27 21 63 8 years

171 0 0 2 1 4 7 13 14 25 26 79 9 years

222 1 0 2 2 6 7 18 22 38 36 90 10 years

183 1 0 0 1 2 2 6 13 18 21 119 11 years

11 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 8 12 years

934 4 2 8 15 34 29 65 86 142 126 423 Total

Table 5:Comparison of DMF according to age in students of areas

P < 0.01 Significant

Total severe Moderate Mild Very mild Question able NormalSeverity of fluorosis

age

167 5 11 21 71 29 30 7 years

180 5 27 38 48 42 20 8 years

171 4 38 41 54 24 10 9 years

222 13 49 51 69 27 13 10 years

183 17 46 30 61 20 9 11 years

11 0 6 1 2 1 1 12 years

934 44 177 182 305 143 83 Total

Table 6 : Dental fluorosis in students according to age

>1.51.01 – 1.5

mg/l <1 mg/l

F. Concentration

Severity of fluorsis

0% 8.4% 91.6% Normal

0.7% 12.6% 86.7% Question able

5.6% 21.3% 73.1% Very mild

14.3% 41.2% 44.5% Mild

32.8% 54.8% 12.4% Moderate

40.9% 56.8% 2.3% severe

Table7:Dental fluorosis score by fluoride area

P < 0.01 Significant

• Totally 934 school children were selected .In 508 they had problem with their teeth. We observed that DMF mean was reduced by increasing water fluoride and also by increasing fluorosis grade the DMF score was decreased.

Table 8Comparison of present study with other studies

Through out the world

year Fluorosis Mean DMF Number Aria

1984 24% 1.92 400 India

1999 85% 1.8 507 (Boshehr )IRAN

2000 73% - 1527 China

2002 Not siginificant DMFRelationship

fluorosis 4704 Indonesia

2004 61% - 300 Greece

2004 16.2% 1.86 421 chile

2004 13.2% - 1131 India

2005 75.8% 1.61 934 Present study

• In this study we saw that DMF score and water fluoride had indirect relation and also with flurosis grade.It is advised that we determine fluoride concentration in drinking water and eating behaviors in every population separately to reduce risk of fluorosis and dental decay and problems.

SUGGESTIONS

• 1:Encourage to take oral hygiene2:Fluoride mouth wash 3:Fluoridation of drinking water in area less than1P.P.M4:Defluoridation of drinking water in area which is over optimum.

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AKNOWLEDGMENTAKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to appreciate the financial support of VICE We would like to appreciate the financial support of VICE

CHANCELLOR OF ISFAHAN Medical sciences university and health CHANCELLOR OF ISFAHAN Medical sciences university and health

services (MOI).services (MOI).

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention