Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity

21/04/2015 Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravity

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Density,SpecificWeightandSpecificGravityAnintroductionanddefinitionofdensity,specificweightandspecificgravityformulaswithexamples

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DensityDensityisdefinedasmassperunitvolume.Massisaproperty.

Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass

Densitycanbeexpressedas

=m/V=1/vg(1)

where

=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft3)

m=mass(kg,slugs)

V=volume(m3,ft3)

vg=specificvolume(m3/kg,ft3/slug)

TheSIunitsfordensityarekg/m3theImperial(U.S.)unitsareslugs/ft3.

Poundspercubicfootlb/ft3isoftenusedasameasureofdensityintheUS,butpoundsarereallyameasureofforce,notmass.Slugsarethecorrectmeasureofmass.Youcanmultiplyslugsby32.2foraroughvalueinpounds(lbm).

1slug=32.174lbm=14.594kg1kg=2.2046lbm=6.8521x10

2slugsUnitconvertermassUnitconverterdensity

Onatomiclevelparticlesarepackedtighterinsideasubstancewithhigherdensity.Densityisaphysicalpropertyconstantatagiventemperatureandpressureandmayhelpfulforidentificationofsubstances.

densitiesandpropertiesforsomecommonmaterials

densityofwateratdifferenttemperaturesSIandImperialunits

ExampleDensityofaGolfballAgolfballhasadiameterof42mmandamassof45g.Thevolumeofthegolfballcanbecalculatedas

V=(4/3)((42mm)(0.001m/mm)/2)3

=3.8105m3

Thedensityofthegolfballcanthenbecalculatedas

=(45g)(0.001kg/g)/(3.8105m3)

=1184kg/m3

ExampleDensitytoIdentifyaMaterialAnunknownliquidsubstancehasamassof18.5gandoccupiesavolumeof23.4ml(milliliter).

Thedensityofthesubstancecanbecalculatedas

=[(18.5g)/(1000g/kg)]/[(23.4ml)/(1000ml/l)(1000l/m3)]

=(18.5103kg)/(23.4106m3)

=790(kg/m3)

Ifwelookupdensitiesofsomecommonliquids,wefindthatethylalcoholorethanolhasadensityof789kg/m3.Theliquidmaybeethylalcohol!

ExampleDensitytoCalculateVolumeMassThedensityoftitaniumis4507kg/m3.Themassof0.17m3volumetitaniumcanbecalculatedas

m=(0.17m3)(4507kg/m3)

=766.2(kg)

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SpecificWeightSpecificWeightisdefinedasweightperunitvolume.Weightisaforce.

Whatisweightandwhatismass?thedifferencebetweenweightandmass

SpecificWeightcanbeexpressedas

=g(2)

where

=specificweight(N/m3,lb/ft3)

=density(kg/m3,slugs/ft3)

g=accelerationofgravity(9.807m/s2,32.174ft/s2)

TheSIunitsforspecificweightareN/m3.Theimperialunitsarelb/ft3.

Localaccelerationgis(undernormalconditions)9.807m/s2inSIunitsand32.174ft/s2inimperialunits.

ExampleSpecificWeightWater

Thedensityofwateris1000kg/m3at4oC(39oF).ThespecificweightinSIunitsis

=(1000kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)

=9810(N/m3)

=9.81(kN/m3)

Thedensityofwateris1.940slugs/ft3at39oF(4oC).ThespecificweightinImperialunitsis

=(1.940slugs/ft3)(32.174ft/s2)

=62.4(lb/ft3)

SpecificWeightforSomecommonMaterials

Product

SpecificWeight

ImperialUnits(lb/ft3)

SIUnits(kN/m3)

Aluminum 172 27Brass 540 84.5Copper 570 89

EthylAlcohol 49.3 7.74Gasoline 42.5 6.67Glycerin 78.6 12.4Mercury 847 133.7

SAE20Oil 57 8.95Seawater 64 10.1

StainlessSteel 499512 7880Water 62.4 9.81

WroughtIron 474499 7478

MaterialProperties

SpecificGravity(RelativeDensity)SpecificGravitySGisadimensionlessunitdefinedastheratioofthedensityofasubstancetothedensityofwaterataspecifiedtemperature,andcanbeexpressedas

SG=substance/H2O(3)

where

SG=SpecificGravityofthesubstance

substance=densityofthefluidorsubstance(kg/m3)

H2O=densityofwaternormallyattemperature4oC(kg/m3)

Itiscommontousethedensityofwaterat4oC(39oF)asareferencesincewateratthispointhasitshighestdensityof1000kg/m3or62.4lb/ft3.

SpecificGravitySGisdimensionlessandhasthesamevalueintheSIsystemandtheimperialEnglishsystem(BG).Waterisnormallyalsousedasreferencewhencalculatingthespecificgravityforsolids.

ThermalPropertiesofWaterDensity,Freezingtemperature,Boilingtemperature,Latentheatofmelting,Latentheatofevaporation,Criticaltemperature...

SpecificGravitiesforsomecommonMaterials

Substance SpecificGravitySGAcetylene 0.0017Air,dry 0.0013Alcohol 0.82

Aluminum 2.72Brass 8.48



Cadmium 8.57Chromium 7.03Copper 8.79

Carbondioxide 0.00198Carbonmonoxide 0.00126

Castiron 7.20Hydrogen 0.00009

Lead 11.35Mercury 13.59Nickel 8.73Nitrogen 0.00125Nylon 1.12Oxygen 0.00143Paraffin 0.80Petrol 0.72PVC 1.36

Rubber 0.96Steel 7.82Tin 7.28Zinc 7.12

Water(4oC) 1.00Water,sea 1.02

ExampleSpecificGravityofIronThedensityofironis7850kg/m3.Thespecificgravityofironrelatedtowaterwithdensity1000kg/m3is

SG=(7850kg/m3)/(1000kg/m3)

=7.85

SpecificGravitiesofGasesTheSpecificGravityofagasisnormallycalculatedwithreferencetoairanddefinedastheratioofthedensityofthegastothedensityoftheairataspecifiedtemperatureandpressure.

TheSpecificGravitycanbecalculatedas

SG=gas/air(3)

where

SG=specificgravityofgas

gas=densityofgas(kg/m3)

air=densityofair(normallyatNTP1.205kg/m3)

NTPNormalTemperatureandPressuredefinedas20oC(293.15K,68oF)and1atm(101.325kN/m2,101.325kPa,14.7psia,0psig,30inHg,760torr)

MolecularweightscanbeusedtocalculateSpecificGravityifthedensitiesofthegasandtheairareevaluatedatthesamepressureandtemperature.

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Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity

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