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Client ID : incnlu­1Title : Kuruma v Queen, TheDelivery selection : Current DocumentNumber of documentsdelivered: 1

© 2015 Thomson Reuters South Asia Private Limited

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Where Reported

Case Digest

Kuruma v Queen, The

Also known as:

Kuruma, Son of Kaniu v Queen, ThePrivy Council (Eastern Africa)

11 January 1955

Case Analysis

[1955] A.C. 197; [1955] 2 W.L.R. 223; [1955]

1 All E.R. 236; (1955) 119 J.P. 157; [1955]

Crim. L.R. 339; (1955) 99 S.J. 73

Subject: Criminal procedure Other related

subjects: Criminal evidence

Keywords: Admissibility; Evidence; Kenya;

Search and seizure

Summary: Evidence; admissibility; evidence

improperly obtained; search

The test to be applied in considering whether

evidence is admissible is whether it is relevant

to the matter in issue. If it is, it is admissible

and the court is not concerned with how the

evidence was obtained. Per Lord Goddard,

C.J.: "There can be no difference in principle

for this purpose between a civil and a criminal

case. No doubt in a criminal case the judge

always has a discretion to disallow evidence if

the strict rules of admissibility would operate

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Significant CasesCited

unfairly against an accused. . . . [The rule with

regard to the admission of confessions] is a

rule of law which their Lordships are not

qualifying in any degree whatsoever. The rule

is that a confession can only be admitted if it is

voluntary, and therefore one obtained by

threats or promises held out by a person in

authority is not to be admitted."The appellant

was convicted of being in unlawful possession

of two rounds of ammunition contrary to the

Emergency Regulations 1952 reg.8a(1) , of

Kenya, and sentenced to death. According to

the provisions of reg.29 of the Emergency

Regulations there was no power in any police

officer under the rank of assistant inspector to

search the appellant, but neither of the two

police officers who conducted the search as a

result of which the ammunition was found on

the appellant was of or above the rank of

assistant inspector. It was submitted on behalf

of the appellant that the evidence was illegally

obtained and therefore could not be given.

Held: Held, the evidence was properly

admitted and the appeal must be dismissed. (

R. v Leathem (1861) 8 Cox C.C. 498 applied;

Lloyd v Mostyn 152 E.R. 558 applied; and

Calcraft v Guest [1898] 1 Q.B. 759 applied).

Judge: Lord Goddard LCJ; Lord Oaksey

Calcraft v Guest

[1898] 1 Q.B. 759; CA; 11 March 1898

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All Cases Cited

Sort by: Most Recent Go

R. v Leathem

(1861) 8 Cox C.C. 498; 01 January 1861

Lloyd v Mostyn

152 E.R. 558; (1842) 10 M. & W. 478; Ex Ct;

04 November 1842

Harris (Frank Herbert) v DPP

[1952] A.C. 694; [1952] 1 All E.R. 1044;

[1952] 1 T.L.R. 1075; (1952) 36 Cr. App. R.

39; (1952) 116 J.P. 248; (1952) 96 S.J. 312;

HL; 09 April 1952

Noor Mohammed v King, The

[1949] A.C. 182; [1949] 1 All E.R. 365; 65

T.L.R. 134; (1949) 8 C.R. 407; [1949] 2

W.W.R. 753; (1949) 93 S.J. 180; PC (BG); 19

January 1949

Elias v Pasmore

[1934] 2 K.B. 164; KBD; 23 January 1934

Ibrahim v King, The

[1914] A.C. 599; [1914­15] All E.R. Rep. 874;

(1914) 24 Cox C.C. 174; PC (HK); 06 March

1914

Macpherson v Hodgson (William)

1913 S.C. (J.) 68; 1913 2 S.L.T. 8; HCJ; 04

June 1913

Calcraft v Guest

[1898] 1 Q.B. 759; CA; 11 March 1898

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Key Cases Citing

R. v Thompson (Marcellus)

[1893] 2 Q.B. 12; Crown Cases Reserved; 29

April 1893

R. v Leathem

(1861) 8 Cox C.C. 498; 01 January 1861

Lloyd v Mostyn

152 E.R. 558; (1842) 10 M. & W. 478; Ex Ct;

04 November 1842

Distinguished

R. v Keeton (Brian)

(1970) 54 Cr. App. R. 267; [1970] Crim. L.R.

402; CA (Crim Div); 26 February 1970

Applied

Public Prosecution Service v McKee

[2011] NICA 61; [2012] N.I. 154; Official

Transcript; CA (NI); 28 September 2011

McNally v RG Manufacturing Ltd

[2001] Lloyd's Rep. I.R. 379; CC

(Northampton); 03 December 1999

R. v Fox (Leslie Raymond)

[1986] A.C. 281; [1985] 1 W.L.R. 1126;

[1985] 3 All E.R. 392; (1986) 82 Cr. App. R.

105; [1985] R.T.R. 337; [1986] Crim. L.R. 59;

HL; 17 October 1985

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Cameron v Charles Simpson Motors

[1980] C.L.Y. 2630; DC; 30 June 1980

R. v Tompkins (George Edward)

(1978) 67 Cr. App. R. 181; [1978] Crim. L.R.

290; CA (Crim Div); 02 December 1977

Police v Machirus

[1977] 1 N.Z.L.R. 288; CA (NZ); 01 January

1977

R. v Murphy

[1965] N.I. 138; CMAC; 01 January 1965

Callis v Gunn

[1964] 1 Q.B. 495; [1963] 3 W.L.R. 931;

[1963] 3 All E.R. 677; (1964) 48 Cr. App. R.

36; (1964) 128 J.P. 41; (1963) 107 S.J. 831;

DC; 15 October 1963

Considered

Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Al­Alawi

[1999] 1 W.L.R. 1964; [1999] 1 All E.R. 703;

[1999] 1 All E.R. (Comm.) 1; [1999] 1 Lloyd's

Rep. 478; Times, January 6, 1999;

Independent, December 21, 1998; QBD

(Comm); 03 December 1998

People, The (Attorney General) and O'Brien v

McGrath

98 I.L.T. 59; HC (Irl); 01 January 1965

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All Cases Citing

Sort by: Most Recent Go

Mentioned by

Public Prosecution Service v McKee

[2013] UKSC 32; [2013] 1 W.L.R. 1611;

[2013] 3 All E.R. 365; [2013] N.I. 133; [2013]

2 Cr. App. R. 17; [2014] Crim. L.R. 77; Times,

June 18, 2013; Official Transcript; SC; 22 May

2013

Applied

Public Prosecution Service v McKee

[2011] NICA 61; [2012] N.I. 154; Official

Transcript; CA (NI); 28 September 2011

Mentioned by

Tchenguiz v Imerman

[2010] EWCA Civ 908; [2011] Fam. 116;

[2011] 2 W.L.R. 592; [2011] 1 All E.R. 555;

[2010] 2 F.L.R. 814; [2010] 3 F.C.R. 371;

[2010] Fam. Law 1177; (2010) 154(30)

S.J.L.B. 32; Times, September 2, 2010;

Official Transcript; CA (Civ Div); 29 July 2010

Mentioned by

Imerman v Imerman

[2009] EWHC 3486 (Fam); [2010] 2 F.L.R.

752; [2010] 3 F.C.R. 371; [2010] Fam. Law

332; Official Transcript; Fam Div; 11

December 2009

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Mentioned by

R. v K

[2009] EWCA Crim 1640; [2010] Q.B. 343;

[2010] 2 W.L.R. 905; [2010] 2 All E.R. 509;

[2009] S.T.C. 2553; [2010] 1 Cr. App. R. 3;

[2010] 1 F.L.R. 807; [2009] 3 F.C.R. 341;

[2009] Lloyd's Rep. F.C. 644; [2009] Fam. Law

1136; [2009] S.T.I. 2197; Times, August 19,

2009; Official Transcript; CA (Crim Div); 28

July 2009

Mentioned by

Serious Organised Crime Agency v Olden

[2009] EWHC 610 (QB); [2009] Lloyd's Rep.

F.C. 375; Official Transcript; QBD; 25 March

2009

Mentioned by

R. v Cooper (Michael Ivan)

[2006] EWCA Crim 2130; Official Transcript;

CA (Crim Div); 28 July 2006

Mentioned by

A v Secretary of State for the Home

Department

[2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221; [2005] 3

W.L.R. 1249; [2006] 1 All E.R. 575; [2006]

H.R.L.R. 6; [2006] U.K.H.R.R. 225; 19

B.H.R.C. 441; (2005) 155 N.L.J. 1924; Times,

December 9, 2005; Independent, December

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14, 2005; Official Transcript; HL; 08 December

2005

Mentioned by

A v Secretary of State for the Home

Department

[2004] EWCA Civ 1123; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 414;

[2004] H.R.L.R. 38; (2004) 154 N.L.J. 1291;

(2004) 148 S.J.L.B. 1029; Times, October 5,

2004; Official Transcript; CA (Civ Div); 11

August 2004

Mentioned by

R. v G

[2004] EWCA Crim 1368; [2004] 1 W.L.R.

2932; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 37; (2004)

101(25) L.S.G. 27; (2004) 148 S.J.L.B. 696;

Times, June 8, 2004; Official Transcript; CA

(Crim Div); 27 May 2004

Mentioned by

R. v Gibbins (Martin)

[2004] EWCA Crim 311; Official Transcript; CA

(Crim Div); 20 February 2004

Mentioned by

Jones v University of Warwick

[2003] EWCA Civ 151; [2003] 1 W.L.R. 954;

[2003] 3 All E.R. 760; [2003] C.P. Rep. 36;

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[2003] P.I.Q.R. P23; (2003) 72 B.M.L.R. 119;

(2003) 100(11) L.S.G. 32; (2003) 153 N.L.J.

231; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 179; Times, February

7, 2003; Independent, February 11, 2003;

Official Transcript; CA (Civ Div); 04 February

2003

Mentioned by

Heath v United States

[2002] UKPC 33; Official Transcript; PC (StC);

19 June 2002

Mentioned by

St Merryn Meat Ltd v Hawkins

[2001] C.P. Rep. 116; Daily Telegraph, July

10, 2001; Official Transcript; Ch D; 29 June

2001

Mentioned by

Attorney General's Reference (No.3 of 1999)

[2001] 2 A.C. 91; [2001] 2 W.L.R. 56; [2001]

1 All E.R. 577; [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 34; [2001]

H.R.L.R. 16; [2000] Po. L.R. 386; [2001] Crim.

L.R. 394; (2001) 98(7) L.S.G. 39; (2000) 150

N.L.J. 1889; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 8; Times,

December 15, 2000; Independent, December

19, 2000; Official Transcript; HL; 14 December

2000

Mentioned by

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R. v Shannon (John James)

[2001] 1 W.L.R. 51; [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 12;

[2000] Crim. L.R. 1001; (2000) 97(40) L.S.G.

41; (2000) 144 S.J.L.B. 257; Times, October

11, 2000; Official Transcript; CA (Crim Div);

14 September 2000

Mentioned by

Memory Corp Plc v Sidhu (No.1)

[2000] 1 W.L.R. 1443; [2000] C.P.L.R. 171;

[2000] F.S.R. 921; Times, February 15, 2000;

Official Transcript; CA (Civ Div); 21 January

2000

Applied

McNally v RG Manufacturing Ltd

[2001] Lloyd's Rep. I.R. 379; CC

(Northampton); 03 December 1999

Mentioned by

Memory Corp Plc v Sidhu (No.1)

(1999) 96(24) L.S.G. 38; Times, May 31,

1999; Official Transcript; Ch D; 21 May 1999

Mentioned by

Mohammed (Allie) v Trinidad and Tobago

[1999] 2 A.C. 111; [1999] 2 W.L.R. 552; 6

B.H.R.C. 177; Times, December 10, 1998; PC

(Trin); 09 December 1998

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Considered

Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Al­Alawi

[1999] 1 W.L.R. 1964; [1999] 1 All E.R. 703;

[1999] 1 All E.R. (Comm.) 1; [1999] 1 Lloyd's

Rep. 478; Times, January 6, 1999;

Independent, December 21, 1998; QBD

(Comm); 03 December 1998

Mentioned by

R. v Khan (Sultan)

[1997] A.C. 558; [1996] 3 W.L.R. 162; [1996]

3 All E.R. 289; [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 440;

[1996] Crim. L.R. 733; (1996) 93(28) L.S.G.

29; (1996) 146 N.L.J. 1024; (1996) 140

S.J.L.B. 166; Times, July 5, 1996;

Independent, July 11, 1996; HL; 02 July 1996

Mentioned by

R. v Cooke (Stephen)

[1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 318; [1995] Crim. L.R.

497; (1994) 91(36) L.S.G. 37; (1994) 138

S.J.L.B. 168; Times, August 10, 1994;

Independent, September 5, 1994; CA (Crim

Div); 22 July 1994

Mentioned by

R. v Christou (Anastasis)

[1992] Q.B. 979; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 228; [1992]

4 All E.R. 559; (1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 264;

[1992] Crim. L.R. 729; (1992) 142 N.L.J. 823;

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(1992) 136 S.J.L.B. 182; Times, June 1, 1992;

Independent, May 22, 1992; Guardian, May

27, 1992; CA (Crim Div); 21 May 1992

Mentioned by

R. v Governor of Pentonville Prison Ex p.

Osman (No.1)

[1990] 1 W.L.R. 277; [1989] 3 All E.R. 701;

(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 281; [1988] Crim. L.R.

611; (1990) 87(7) L.S.G. 32; (1990) 134 S.J.

458; Times, April 13, 1988; Independent, April

15, 1988; Guardian, April 19, 1988; Daily

Telegraph, April 21, 1988; QBD; 30 March

1988

Mentioned by

Matto v Wolverhampton Crown Court

[1987] R.T.R. 337; [1987] Crim. L.R. 641; DC;

20 May 1987

Mentioned by

English & American Insurance Co Ltd v Herbert

Smith & Co

[1988] F.S.R. 232; (1987) 137 N.L.J. 148; Ch

D; 21 January 1987

Mentioned by

R. v Apicella (Alfred Robert)

(1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 295; [1986] Crim. L.R.

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238; CA (Crim Div); 28 November 1985

Mentioned by

Gull v Scarborough

[1987] R.T.R. 261; Times, November 15,

1985; DC; 12 November 1985

Applied

R. v Fox (Leslie Raymond)

[1986] A.C. 281; [1985] 1 W.L.R. 1126;

[1985] 3 All E.R. 392; (1986) 82 Cr. App. R.

105; [1985] R.T.R. 337; [1986] Crim. L.R. 59;

HL; 17 October 1985

Mentioned by

R. v Fox (Leslie Raymond)

[1985] 1 W.L.R. 33; [1985] 1 All E.R. 230;

[1984] R.T.R. 402; [1984] Crim. L.R. 567; DC;

19 June 1984

Mentioned by

Television Broadcasts Ltd v Mandarin Video

Holdings Sdn Bhd

[1984] F.S.R. 111; HC (Mal); 19 May 1983

Mentioned by

Universal City Studios Inc v Hubbard

[1983] Ch. 241; [1983] 2 W.L.R. 882; [1983]

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2 All E.R. 596; [1983] Com. L.R. 162; Ch D;

21 January 1983

Mentioned by

Morris v Beardmore

[1981] A.C. 446; [1980] 3 W.L.R. 283; [1980]

2 All E.R. 753; (1980) 71 Cr. App. R. 256;

[1980] R.T.R. 321; (1980) 124 S.J. 512; HL;

17 July 1980

Applied

Cameron v Charles Simpson Motors

[1980] C.L.Y. 2630; DC; 30 June 1980

Mentioned by

Helliwell v Piggott­Sims (Admissibility:

Discretion)

[1980] F.S.R. 356; CA (Civ Div); 18 March

1980

Mentioned by

International Electronics Ltd v Weigh Data Ltd

[1980] F.S.R. 423; Times, March 13, 1980; Ch

D; 06 March 1980

Mentioned by

R. v Sang (Leonard Anthony)

[1980] A.C. 402; [1979] 3 W.L.R. 263; [1979]

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2 All E.R. 1222; (1979) 69 Cr. App. R. 282;

[1979] Crim. L.R. 655; HL; 25 July 1979

Mentioned by

Morris v Beardmore

[1980] Q.B. 105; [1979] 3 W.L.R. 93; [1979]

3 All E.R. 290; [1979] R.T.R. 393; [1979]

Crim. L.R. 394; (1979) 145 J.P.N. 255; (1979)

123 S.J. 300; DC; 16 March 1979

Mentioned by

R. v Sang (Leonard Anthony)

[1979] 2 W.L.R. 439; [1979] 2 All E.R. 46;

(1979) 68 Cr. App. R. 240; [1979] Crim. L.R.

389; (1979) 123 S.J. 232; CA (Crim Div); 13

December 1978

Mentioned by

R. v Houghton (Sacheverell Stanley)

(1979) 68 Cr. App. R. 197; [1979] Crim. L.R.

383; (1978) 122 S.J. 456; Times, June 23,

1978; CA (Crim Div); 05 July 1978

Applied

R. v Tompkins (George Edward)

(1978) 67 Cr. App. R. 181; [1978] Crim. L.R.

290; CA (Crim Div); 02 December 1977

Mentioned by

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Jeffrey v Black

[1978] Q.B. 490; [1977] 3 W.L.R. 895; [1978]

1 All E.R. 555; (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 81;

[1977] Crim. L.R. 555; (1977) 121 S.J. 662;

DC; 14 July 1977

Applied

Police v Machirus

[1977] 1 N.Z.L.R. 288; CA (NZ); 01 January

1977

Mentioned by

Spicer v Holt

[1977] A.C. 987; [1976] 3 W.L.R. 398; [1976]

3 All E.R. 71; (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 270;

[1976] R.T.R. 389; [1976] Crim. L.R. 139;

(1976) 120 S.J. 572; HL; 28 July 1976

Mentioned by

Walker v Lovell

[1975] 1 W.L.R. 1141; [1975] 3 All E.R. 107;

(1978) 67 Cr. App. R. 249; [1975] R.T.R. 377;

[1975] Crim. L.R. 720; (1975) 119 S.J. 544;

HL; 16 July 1975

Mentioned by

Wurzal v Reader Bros Ltd

[1974] R.T.R. 383; [1973] Crim. L.R. 640; DC;

13 July 1973

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Mentioned by

R. v Stevenson (Ronald)

[1971] 1 W.L.R. 1; [1971] 1 All E.R. 678;

(1971) 55 Cr. App. R. 171; (1971) 115 S.J.

11; Assizes (Nottingham); 23 October 1970

Mentioned by

Butler v Board of Trade

[1971] Ch. 680; [1970] 3 W.L.R. 822; [1970]

3 All E.R. 593; (1970) 114 S.J. 604; Ch D; 09

July 1970

Distinguished

R. v Keeton (Brian)

(1970) 54 Cr. App. R. 267; [1970] Crim. L.R.

402; CA (Crim Div); 26 February 1970

Mentioned by

R. v Sadler (Edward Daniel)

[1970] 1 W.L.R. 416; [1970] 2 All E.R. 12;

(1970) 54 Cr. App. R. 217; [1970] R.T.R. 127;

(1970) 114 S.J. 92; CA (Crim Div); 14 January

1970

Mentioned by

Scott v Baker

[1969] 1 Q.B. 659; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 796;

[1968] 2 All E.R. 993; (1968) 52 Cr. App. R.

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566; (1968) 132 J.P. 422; (1968) 112 S.J.

425; DC; 14 May 1968

Mentioned by

R. v Selvey (Wilfred George) (No.1)

[1970] A.C. 304; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 1494;

[1968] 2 All E.R. 497; (1968) 52 Cr. App. R.

443; (1968) 132 J.P. 430; (1968) 112 S.J.

461; HL; 09 May 1968

Mentioned by

King (Herman) v Queen, The

[1969] 1 A.C. 304; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 391;

[1968] 2 All E.R. 610; (1968) 52 Cr. App. R.

353; (1968) 112 S.J. 419; PC (Jam); 03 April

1968

Mentioned by

Customs and Excise Commissioners v Harz

[1967] 1 A.C. 760; [1967] 2 W.L.R. 297;

[1967] 1 All E.R. 177; (1967) 51 Cr. App. R.

123; (1967) 131 J.P. 146; (1967) 111 S.J. 15;

HL; 20 December 1966

Mentioned by

R. v Ali (Maqsud)

[1966] 1 Q.B. 688; [1965] 3 W.L.R. 229;

[1965] 2 All E.R. 464; (1965) 49 Cr. App. R.

230; (1965) 129 J.P. 396; (1965) 109 S.J.

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331; CCA; 09 April 1965

Considered

People, The (Attorney General) and O'Brien v

McGrath

98 I.L.T. 59; HC (Irl); 01 January 1965

Applied

R. v Murphy

[1965] N.I. 138; CMAC; 01 January 1965

Mentioned by

Sparks v Queen, The

[1964] A.C. 964; [1964] 2 W.L.R. 566; [1964]

1 All E.R. 727; (1964) 108 S.J. 154; PC (Ber);

11 February 1964

Applied

Callis v Gunn

[1964] 1 Q.B. 495; [1963] 3 W.L.R. 931;

[1963] 3 All E.R. 677; (1964) 48 Cr. App. R.

36; (1964) 128 J.P. 41; (1963) 107 S.J. 831;

DC; 15 October 1963

Mentioned by

Hardtmann v R.

[1963] A.C. 746; [1963] 2 W.L.R. 1023;

(1963) 107 S.J. 312; PC (Ber); 01 April 1963

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SignificantLegislation Cited

Legislation Cited

Journal Articles

Mentioned by

Soul v Inland Revenue Commissioners

(Practice Note)

[1963] 1 W.L.R. 112; [1963] 1 All E.R. 68

(Note); 40 T.C. 506; (1962) 41 A.T.C. 323;

[1962] T.R. 353; (1962) 106 S.J. 957; CA; 19

November 1962

Mentioned by

Rumping v DPP

[1964] A.C. 814; [1962] 3 W.L.R. 763; [1962]

3 All E.R. 256; (1962) 46 Cr. App. R. 398;

(1962) 106 S.J. 668; HL; 17 July 1962

Emergency Regulations 1952 (Kenya) reg. 29

Emergency Regulations 1952 (Kenya) reg.

8a(1)

Emergency Regulations 1952 (Kenya) reg. 29

Emergency Regulations 1952 (Kenya) reg.

8a(1)

The evolution of the discretionary

exclusion of evidence

Access to justice; Admissibility; Criminal

evidence; Discretionary powers.

Crim. L.R. 2004, Oct, 767­788

The evolution of the discretionary

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Books

exclusion of evidence

Access to justice; Admissibility; Criminal

evidence; Discretionary powers.

Crim. L.R. 2004, Oct, 767­788

The evolution of the discretionary

exclusion of evidence

Access to justice; Admissibility; Criminal

evidence; Discretionary powers.

Crim. L.R. 2004 Supp (50th Anniversary

Edition), 138­159

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and

Practice 2015 Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 12 ­ Privilege, Public Interest

Immunity and Disclosure

Documents: 12­17

Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and

Practice 2015 Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 15 ­ Investigatory Powers;

Confessions; Discretion to Exclude Evidence,

Etc.

Documents: 15­457 General

Archbold Magistrates' Courts Criminal

Practice 2016

Chapter: Chapter 10 ­ Evidence

Documents: 10­123 Police and Criminal

Evidence Act 1984, ss.76–76A

Documentary Evidence 12th Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 25 ­ Loss of Privilege

through Inadvertence and Fraud

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Documents: A. ­ The principle

Documentary Evidence 12th Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 26 ­ Exclusion of

Documentary Evidence

Documents: Chapter 26 ­ Exclusion of

Documentary Evidence

Encyclopedia of Information Technology

Law

Chapter: Chapter 11 ­ Evidence

Documents: 11.608

Phipson on Evidence 18th Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 26 ­ Loss and Waiver of

Privilege

Documents: Sub­section (a) ­ Documents

improperly obtained or disclosed

Phipson on Evidence 18th Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 39 ­ Judicial Discretion to

Admit or Exclude Evidence

Documents: Sub­section (b) ­ Development of

a discretion before 1979

Phipson on Evidence 18th Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 39 ­ Judicial Discretion to

Admit or Exclude Evidence

Documents: Sub­section (c) ­ R. v Sang in the

House of Lords: the reasoning

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

6th Ed.

Chapter: Part VIII ­ Evidence in Criminal

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Proceedings—General

Documents: Part VIII ­ Evidence in Criminal

Proceedings—General

Privilege 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 1 ­ Legal Professional

Privilege: Core Principles

Documents: Prosecutions and the misuse of

privilege

Privilege 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 7 ­ Losing Privilege

Documents: Calcraft v Guest and Ashburton v

Pape

Privilege 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 7 ­ Losing Privilege

Documents: Criminal proceedings

Privilege 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 8 ­ The Crime­Fraud

Exception

Documents: Litigation privilege

Privilege 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 10 ­ Without Prejudice

Communications

Documents: Admission of ‘independent fact’

Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles

of Practice 3rd Ed.

Chapter: Chapter 22 ­ Trial and Evidence

Documents: Admissibility

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