Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for...
-
Upload
jaycee-beringer -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for...
![Page 1: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DemocratizationBy Sam Dembling
![Page 2: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Democracy and its Variants
Democracy- Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which leaders are chosen.
Procedural Democracy- Free and fair elections. Minimum.
Substantive Democracy- Procedural + civil liberties and political rights.
Illiberal Democracy- Elections but lack of civil liberties and elections may be unfair.
Managed Democracy- Democracy that leans towards autocracy.
![Page 3: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Democratization Democratization- Transformation from Nondemocratic to
Procedural then *possibly* to Substantive.
Three Waves of Democratization-
1st Wave- Late 19th century to late 1920’s. Western Europe.
2nd Wave- Post WWII to 1960’s. Colonies in Africa, Asia, and Caribbean.
3rd Wave- Late 1970’s to mid 1990’s . First Southern Europe, then Latin America/Asia, then collapse of Soviet Union, then Africa.
4th Wave?- Arab Spring once hailed as fourth wave. But, well…
![Page 4: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Preconditions: Modernization
Modernization- Process of moving from a traditional, agriculture based society to a modern, industry or service based society.
Traditional:
Modern:
![Page 5: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Preconditions: Level of Economic
Development Modernization- Often brings democracy.
• Better infrastructure (roads), communication (newspaper, radio, television).
• Mass education needed for citizenry to learn how to use new technology.
•Employment shift from agriculture to industry to services.
•Changing age demographics—longer lives—more concern for the elderly.
•*Better economy= less polarization of resources.*
![Page 6: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Preconditions: History of Democracy
History of Democracy- Predictor of success of democracy: countries w/ long-term experience of it tend to have fuller democracies. Explains why exporting wholesale rarely works.
Deeply entrenched Nomenklatura system has enfeebled democracy in Russia.
![Page 7: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Preconditions: History of Democracy
Senegalese president Macky Sall explains why his country has remained democratic when so many of its neighbors have failed:
1) History of voting under colonial role beginning in 1848.
2) Semi-presidential, only “one chief executive”, precludes “tensions that can end in coups.” (think South Sudan)
![Page 8: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Preconditions: International
Environment of Democracy
3 Ways Other Countries Influence Political Transitions:
1) Prohibit or Impose Democracy- Ex: Post-WWII, Russia prohibits democracy; US/Western powers impose it. US in Iraq/Afghanistan.
![Page 9: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
International Environment of
Democracy 2) Prestige- How attractive is democracy? Ex: Fascism in
depressed 1930’s, communism in growing 1950’s/60’s Soviet Union, and authoritarianism in disillusioned modern Africa.
Paul Kagame’s successful “benevolent dictatorship” of Rwanda has gained the admiration of other African countries.
![Page 10: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
International Environment of
Democracy 3) Incentives- Economic rewards for becoming
democratic. Ex: EU is most obvious example. PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain—Italy sometimes included) inspired by economic prospects.
![Page 11: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown: Top-Down
May transition from five broad types of authoritarianism:
1) Top-Down Transition- Democracy is implemented by the govt. Usually requires long negotiation between opposing forces in govt.
1688- Glorious Revolution part of slow top-down evolution of British democracy.
![Page 12: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown: Top-Down
Cont. Top-down transitions can be engineered by external powers.
US has intervened to create (or sometimes destroy) democracies: Iraq, Afghanistan.
The current Iraqi parliament.
![Page 13: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown: Bottom-
Up 2) Bottom-Up Democratization- Enacted by citizenry. Ex:
Soviet Union and its “satellite states” in 1980’s/90’s. Typically triggered by mass demonstration—sometimes violence. Rebels often must be willing to negotiate/compromise.
1991- Yeltsin on a tank! 1980- Polish leader, Lech Walesa, addresses supporters.
![Page 14: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown: Military
Dictatorships 3) Military Dictatorships- Economic conditions may cause
fissure in powerful military—potential civil war must be averted. Military criminals often pardoned for crimes. Can be plagued by threat of military resurgence—esp. if linked w/ elites.
1999- Olusegun Obasanjo, Nigeria 2013- Egypt: “About our military…”
![Page 15: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown:
Personalistic Regimes 4) Personalistic Regimes- (Cult of Personality) Based
on a single leader and his/her personality, alliances, or even ethnic group. Rewards those loyal. Often dissolves when leader dies.
Guess who?
Muammar Gadaffi, Libya, 2011.
![Page 16: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Authoritarian Breakdown: Single
Party Rule 5) Single Party Rule- Domination by single party. Can
be democratic in name but authoritarian in nature: Russia. Ex: Mexico’s PRI forced to hold multiparty elections by 1994 recession, devaluation of peso—also democracy sweeping Latin America. Often deeply ingrained.
![Page 17: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Will It Last? Concept of “transition paradigm”
(sequence of democracy) largely rejected.
Difficult to prove factors linked w/ democracy. At best, slightly more than tangential.
Factors predicting durability of democracy essentially the same as factors that cause democracy: modernization, external pressure, prestige, incentives. Also history of democracy.
![Page 18: Democratization By Sam Dembling. Democracy and its Variants Democracy - Government by, of and for the people in which all citizens have a say in which.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ec550346dd1a8b609a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sources http://www.mbhs.edu/~swaneyda/files/AP%20Comp.%20Gov./Themes,%20Concepts,%20Vocabulary/Democratiz
ation/ap05_comp_govpol_demo_42252.pdf
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/10/paul-kagame-rwanda-success-authoritarian
http://www.democracyweb.org/elections/poland.php
http://www.nber.org/digest/jul08/w13915.html
http://www.coha.org/democracy-in-mexico-the-past-present-and-future/
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/04/opinion/mexico-s-democratic-breakthrough.html
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1192.pdf
http://www.unc.edu/~kurzman/cv/Kurzman_Waves_of_Democratization.pdf
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/interviews/africas-turn
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16276956
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012326133458592301.html
http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/reconstruction/iraqdem.pdf
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/readinglists/what-to-read-on-modernization-theory
http://www.cato.org/policy-report/januaryfebruary-2008/can-we-export-democracy
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/iraqs-new-dysfunctional-democracy/274275/