DEMOCRACY IN DISTRESS: THE VIOLENCE OF PARTY POLITICS, 1788-1800
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Transcript of DEMOCRACY IN DISTRESS: THE VIOLENCE OF PARTY POLITICS, 1788-1800
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DEMOCRACY IN DISTRESS: THE VIOLENCE OF PARTY POLITICS, 1788-
1800
America: Past and Present
Chapter 7
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Force of Public Opinion
Root cause of political parties: ambiguity of republican ideology
Federalists (Hamiltonians) stress national economy to preserve U.S. independence
Republicans (Jeffersonians) prefer government small, local, responsive
Parties agree on ends, differ about means
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Principle and Pragmatism:Establishing a New Government
George Washington unanimously elected president, 1789
Washington’s reputation helps legitimize new government
Dominant assumptions– all will work together for the common good– voters will defer to "betters" in political affairs
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Conflicting Visions: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of the Treasury Believed strong central government
preserves national independence Envisioned U.S. as an industrial power Feared democracy would lead to anarchy
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Conflicting Visions:Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of State under Washington Believed limited government preserves
liberty Envisioned U.S. as an agrarian nation Trusted the common people
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Hamilton's Plan for Prosperity and Security
A plan to pay off a federal debt of $54 million, additional state debt of $25 million
Proposed "funding," "assumption" of debt Proposed national bank Proposed government aid to manufacturing
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Funding and Assumption
Funding: Congress redeems federal certificates of debt at face value – Unsuccessfully opposed because most certificates
currently held by speculators
Assumption: federal government purchases states' debts– Initially defeated, salvaged through payments to
Virginia, location of new capital on Potomac
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Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy
National bank privately owned, Federally chartered to regulate finance
Madison opposes as benefit to the rich Jefferson opposes as unconstitutional Hamilton defends constitutionality through
doctrine of “implied powers” Congress charters Bank, 1791
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Setback for Hamilton
Report on Manufacturing (1791) seeks Federal encouragement for manufacturing
Madison warns program will strengthen federal government at state expense
Jefferson warns that the rise of cities will destroy agriculture and agrarian civic virtue
Hamilton's recommendations defeated
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Charges of Treason:The Battle over Foreign Affairs
European context– French Revolution – War in Europe
Division over foreign policy divides nation Jeffersonian Republicans favor France Hamiltonian Federalists favor England
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The Peril of Neutrality
Franco-British War breaks out 1793 England violates American sovereignty, neutrality
on high seas– Jefferson: punish England by cutting off trade– Hamilton: appease England because too strong
French diplomat Edmond Genet challenges American neutrality repeatedly in public
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Jay's Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest
John Jay to England to demand:– removal of the English from American soil– payment for ships illegally seized– better commercial relations– acceptance of United States’ neutrality
Hamilton informs English U.S. not firm Jay’s Treaty wins no concessions Washington dislikes, but accepts, treaty
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Jay's Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest (2)
Senate ratified by smallest possible margin Newspapers viciously attack Treaty Republicans, press criticize Washington Nation rallies behind Washington Federalists brand Republicans as traitors
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Pushing the Native Americans Aside: The Ohio Country
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)--U.S. Army defeats alliance of Indian nations in Ohio
Treaty of Greenville (1794)--forces Indian removal from Ohio Country
English withdraw support from Indians, pull back into Canada
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Pushing the Native Americans Aside: New Orleans & Florida
Spain interprets Jay's Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain
Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)– Spanish open the Mississippi to U.S. West– Settle disputed border between Florida, U.S.– Spanish cease supplying the Indians
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Conquest of the West
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Popular Political Culture
Political “parties” condemned as faction Widespread concern over loss of common
Revolutionary purpose Federalists and Republicans suspect each
others’ loyalty Party members thought it a patriotic duty to
destroy opposing party
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Informing the Public: News and Politics
Common people highly literate Newspapers widely read, highly influential Newspapers shrill, totally partisan Political clubs promote political ideas Clubs associated with Republican Party Newspapers and clubs the main sources of
political information
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Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy
Excise tax on whiskey imposed 1791 1794--Pennsylvania farmers protest Republican governor refuses to act Federalist interpret as Republican conspiracy Jefferson sees crisis as Federalist invention
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Washington's Farewell
Washington not limited to two terms 1796--announces decision to retire Warns against political parties Announcement timed to prevent Republican
organization of presidential campaign
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The Adams Presidency
1796-1800--Federalists control government Attempt to suppress Republicans Federalist division thwarts suppression
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The XYZ Affair and Domestic Politics
Jay’s Treaty prompts France to treat U.S. as unfriendly nation
Quasi-War: French fire on U.S. ships Diplomatic mission fails when three French
officials (X, Y, and Z) demand bribe Provokes anti-French outrage in U.S. Federalists attempt to crush Republicans by
branding as pro-French
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Crushing Political Dissent
Federalists begin building up the army– ostensible purpose: repel French invasion– actual intention: stifle internal opposition
Hamilton commands army, controls officers Hamilton seeks declaration of war against
France to begin operations against dissent Adams refuses to ask Congress for war
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Silencing Political Opposition: The Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Enemies Act, Alien Act gives the president power to expel any foreigner
The Naturalization Act requires U.S. residency of fourteen years for citizenship
Sedition Act criminalizes criticism of the government
Federalist appointees in federal courts enforce Sedition Act in absurd ways
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Republicans see Alien and Sedition Acts as dire threat to liberty
Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolutions--states may nullify unconstitutional federal law
Madison's Virginia Resolutions--urge states to protect their citizens
Purpose of resolutions: clarify differences between Republicans and Federalists
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Adams‘s Finest Hour
1799--Adams breaks with Hamilton Negotiates settlement with France War hysteria against France vanishes Hamilton's army seen as a useless expense Adams’ action costs him election in 1800
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The Peaceful Revolution: the Election of 1800
Hamilton’s High Federalists lead campaign to replace Adams with Pinckney
Federalists unpopular Republican Thomas Jefferson wins Attempts to unite nation by stressing values
shared by each party
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Danger of Political Extremism
Election of 1800 one of the most important Transfer of power from Federalists to
Republicans achieved peacefully Nation averted ideological civil war