Price elasticity of demand and supply income elasticity indirect taxation
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Transcript of Demand, Supply, and Elasticity. Markets In a market economy, the price of a good is determined by...
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Demand, Supply, and Elasticity
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Markets In a market economy, the price of
a good is determined by the interaction of demand and supply
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Demand A relationship
between price and quantity demanded in a given time period.
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Demand curve
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Law of demand An inverse relationship exists
between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
Reasons: substitution effect income effect
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Change in quantity demanded vs. change in demand
Change in quantity demanded Change in demand
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Determinants of demand tastes and preferences prices of related goods and
services income number of consumers expectations of future prices and
income
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Tastes and preferences Effect of fads:
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Prices of related goods substitute goods – an increase in
the price of one results in an increase in the demand for the other.
complementary goods – an increase in the price of one results in a decrease in the demand for the other.
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Change in the price of a substitute good Price of coffee rises:
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Change in the price of a complementary good Price of DVDs rises:
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Income and demand: normal goods A good is a normal good if an increase in income
results in an increase in the demand for the good.
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Income and demand: inferior goods A good is an inferior good if an increase in income
results in a reduction in the demand for the good.
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Demand and the # of buyers An increase in the number of buyers
results in an increase in demand.
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Expectations A higher expected future price will
increase current demand. A lower expected future price will
decrease current demand. A higher expected future income will
increase the demand for all normal goods. A lower expected future income will
reduce the demand for all normal goods.
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Supply the relationship
that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period
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Supply schedule
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Law of supply A direct relationship exists
between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period.
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Reason for law of supply The law of supply is the
result of the law of increasing cost. As the quantity of a good
produced rises, the marginal opportunity cost rises.
Sellers will only produce and sell an additional unit of a good if the price rises above the marginal opportunity cost of producing the additional unit.
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Change in supply vs. change in quantity supplied
Change in supply Change in quantity supplied
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Determinants of supply the price of resources, technology and productivity, the expectations of producers, the number of producers, and the prices of related goods and
services note that this involves a relationship in
production, not in consumption
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Price of resources As the price of a resource rises, profitability declines,
leading to a reduction in the quantity supplied at any price.
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Technological improvements Technological improvements (and any changes that raise the
productivity of labor) lower production costs and increase profitability.
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Expectations and supply An increase in the expected future
price of a good or service results in a reduction in current supply.
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Increase in # of sellers
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Prices of other goods Firms produce and sell more than one
commodity. Firms respond to the relative profitability
of the different items that they sell. The supply decision for a particular good
is affected not only by the good’s own price but also by the prices of other goods and services the firm may produce.
See Babysitter Shortage In Washington DC
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Market equilibrium
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Price above equilibrium If the price exceeds the equilibrium price,
a surplus occurs:
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Price below equilibrium If the price is below the equilibrium
a shortage occurs:
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Demand rises
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Demand falls
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Supply rises
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Supply falls
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Practice See: Babysitter Shortage In
Washington D.C. See: Tuna See Mad Cattle Men Sue Oprah
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Price ceiling Price ceiling - legally mandated
maximum price Purpose: keep price below the
market equilibrium price Examples:
rent controls price controls during wartime gas price rationing in 1970s
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Price ceiling
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Price floor price floor - legally mandated
minimum price designed to maintain a price above
the equilibrium level examples:
agricultural price supports minimum wage laws
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Price floor
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Elasticity … is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions … allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.
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Elasticity Price elasticity of demand is the
percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
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Elasticity
The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
Price Elasticity = Percentage Change in Qd
Of Demand Percentage Change in Price
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Elasticity
Because the price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to the price, it is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.But instead of looking at unit change, elasticity looks at percentage change.
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ElasticityInelastic Demand Percentage change in price is greater than
percentage change in quantity demand. Price elasticity of demand is less than one.Elastic Demand Percentage change in quantity demand is
greater than percentage change in price. Price elasticity of demand is greater than
one.
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Perfectly Inelastic Demand- Elasticity equals 0
Quantity
Price
4
$5
Demand
1002. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
1. Anincreasein price...
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Perfectly Elastic Demand- Elasticity equals infinity
Quantity
Price
Demand$4
1. At any priceabove $4, quantitydemanded is zero.
2. At exactly $4,consumers willbuy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,quantity demanded is infinite.
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Examples of an Inelastic Good and an Elastic Good
Elastic Boxed Macaroni
and Cheese Can you think of
any others? Inelastic
Oil and Oil Prices Can you think of
any others?
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Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand Demand tends to be more inelastic
If the good is a necessity. If the time period is shorter. The smaller the number of close
substitutes. The more broadly defined the market.
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Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :
if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close
substitutes. the more narrowly defined the
market.
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Practice See: Price Elasticity: From Tires to
Toothpicks