dendro Dr.B

School of International Tropical Forestry

University Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

Tree Species Identification Report on a Training Course

John B. Sugau and Berhaman Ahmad

Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit

(GTZ) GmbH

Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project Consultancy Report No 10

Kota Kinabalu, September 2006

Tree Species Identification Report on a Training Course

John B. Sugau and Berhaman Ahmad

September 2006

Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project, School of International Tropical Forestry University Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Tel/Fax 0060/88/320658, Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION The training course on tree identification was co-organized by the Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project (MGFEP) and the School of International Tropical Forestry (SITF) of the University Malaysia Sabah (UMS) with the objective to support the ability of the participants in: (a) identifying the major commercial tree species of Sabah, (b) collecting field samples, and (c) preparing herbarium specimens. From 20 to 24 July 2006, the training course was conducted for 13 participants from SITF and 3 participants from Bornion Timber Sdn. Bhd., a company with research links to SITF (see Appendix 1 for list of participants). The implementing consultants for the course were Mr. John B. Sugau, Forest Botanist from the Forest Research Centre (FRC) of the Sabah Forestry Department and Mr. Berhaman Ahmad, Forest Botanist from SITF, UMS. They were assisted by Mr. Leopold Madani and Mr. Postar Miun from the Sandakan Herbarium. The course was implemented through lectures, field work, demonstrations and an identification test. The course programme and time schedule (see Appendix 2) were made available to the participants prior to the course. The lectures were held in the conference room of the FRC. Field work on tree identification and plant sample collection took place at the Sepilok Arboretum adjacent to the FRC. Procedures for the preparation of plant specimens for herbariums were demonstrated at the Sandakan Herbarium of the FRC. The leaf sample identification test was conducted at the Sepilok Jungle Lodge compound. Dr. Michael Trockenbrodt, Chief Technical Advisor of the Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project (MGFEP) and the two consultants were the key personnel in providing the logistics and technical assistance. 2. CLASSROOM LECTURES Six classroom lectures (power point presentations) were delivered during the course: i) Introduction to tree identification and plant taxonomy

by Mr. Berhaman Ahmad ii) Terminology on morphological characters used for plant identification in the field

by Mr. Berhaman Ahmad iii) Higher plant reproductive morphology

by Mr. Berhaman Ahmad iv) Introduction to the Dipterocarps by Mr. John B. Sugau v) Plant collection by Mr. John B. Sugau vi) Curation of plant specimens by Mr. John B. Sugau

Printed handout versions of all lectures were made available to the participants. They are attached to this report as Appendix 3. 1

i) Introduction to tree identification and plant taxonomy This lecture explained what plant taxonomy is and clarified its function in plant classification and nomenclature. The lecture also touched on how plants are classified in plant systematic studies using different approaches and concepts. Classification arranges plants in a hierarchical system. ii) Terminology on morphological characters used for plant identification in the field Various morphological characters (e.g. leaf arrangement type, leaf type and venation), which can be used to identify plants down to its scientific name, were explained and discussed. Understanding the morphological terminology provided the participants with the ability to understand the explanations given by the instructors during the field work. Knowing the common morphogical characters shared by different plant groups allows easier classification and identification. iii) Higher plant reproductive morphology A short lecture on reproductive morphology characters was given to expose the participants to the variety of characters especially of flowers, which are the key to the plant classification. The discussion of these characters was brief because most of the time these characters can not be observed in the field. iv) Introduction to the Dipterocarps This lecture covered two main items, namely the introduction to the Dipterocarps and the characters to identify different genera (Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea, Upuna and Vatica) of the Dipterocarps in Sabah (Borneo). First, general taxonomic information on the Dipterocarps was given and the key characters of the family as well as its distribution were described. A list of dipterocarp genera found in Sabah (Borneo) was provided. In the second part of the lecture various distinguishing plant characters (reproductive and vegetative) were explained in detail and their use to distinguish different genera of the Dipterocarps was described. v) Plant collection This lecture covered procedures on how to collect plants, which plant parts should be collected and how to take notes when collecting plant specimens. Various tools and means can be used to collect plant specimens depending on the habit of the plant. Collections should contain all parts of the plant, such as flowers, fruits, leaves, wood, etc. in order to obtain a complete description of the plant. Field notes should contain all particulars that disappear or are invisible in the herbarium specimen (when the specimen dries) and most importantly the collectors name, the date of collection and the locality. vi) Curation of plant specimens This lecture covered procedures for the curation of plant specimens in the herbarium. These include registration, preparation, drying, treatment with preservative (Mercuric Chloride), plant identification, label preparation, dispatching, mounting, accession, indexing, filing and maintenance of herbarium specimens. 3. FIELD PRACTICALS

Three practicals were conducted during the course:

i) Identification of major commercial species in the field ii) Plant collection iii) Preparation and maintenance of herbarium specimens

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i) Identification of major commercial species in the field The participants were divided into two smaller groups for briefing convenience in the field. Each group had two instructors to explain the field characters of the trees along the trail. One whole day was spent to demonstrate and observe various spot/key characters of the major commercial dipterocarp and non-dipterocarp plant species along the trail in the Sepilok Arboretum. More than 50 plant individuals, mostly trees, were chosen for this purpose. Vegetative spot characters were used to identify the trees because reproductive characters are usually not available in the field/forest at all times. A field key to the groups of Dipterocarps (prepared by Symington) was also tested during the fieldwork, but it was found to be of limited use because some of the field characters are not always present on the tree. ii) Plant collection Demonstrations on how to collect and press plant individuals of different form/habit (herbs, shrub, trees, climbers, ginger, aroid, etc.) were given. After the demonstrations, participants had the opportunity to practise the procedures on their own. It was explained which specific plant parts should be taken when collecting plants of different habit. How to make notes when collecting specimens was demonstrated as well. A collection number must be assigned to the specimen collected. Then the name of the plant, the date of collection, the locality and the habitat are noted down followed by a description of the plant. The demonstrations also included how to press plants of different habit between newsprint. The procedures on how plant parts could be reduced or trimmed when the specimen is bulky or large were explained and practised. How to distinguish certain families especially of the opposite leaf groups (Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Rutaceae, Bignoniaceae, Guttiferae, Melastomataceae) was extensively demonstrated and practised. The key characters for each family were highlighted. iii) Preparation and maintenance of herbarium specimens The procedures involved in the curation of plant specimens were explained and demonstrated at the Sandakan Herbarium. This included the registration of plant specimens upon arrival from the field, drying in the oven, treatment with preservative (Mercuric Chloride), plant identification, label preparation, dispatching, mounting, accession, indexing, filing and maintenance of herbarium specimens. 4. LEAF SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION TEST At the end of the course a test was given to the participants. They had to identify 12 leaf samples (10 dipterocarp, 2 non-dipterocarp). This was to test their ability to absorb and practise the key and spot characters that had been demonstrated in the field. 80% of the participants were able to identify six or more leaf samples. The best participants identified eight out of 12 leaf samples. Successful tree identification needs constant practice. Considering that many of the participants do not have extensive tree identification experience, the results of the test are satisfactory. 5. EVALUATION & RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Course evaluation and recommendations by the consultants For many of the participants the major constraint in plant identification is the lack of basic knowledge of plant morphological characters and plant classification. However, plant 3

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morphological characters are the key to plant identification. Some people may be able to recognize a tree but do not know how to describe why due to lack of this basic knowledge. The general lack of knowledge in plant systematics or how plants are classified became apparent during the course. For the lecturers and tutors of SITF and the rangers of the timber company to be able to identify trees in the filed, it is indispensable to master the plant morphological characters and plant systematics. This cannot be achieved by a four day tree identification course. It needs a deep interest in plant identification and continuous practice. Without these the information pertaining to plant characters will be quickly lost. For this reason we suggest follow-up courses during which the identification of timber trees is deepened and practised. This would be suitable for lecturers who do not want to be forest botanists or dendrologists but who need the skill to identify the most important timber trees in the field. For lecturers interested in ecological studies and plant inventories a course which would be more intensive and focusing not only on timber species but also on other species inclusive shrubs could be conducted. 5.2 Course evaluation and recommendations by the participants At the end of the course, the participants were given the possibility to comment on the course content. In general, the participants were of the view that the course had been most useful. Below please find a summary of the comments of the participants regarding the course content. The organizers and resource persons of the tree identification course will use these comments to improve future courses. Comments on the course content: Eight participants consider the course as very informative and well conducted. Six participants suggest to repeat the course or to continue with a follow-up course. Five participants suggest to hand out a course programme before the course starts or at

least at the beginning of the course. Four participants were missing an introduction/ice-breaking session or an introduction of

the participants from outside of UMS. Four participants would have liked to spend more time in the field identifying trees. Two participants suggest to support the class room sessions with specimens (e.g.

leaves) to visualize character differences. One participant suggests to hand out - at the beginning of the course - a list of scientific

and local names of the trees that will be identified, so that the spelling of the names is not a problem.

One participant suggests to consider organizing a follow-up course on the identification of seedlings/potential crop trees (an important skill during rehabilitation and enrichment work in the field).

One participant assumes that a reduction of the number of participants and the number of tree species covered would increase the effectiveness of the course.

One participant suggests to add an evening discussion. John B. Sugau, Forest Botanist, Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia

Berhaman Ahmad, Senior Lecturer Forest Botany School of International Tropcial Forestry University Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

6. APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of participants School of International Tropical Forestry

1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. John Tay, HG 19, Deputy Dean (Research & Innovation) 2. Mr. Mohd. Abdullah Abdul Ghani, HG 19, Head of Programme 3. Ms. Hardawati Yahya, HG 19, Tutor 4. Mr. Musri Ismenyah, HG 19, Tutor 5. Ms. Rhema D. Maripa, HG 20, Lecturer 6. Ms. Sandra Foo, HG 20, Lecturer 7. Ms. Rosmalina Abdul Rashid, HG 20, Tutor 8. Ms. Mandy Maid, HG 23, Tutor 9. Mr. Affendy Hasan, HG23, Tutor 10. Ms. Ismawati Palle, HY 11, Tutor

11. Mr. Seliman Rajion, Lab Assistant 12. Mr. Rozaidi Hassan, Lab Assistant 13. Dr. Michael Trockenbrodt, MGFEP, Chief Technical Advisor

Bornion Timber Snd. Bhd.

14. Mr. Philip Ho Hong Chek, Operations Manager 15. Mr. Matius Mangantig, Field Staff 16. Mr. Julianus Gutang, Field Staff

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Appendix 2: Programme and time schedule of the consultancy

Day/time Programme Day one (21st August 2006):

8.30 10.00 An introduction to tree identification and plant taxonomy (by Berhaman Ahmad) Terminology on morphological characters used for plant identification in the field (by Berhaman Ahmad)

10.00 10.30 Break 10.30 12.30 Higher plant reproductive morphology (by

Berhaman Ahmad) Curation of plant specimens (by John B. Sugau)

12.30 14.00 Lunch 14.00 15.00 Plant collection (by John B. Sugau) 15.00 15.30 Break 15.30 16.30 Introduction to the Dipterocarps (by John B.

Sugau) Day two (22nd August 2006):

8.30 12.00 Identification of major commercial species, the Dipterocarpaceae in the field (by Leopold Madani, John B. Sugau and Berhaman A.)

12.0014.00 Lunch 14.0017.00 Plant collection (Berhaman A, John B. Sugau,

staff of herbarium & participants) Day three (23rd August 2006):

8.30 10.00 Plant collection (John B. Sugau, Berhaman A., staff of herbarium & participants)

10.00 12.30 Preparation of herbarium specimen (John B. Sugau, Berhaman A., staff of herbarium & participants)

12.3014.00 Lunch 14.0017.00 Preparation of herbarium specimen (John B.

Sugau, Berhaman A., staff of herbarium & participants)

TREE ID COURSE GTZ-SITF

20th to 24th August, 2006Forest Research Centre

Sandakan

PLANT TAXONOMY Taxonomy is the naming and classification of species

and groups of species. Biologists equate taxonomy with systematics, although

the latter have a meaning different from and broader than taxonomy.

Taxonomy is a synthetic science, drawing upon data from such diverse fields as morphology, anatomy, cytology, genetics, cytogenetics, and chemistry.

Taxonomy = a hierarchical system of classification

The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema naturaein the 18th century, has two main characteristics. Each species has a two-

part name. Species are organized

hierarchically into broader and broader groups of organisms.

Under the binomial system, each species is assigned a two-part latinized name, a binomial.

The first part, the genus, is the closest group to which a species belongs.

The second part, the specific epithet, refers to one specieswithin each genus.

The first letter of the genus is capitalized and both names are italicized and latinized.

For example, The scientific name of the European white water lily, Nymphaea alba, consists of two words. One tells its genus, Nymphaea, which is common to all water lilies, and the other itsspecific epithet, alba, which is Latin for white.

Each taxonomic level is more comprehensive than the previous one. As an example, all species of gingers are monocot, but not all monocot

are gingers. A taxon (pl. taxa) is a taxonomic grouping at any level, such as a

species, a genus, or a phylum. Example: the phylum Anthophyta is a taxon that contains two classes,

Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones. Class Monocotyledones is a taxon that includes many different orders.

A hierachical classification will group species into broader

taxonomic categories.

Species that appear to be closely related are grouped into the same

genus (pl. genera).

One or more related genera are\assigned to the same family, and

families are grouped into orders, orders into classes, classes into

phyla, and phyla into kingdoms.

These grouping can also be separated into subgroupings for

example, subphylum or subclass.

Appendix 3: Handouts for classroom lectures

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Each taxonomic level is broader (more inclusive) than the level below.

Contains 75 genera and 529 accepted taxa overall

Family Rubiaceae -- Madder family (Famili Kopi)

Order Rubiales

Subclass Asteridae

Class Magnoliopsida -- Dicotyledons

Division Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Kingdom Plantae Plants

The Plants kingdom

Genus Coffea L. --coffee P

Family Rubiaceae -- Madder family

Order RubialesSubclass Asteridae

Class Magnoliopsida -- DicotyledonsDivision Magnoliophyta -- Flowering plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta -- Seed plantsSubkingdom Tracheobionta -- Vascular plants

Kingdom Plantae -- Plants

Genus Coffea L. -- coffee PGenus Coccocypselum P. Br. -- coccocypselum PGenus Cinchona L. -- cinchona PGenus Chione DC. -- chione PGenus Chiococca P. Br. -- milkberry PGenus Cephaelis Sw. -- cephaelis PGenus Cephalanthus L. -- buttonbush PGenus Catesbaea L. -- lilythorn PGenus Casasia A. Rich. -- casasia PGenus Canthium Lam. -- canthium PGenus Calycophyllum DC. -- calycophyllum PGenus Bouvardia Salisb. -- bouvardia PGenus Bobea Gaud. -- 'ahakea PGenus Asperula L. -- woodruff PGenus Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. -- quina P

Species Coffea stenophylla G. Don -- coffea P

Species Coffea liberica Bull ex Hiern. -- Liberian coffee P

Species Coffea congensis Froehner -- congo coffee P

Species Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner -- robustacoffee P

Species Coffea benghalensis Heyne ex Schultes -- bengalcoffee P

Species Coffea arabica L. -- Arabian coffee P

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Nomencalture Principals

1. Botanical nomenclature is independent from zoological nomenclature

2. The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclatural types

3. The nomenlature of a taxonomic group is based upon the priority of publication.Cannabis sativa L. 1753C. indica Lam. (Jean Lammarck) 1785C. ruderalis Janischevsky 1924

4. Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription,position, and rank

can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the

rules, except in specified cases

Pengecualian khas bagi famili, (Exceptions = conserved)

Palmae Araceae

Graminae Poaceae

Cruciferae Brassicaceae

Leguminosae Fabaceae

Guttiferae Clusiaceae

Umbelliferae Apiaceae

Labiatae Lamiaceae

Compositae Asteraceae

5. Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as latin regardless of the derivation

Begonia berhamanii Kiew.

6. all rules are retroactive unless expressly limited

Coffea arabicavar. calycanthema

Coffea arabicavar. tetramera

Coffea arabicavar. anomala

Type specimen for Coffee varieties

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Sandakan

Vegetative Morphology

Life Span

ANNUAL-completes life cycle in one growing season (one year)

BIENNIAL-completes life cycle in two growing seasons (two years). First

year vegetative; second year flowers & fruits

PERENNIAL-lives for more than two growing seasons (more than two

years); perennials may be woody or herbaceous (the latter with underground

perennating structures)

Plant Habit HERB-no above ground persistent woody tissue but may have underground

perennating structures; may be annual, biennial, or perennial

SUBSHRUB (=suffrutescent)-lower stems woody but upper stems

herbaceous (prefix "sub" means "almost")

SHRUB-a woody low-stature perennial plant with one to many slender trunks

arising from near its base

TREE-a large woody perennial plant with one to several relatively massive

trunks and an elevated crown

SUCCULENT-possessing thick, usually soft, watery leaves and/or stems.

Stem succulents & leaf succulents.

VINE-a woody or herbaceous plant with a long, slender, more or less flexible

stem which cannot support itself

LIANA-a woody, climbing vine (characteristic of the tropics)

Type of Leaves

Ada berapa daun yang dapat anda lihat???

TERMINOLOGY

NODE-the position on a stem where a leaf or bud is or was attached INTERNODE-the portion of a stem between two nodes AXIL-the upper angle between a leaf (or any other lateral structure) and the stem to which it is attached

AXILLARY BUD-a bud borne in the axil of a leaf (also called a lateral bud)

BUD-the structure giving rise to a leafy stem, a flower, or both; it may be naked or protected by bud scales or stipules; it may be lateral or terminal.

BUD SCALES-scale-like leaves that protect the buds

BUD SCALE SCARS-scars remaining when the bud scales fall off

STIPULES-usually a pair of appendages located at the base of a leaf but may be fused into a ring around the stem; variable in size, shape and texture; serves for protection or to attract pollinators

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Types of stipules

STIPULE SCARS-a pair of scars or a single ring-like scar when stipules fall away LEAF SCAR-the scar left when a leaf falls from a twig; it contains one or more vascular bundle scars

Leaf persistence

EVERGREEN-bearing green foliage all year round. [Common in tropical species]

DECIDUOUS-the loss of leaves during unfavorable conditions (such as at the end of each growing season) .Only occur in some tropical species, w.g member of Burseraceae.

Leaf parts LEAF BLADE-expanded portion of a leaf PETIOLE-stalk of a leaf STIPULES-the pair of appendages located at the base of a petiole NOTE:The presence of an axillary bud is very important to help identify where the leaf begins. Look for it above the petiole. Everything above the axillary bud is all one leaf.

Leaf complexity

SIMPLE LEAF-a leaf with a single blade (it is not divided into leaflets; there is always a flange of blade tissue connecting adjacent lobes)

COMPOUND LEAF-a leaf with more than one blade per petiole (it is made up of two or more leaflets and these leaflets are wholly separate)

PETIOLULE-the stalk of a leaflet

LEAFLET-one of the segments of a compound leaf

RACHIS-the axis of a pinnately compound leaf

Compound: The leaf is separated into distinct leaflets, each with its own small petiole (but without an axillarybud).

Simple: The leaf may be lobed or divided, but does not form distinct leaflets.

Twice pinnate: The leaflets are also divided into leaflets.

Pinnate (even): Leaflets are attached along an extension of the petiole called a rachis; there is an even number of leaflets.

Palmate: Leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole.

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PINNATELY COMPOUND-a leaf in which there are more than three leaflets arranged in two rows along a common axis. The leaflets are attached like the vanes of a feather.

PINNA (pl. PINNAE)-the primary division (or leaflet) of a pinnately compound leaf

BIPINNATELY COMPOUND-leaf divided twice.

TRIPINNATELY COMPOUND-leaf divided three times; a pinnule is the ultimate division of a 2-or 3-times compound leaf

PALMATELY COMPOUND-where the leaflets arise from a common point of attachment; there is no rachis

TRIFOLIOLATE-a compound leaf with three leaflets

TRIFOLIATE-three separate leaves arising from the same node

Leaf attachment

PETIOLATE-having a petiole

SESSILE-lacking a petiole (or leaf stalk)

SUBSESSILE-a very short petiole

SHEATHING-leaf base enwraps stem

Leaf arrangement

BASAL-leaves attached to rhizome or other underground stem

CAULINE-leaves attached to above-ground stem

ALTERNATE-one leaf per node

OPPOSITE-two leaves per node

WHORLED-three or more leaves

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Alternate: A single leaf is attached at a node.

Opposite: A pair of leaves is attached at a node.

Whorled: Three or more leaves are attached at a node.

Leaf venation

PINNATE-consisting of a central mid-vein with many secondary veins emerging on both sides to form a feather-like pattern

PALMATE-all primary veins arise at the same point at the base of the leaf

PARALLEL-veins lie more or less parallel to the leaf margins

Leaf blade shape

LINEAR-long and narrow with the sides parallel (>4:1)

OBLONG-nearly rectangular with the sides parallel (2-4:1)

LANCEOLATE-spearshaped; widening above base and then long tapering to apex (3-4:1)

OVATE-eggshaped; broad nearest base (

Leaf apices

ACUTE-sharp, ending in a point with straight sides to the apex (90 degrees)

MUCRONATE-a small, abrupt point

Leaf bases

ACUTE-sharp, 90 degrees

CORDATE-heart shaped (equal rounded lobes at the base)

OBLIQUE-unequal sized lobes at base

PELTATE-umbrella like; the petiole is attached to the blade inside of the margin; often orbicular in shape

PELTATE-umbrella like; the petiole is attached to the blade inside of the margin; often orbicular in shape Leaf margins ENTIRE-a margin without

any toothing or division (smooth)

CRENATE-scalloped or round-toothed

SERRATE-a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing towards the apex

DENTATE-sharp teeth projecting at right angles from the margin

EntireToothed

PINNATELY LOBED-lobed towards the midrib but not reaching it PALMATELY LOBED-lobes all arising from one point at the base of the leaf

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Surface features GLABROUS-lacking hairs (trichomes); a smooth surface PUBESCENT-covered with hairs (also called trichomes) STELLATE-hairs that branch at or near their base (star-shaped from above) GLANDULAR-hairs that bear glands (that break down into sticky beads of fluid); they may be stalked (stipitate) or sessile

Special features TENDRIL-an elongated, twining segment of a leaf, stem, or inflorescence by which a plant clings to its support

THORN-a woody, sharp-pointed, modified stem (has stem-like vasculature) SPINE-a sharp-pointed modified leaf or leaf part

STIPULAR SPINE- borne in pairs and lateral to leaf (or leaf scar) PRICKLE-a sharp pointed outgrowth from the epidermis

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Sandakan

Terminology - Flower

Flowers

Complete flower containing sepals, petals, stamens and pistil.

Incomplete flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens and/or pistils.

Perfect flowers containing male and female parts.

Imperfect flowers that lack either male or female parts.

Pistillate flowers containing only female parts.

Staminate flowers containing only male parts.

Peduncle: The stalk of a flower/ Pedicel flower stalk of an individual

flower in an inflorescence.

Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are

attached. base of the flower

Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose

a developing bud. protective leaf-like enclosure for the flower bud, usually

green, collectively called calyx.

Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.

Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender

filament supporting the anther. Male flower organ.

Anthers pollen producing organ.

Filament stalk supporting anthers

Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often

supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a

fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.

Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen germinates. receives pollen, typically flattened and sticky.

Style connective tissues between stigma and ovary.

Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are

produced. contains ovules or embryo sacs.

Ovules Unfertilized, immature seed.

Individual reproductive unit (a flower in angiosperms)

Bisexual - Reproductive structure with both male and female equivalent parts

(stamens and pistil in angiosperms; also called a perfect flower); another term

widely used is hermaprodite.

Unisexual - Reproductive structure that is either functionally male or

functionally female. In angiosperms this condition is also called imperfect.

Monoecious - having unisexual reproductive units (flowers, conifer cones, or

functionally equivalent structures) of both sexes appearing on the same plant;

from Greek for "one household".

Dioecious - having unisexual reproductive units (flowers, conifer cones, or

functionally equivalent structures) occurring on different individuals; from Greek

for "two households". Individual plants are not dioecious, they are either

gynoecious or androecious. Gynoecious - has only female reproductive

structures; the "female" plant.

Androecious - has only male reproductive structures; the "male" plant.

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Ilex aquifolium is dioecious

shoot with flowers from male plant.male flower enlarged, showing stamens with pollen and reduced, sterile stigma.

shoot with flowers from female plant; female flower enlarged, showing stigma and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen

1. Staminate and carpellate flowers occur on the same individual plant, the species is referred to as being monoecious.

2. If staminate and carpellate flowers occur on different plants, the species is referred to as being dioecious.

3. If both bisexual (perfect) and unisexual (imperfect) flowers occur on the same plant, the species is referred to as being polygamous.

Inflorescence (flower arrangement)

Catkin (ament) a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers

(alder, poplar, walnut and willows).

Composite a complex flower, composed of ray flowers (usually

sterile with an attractive, colored petal) and disc flowers in center that

develop into seed (sunflower and aster).

Corymb stemlets (pedicels) arrangement along main stem, gives

florets display with a flat rounded top. Outer florets open first (yarrow,

crabapple).

Cyme a determinate, flat or convex flower, with inner floret opening

first.

Panicle an indeterminate flower with repeated branching, can be

made up of racemes, spikes, corymbs, or umbels.

Raceme flowers attached to a main stem (peduncle) by stemlets

(pedicel) (snapdragon, bleeding heart, Canterbury bells).

Single (or solitary) one flower per stem (tulip, crocus).

Spadix showy part is a bract or spathe, partially surrounding the

fertile flower (calla, caladium).

Spike flowers attached to main stem, without stemlets, bottom

florets open first (gladiolus, ajuga and gayfeather).

Umbel florets with stalks attached to main stem from one point,

forming a flat or rounded top. Outer flowers open first (dill, onion).

Symmetrical symmetrical flowers (lily).

Asymmetrical asymmetrical flower (snapdragon).

Types of flower arrangements.

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Introduction To The Dipterocarp

John B. SugauSandakan HerbariumForest Research CentreSabah Forestry DepartmentSandakan

Contents

Introduction

Key and general distinguishing characters of the genera

introduction

Dipterocarpaceae Blume 1825 (Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.)

Damar family

Diagnostic characters: resin (damar), winged fruit, tertiary venation (scalariform), geniculate petiole

Resin

Winged Fruit Geniculate Petiole

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Scalariform Tertiary Venationintroduction

3 subfamilies:

Subfamily

Dipterocarpoideae

Monotoideae

Pakaraimoideae

Distribution

Tropical Asia and Malesia

Tropical Africa and Madagascar

Tropical America

Malesian regionintroduction

Dipterocarpoideae- 13 genera with 475 species

Anisoptera Korth.Cotylelobium PierreDipterocarpus C.F.Gaertn.Dryobalanops C.F.Gaertn.Hopea Roxb.Neobalanocarpus P.S.AshtonParashorea Kurz

Shorea Roxb. Ex. C.F.Gaertn.Stemonoporus ThwaitesUpuna SymingtonVateria L.Vateriopsis F.HeimVatica L.

Key and general distinguishing characters of the genera

AnisopteraPengiran

-Fruit calyx 2 long narrowlyspatulate untwisted 3-veinedlobes and 3 short lobes

-Fruit calyx united intotube enclosing at leastthe basal half of the nut

-Distinctly looped intra-marginal vein

-Tertiary venation laxly scalariform or reticulate

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Cotylelobium Resak

Dipterocarpus Keruing

-Distinctly looped intramarginal vein

-Fruit sepals free to the base, or united into a shallow cup enclosing less than 1/3 of the nut

-Many shorter intermediates veins, running towards the margins

-petiole not geniculate

-Twigs with amplexicaul stipule scar (annular stipule scar)

-Leaves aestivation plicate

-Nut free within calyx tube

-Calyx lobes with 2 longer, and 3 short.

-Bark dotted with prominent pale warty lenticels

Dryobalanops

-l llel

i

Hopea Selangan

i

i

-Someti l

Kapur

Lateral veins very many, very s ender and para

-Parts smelling more or less ntensely aromatic of camphor

-Fruit calyx lobes 5 equal to subequal

-Fruit calyx lobes w th 2 spatulate and enlarged

-Leaf venation e ther with hopea-type or dryobalanoid

-Petiole rarely geniculate

mes with sti t roots

Parashorea

i

Shorea Seraya

-Tertiary venation generally i

ii i

Urat Mata/Seraya putih

-Leaves drying mauve-grey, under-surface greyish to silvery

-Fruit calyx lobes 3 longer and broder than the other 2

-Leaves w th plicate fold

-Sapwood pale whitish to yellowish

scalar form

-Fruit calyx lobes subequal, spoon-shaped and dist nctly mbr cate base or unequal with 3 longer and broader

-4 groups: red; yellow; and white seraya (melapi); selangan batu

21

Red Seraya Melapi

laminated/some

ish inner

-Damar lihard

l ish

hard -Damar li

l

l ish

-Damar li

Subdivison of Shorea Yellow Seraya

white seraya Selangan Batu

-4 celled anthers -Sapwood reddish -Inner bark not

laminated (kawang) -Yellowish to reddbark -Wood moderate to very hard

ght to dark brown

-2 celled anthers -Sapwood yellow -Inner bark not laminated

-Greenish yellow inner bark

-Wood moderate

-Blackish damar

-4 celled anthers -Sapwood white -Inner bark distinctly laminated

-Pa e yellowinner bark

-Wood moderate

ght brown

-4 celled anthers -Sapwood yel owish -Inner bark not laminated

-Pa e yellowbrown to reddish brown inner bark -Wood very hard

ght brown

Upuna Upun

-Nut triangular in cross-section

-Leaf base cordate

-Young parts caducous multicellularglandular tomentose

-Leaf undersurface white-tomentose

-Fruit calyx remaining sparsely hairy;lobes chartaceous/papery; 2 larger

-SW Sabah

Vatica Resak

-

Thank You

Bark smooth and hoop-marked

-Petiole not geniculate

-Fruit calyx and nut variable

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Plant collection introduction

Good collection is an essential aspect of herbarium practices.

Give the investigator the best possible information.

Collection should preferably contain all parts of the plant.

Well annotated.

How to collectSecatures/pocket knife-larger terrestrial herbs, shrubs, creepers and small climber.A pick/parang to dig firmly rooting or tuber bearing plants.A prunner for the lower tree.Tall tree: tree climber, slingshot, shotgun and crossbowsChop down the tree. Small plants should be collected as a whole

What to collect

Do not collect sterile material Collection should contain all parts of the plant: flowers, fruits, leaves, wood, etc.A branch with leaves and flowers or fruits.Dioecious plant: collect both male and female plants.Leaf dimorphism: collect juvenile and adultParasitic plant, collect the hostLiana, describe their means of climbing: hooks, tendrils, etc.

cont

What to collect

Parts too large for mounting can be reduced. Fruit should be cut lengthwise and across. Delicate parts (eg. flower) should be preserved in alcohol 70% or FAA.Certain groups of plants require special collecting techniques, eg. Araceae etc.Collect more than one set.Collect wood samples, if possible.Collect living plants must not be missed.

..contClimber

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Tree/shrub Tree/shrub (compound leaf)

Aroid(Araceae) Fern

Rattan Ginger

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Herb Orchid

Making notes

Write notes at the collecting site. Give a number to the collection.Take down all particulars that disappear or are invisible in the herbarium specimen.Notes should include:-Location-Habitat-Habit-Exudate

Making notes

-Colour-Ecological and biological observation-Local names-Local use

Some collectors prefer preprinted labels/field notes.

cont

Preprinted field note

Preservation in the field

Procedures for preservation followed depend on various factors: time, money, assistance available, etc.Two methods:-Drying in the field.-The wet method.

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Wet method

Checklist of collecting equipment

Spotting, measuring and recording:-binoculars, notebook, measuring tape, soft black pencils, tag/labels, etc.Sampling:-Secateurs/clipers, pruner, catapuly + accessories, parang/machete, pocket knife.Preserving and storing:-Newspaper, corrugates, rope + straps, polythene bags/tubing, plastic vials/bottle, methylated spirit

Thank You

Macrosolen cochinchinensis(Loranthaceae)

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Curation

of Plant Specimen


Contents

MaterialsPreparation and Mounting herbarium specimens Identification and label productionAccessioning, recording and dispatch proceduresConservation of sheets/maintenance

materials

Materials for use in herbarium must be carefully chosen: economic vs archival quality

Premounting: Newspapers, string, etc.

Mounting: Mounting paper, paper capsules, adhesives for mounting, tapes and thread, label, etc.

Filing: Types cover, species and genus covers, etc.

Preparation and mounting herbarium specimens

Preparation: pressing, (treatment) and dryingLaying-out (or arrangement),

mounting and sewing

Pressing specimens between newspaper Pressed specimens

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Drying plant specimens in the oven Position of pressed specimens in oven

Identification andlabel production

IdentificationLabel production

-Archival consideration-Printing labels

Plant specimen identification

Herbarium specimen label Treatment with Mercuric Chloride

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Dispatching Mounting

Sewing Herbarium specimen

Accessioning, recording and Dispatch procedures

Record keeping and retrieval systemAccessioning, recording and dispatching specimensCorrespondencePacking and associated paperwork

Recording

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Accessioning Indexing

Arrangement of herbarium collections

Alphabetical arrangement:-Easy for the non-specialist to find taxa-Specimen can be added to the herbarium by unskilled personnel

-Related taxa are placed far apart

Systematic arrangement:-Similar families are placed close to one another-Identification by matching is easier -Can be difficult for the non-specialist to find families

-Incorporation of material may require some specialist knowledge

..cont

Filing of herbarium specimens

Conservaton of sheets

Cleaning specimensRepairing specimens

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dendro Dr.B

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Transcript of dendro Dr.B