DELIC KINCL Stanovanje Buducnosti

7/25/2019 DELIC KINCL Stanovanje Buducnosti

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Housing of the future – Research of new

(experimental) spatial systems

Key words: housing, information and communicationtechnology – ICT, “intelligent home”, flexibility,virtuality, interoperability.

Abstract

Gerhard Schmidt predicts that “architecture in 2010will inevitably fall into three classes: physical, virtualand hybrid ‘bits and bricks’ architecture.” [1]What does a hybrid house look like?Through our knowledge of development, we aretrying to foresee what architectural future will be like.Is the future a concept of ‘intelligent’ environment,

‘a smart dwelling of the future’, which comprise anumber of achievements of modern ICT, or does thefuture lie in experimental projects in which housingspace represents continuing dynamic surfaces thatchange in accordance with inhabitants’ needs andthus become active interfaces between the physicaland the virtual?Living in parallel worlds – virtual and real – must

reflect on the concept of modern housing. Newshousing concepts are being explored, in whichflexibility, ecology (sustainable development) andvirtuality are of crucial importance, demonstrating anew way of thinking about urban living, and offering

a new way of life for the start of the 21st century.

Introduction

Information revolution today brings about ametamorphosis of architecture and urban planning.

New technologies are changing the paradigm ofhousing – we are searching for a new, dynamic livingspace that will meet the demands of time in which welive.

Huge changes are taking place in modern living: With

an ever-increasing role of new information andcommunication technologies (ICT), which bringabout changes in the way of life, there is also growinginfluence of globalization and individualization basedon new ICT.

Changes and progress are an inseparable part ofmodern living, and they reflect a higher level ofeducation, higher living standards and wealth.Changes demand a high degree of changeabili ty.Family is being transformed – childless couples,singles, etc – with independence within the familygrowing and individual needs changing.

Stanovanje budućostiistraživanje novih (eksperimentalnih) prostornih

sustava

Ključne riječi: stanovanje, informacijske ikomunikacijske tehnologije-ICT, “inteligentnidomovi”, fleksibilnost, virtualnost, interoperabilnost

SažetakGerhard Schmidt predviđa da će “arhitektura 2010.neizbježno biti podijeljena u tri klase: fizičku, virtualnui hibridnu arhitekturu 'bitova i cigli." [1]Kako izgleda hibridna kuća?Kroz naše poznavanje razvoja pokušavamo predvidjetikako će izgledati arhitektura u budućnosti. Je li

budućnost koncept 'inteligentnog' okružja, “a smart

dwelling of the future”, koji sadrže skup dostignućasuvremene ICT, pa do eksperimentalnih projekata ukojima prostor stanovanja predstavlja dinamičkekontinuirane plohe koje se mijenjaju u ovisnosti o

potrebama stanara – aktivno sučelje između fizičkog ivirtualnog?Življenje u paralelnim svjetovima – virtualnim irealnom svijetu mora se odraziti i na konceptsuvremenog stanovanja. Istražuju se novi konceptistanovanja u kojima su fleksibilnost, ekologija (održivirazvoj) i virtualnost od presudnog značaja, te ukazujuna novi način razmišljanja o urbanom življenju i

pružaju novi način života na početku 21. stoljeća.

Uvod

Informacijska revolucija je danas ta koja izazivametamorfozu arhitekture i urbanizma. Novetehnologije mijenjaju paradigmu stanovanja – traži senovi, dinamičniji prostor stanovanja koji će odgovoritina zahtjeve vremena u kojem živimo.

Velike se promjene dešavaju u suvremenom načinu

života: uz sve veću ulogu novih informacijskih ikomunikacijskih tehnologija (ICT) koje utječu na promjene u načinu življenja i sve veći utjecajglobalizacije i individualizacije bazirane na novim ICT.

Promjene i napredak neodvojivi su dio današnjegnačina življenja, a odraz su većeg stupnja educiranosti,sve većeg standarda življenja, izobilja. Promjene inapredak zahtijevaju i visoki stupanj promjenljivosti.Dolazi do transformacije obitelji – parovi bez djece,samci..., sve je veća nezavisnost unutar obitelji,mijenjaju se individualne potrebe.



Private spaces are substituted with diffuse usagespaces (work from home), which leads to theconversion of housing space, multi-functionality.Constant fluctuation of workforce related to economicinstability is also present and that causes changes in

relation to private property, people accept the idea ofmobility as a way of life. Evolution in social behaviordemands changes in the concept of designing modernhousing, but also calls for new concepts in relations

between housing and environment. Heterogeneity,multi-functionality, are the features of the newhousing, di fference openness, flexibility,industrialization and individuality are replacinghomogeneity, specialization, manufacture work andcollectivity.

Architecture is marked by constant changes, by people who know what they want and make

decisions. People want their own home, not only tosatisfy their primary needs, such as basic protection,

but a ‘home’ which will express their identity, a spacewith which they can identify. When a family movesinto a flat, they fit it out according to their tastes and

practical needs.In that sense, flexibility, adaptability and variabilityare the first and necessary step in creating adequatehousing space.

Digital technologies are transforming nature and theaims of architectural thinking and creativity, erasingthe relation between substance and data, between real

and virtual, between organic and inorganic, and theylead us into a volatile territory from which richinnovative forms are born.

However, the influence of new technologies is lessvisible in the concept of contemporary housing. Evenin the examples of implementing new technologies inhousing, spatial organization has been little changed.

Experiments in housing are rare, but research of new(experimental) spatial systems in accordance withthe needs and wishes of their inhabitants must be the

architect’s obligation.

New concepts or housing are being explored, inwhich flexibility, ecology (sustainable development)and virtuality play a crucial role, demonstrating a newway of thinking about urban living, and offering anew way of life for the start of the 21st century.

The new concept is marked by multi-functionality inusage, implementation of ICT, contemporary design,with the use of state-of-the-art technologies.Disposition in place of composition, reactive spaces,evolving, artificial, global and local spaces, which can

respond to the needs of modern man.

Privatni prostor zamjenjuje se difuznim servisnim prostorima (rad kod kuće), što dovodi do konverzijestambenih prostora. Uz to je prisutna konstantnafluktuacija radne snage vezana na ekonomskunestabilnost što vodi do prihvaćanje ideje o mobilnosti

i promjenama u odnosu prema privatnom vlasništvu.Evolucija u socijalnom ponašanju traži promjene ukonceptu dizajna suvremenog stanovanja, ali isto tako inovih koncepata odnosa između stanovanja i okoliša.Heterogenost, polifunkcionalnost, polivalentnost -odlike su novog načina stanovanja – različitost,otvorenost, fleksibilnost, industrijalizacija iindividualnost zamjenjuju homogenost, specijalizaciju,manufakturni rad i kolektivizam.

Arhitekturu obilježava konstantno mijenjanje, ljudiznaju što žele i donose odluke. Ljudi žele vlastiti dom,

ne samo kao zadovoljenje primarnih potreba, kaoosnovnu zaštitu, već "dom" koji će izraziti njihovidentitet, prostor s kojim će se identificirati. Kad obiteljuseli u stan, uredi ga u skladu sa svojim ukusom i

praktičnim potrebama.

U tom smislu, fleksibilnost, prilagodljivost ivarijabilnost prvi su i nužan korak u stvaranjuadekvatnog stambenog prostora.

Digitalne tehnologije transformiraju prirodu i ciljevearhitektonskog razmišljanja i kreativnosti, brišućiodnos između tvari i podataka, između realnog i

virtualnog, između organskog i neorganskog i vode nasu nestabilni teritorij iz kojega se rađaju bogate,inovativne forme.

Međutim, utjecaj novih tehnologija nije toliko vidljiv ukonceptu suvremenog stanovanja. Čak i u primjerimaimplementacije nove tehnologije u stanovanje,organizacija prostora sukladno tome nije doživjelagotovo nikakve promjene.

Eksperimenti u stanovanju su rijetki, ali istraživanjenovih (eksperimentalnih) prostornih sustava sukladno promjenama potreba, želja i aspiracija

korisnika stanova mora biti obaveza arhitekata.

Istražuju se novi koncepti stanovanja u kojimasu fleksibilnost, ekologija (održivi razvoj) i virtualnostod presudnog značaja, te ukazuju na novi načinrazmišljanja o urbanom življenju i pružaju novi načinživota na početku 21. stoljeća.

Novi koncept odlikuje multifunkcionalnost unačinu korištenja, implementacija IT, suvremeni dizajnuz korištenje najsuvremenijih dostupnih tehnologija.Dispozicija umjesto kompozicije, reaktivni prostori,evolutivni, artificijelni, apstraktni, globalni i lokalni

prostori koji mogu odgovoriti zahtjevima suvremenog



‘Bits and Bricks’ architecture

Gerhard Schmidt predicts that “architecture in 2010

will inevitably fall into three classes: physical, virtualand hybrid ‘bits and bricks’ architecture… However,‘bits and bricks’ architecture will ultimately

predominate – most buildings will have thousands ofsensors, processors, and software integrated in theirstructure. They will be monitored, controlled and

protected by computers and communicate withinhabitants and other buildings. Their aim will be tooptimize the use of resources and the comfort of theenvironment they are providing through active andreactive behavior.” [1]

In exploring new housing concepts for modern man

and virtual models of housing, we can see differentfocuses of interest: flexibility, ecology (sustainabledevelopment), virtuality, technological equipment,

pre-fabrication, concepts of ‘intelligent’surroundings, VR systems, implementation of ICT.

Housing of the future develops with the development

of new technologies. The concept of future housing is

far more than the automation of homes. The

automation of homes is primarily the optimization of

the use of household apparel and is yet an integral

segment of modern housing but an insufficient one.

Development and exploration of new concepts ofmodern living can generally be divided into threegroups, which interact “along the way”1. Forming of physical space through the existing,

currently available notions about technical-technological capabilities.

2. Creating more complex forms of space in whichwe live – automatic air-conditioning, in the realmof static and physical

3. Conceptual research of architectural spaces of thefuture, step towards new systems throughapplication of dynamic shapes and complex

forms.

The first group, which we could easily call ‘bits and bricks’ architecture, covers a wide area of researchand application.

First and foremost in the group are flexible systems,finding mechanical possibilities for applying layoutorganization through sliding sides or furniture, whoseorigins we can trace to 1930s works by Rietweld andLe Corbusier.

New concepts are being developed of ‘intelligent

environment’, ‘a smart dwelling of the future’, which

čovjeka.

Arhitektura " bits and bricks" Gerhard Schmidt predviđa da će “arhitektura 2010.neizbježno biti podijeljena u tri klase: fizičku, virtualnui hibridnu arhitekturu 'bitova i cigli'… No, arhitektura'bitova i cigli' naposljetku će prevladati” - većinazgrada imat će na tisuću senzora, procesora i softveraugrađenih u svoje strukturu. Bit će nadzirane,kontrolirane i zaštićene računalima te će komuniciratisa stanarima i drugim zgradama. Njihov cilj bit ćeoptimizacija uporabe resursa i udobnosti okoliša koji

pružaju kroz aktivno i reaktivno ponašanje." [1]

U istraživanju novih koncepata stanovanja zasuvremenog čovjeka te virtualnih modela stanovanja,vidljiva su različita usmjerenja interesa: fleksibilnost,ekologija (održivi razvoj), virtualnost, tehnološkaopremljenost, prefabrikacija, koncepti “inteligentnih”okoliša, sistemi VR, implementacija ICT-a i sl.

Stanovanje budućnosti razvija se sa razvojem novih

tehnologija. Koncept stanovanja budućnosti daleko je

više od automatizacije doma. Automatizacija doma u

prvom redu optimizira korištenje kućnih uređ aja i

sastavni je segment suvremenog stanovanja, ali

nedovoljan.

Razvoj i istraživanje novih koncepata modernogživljenja možemo oćenito podijeli ti u tri skupine, koje"putem" surađuju:

1. Formiranje fizičkog prostora kroz postojeće,trenutno prisutne spoznaje o tehničko-tehnološkimmogućnostima.

2. Stvaranje složenijih oblika prostora u kojimaobitavamo- klimatroni, u domeni statičkog i fizičkog.

3. Konceptualna istraživanja arhitektonskih prostora budućnosti, iskorak u nove sustave kroz primjenudinamičkih oblika i kompleksnih formi.

Prva skupina, koju jednostavno možemo nazvatiarhitekturom 'bitova i cigli1, pokriva širok spektaristraživanja i primjene.

Prvi i najvažniji u grupi su fleksibilni sustavi, pronalaženje mehaničkih mogućnosti za primjenu potankog plana organizacije pomoću kliznih stijena ilinamještaja, a čiji početak možemo potražiti u djelimaRietwelda i Le Corbusiera iz 30-ih godina prošlogstoljeća.

Razvijaju se koncepti “inteligentnih” okoliša, “a smart

dwelling of the future”, koji sadrže skup dostignuća



contain a group of achievements of contemporary IT,new intelligent materials, intelligent ‘dynamicmembranes’, LED and LCD screens instead of walls.Virtual Reality systems become part of our privateand professional life.

In many contexts, the physical has been replaced bydigital, electronic, virtual so that the known physicalmaterials are replaced by digital variants. The newdigital era demands that we stop thinking about wallsas solid, static elements. The traditional wall is a

permanent, static structure protecting us from

external impacts. The technologically innovative wall

contains sensors, it is dynamic and reacts to changes

happening in the environment. The traditional firm

wall functions like a barrier to information flow while

on the other hand the interactive modern wall

becomes a transmitter, it receives and sends

information. The wall becomes an interface. According to James Wines, “the wall must become afilter that receives and transmits a wealth ofinformation… just like a television”. [2]

Linked to dematerialisation the opinion of Bernard

Tschumi is interesting, who in an article in

Architecture and Disjunction suggests“...spatiality

that is not based any more on the pressure of the

wall's materiality but spatiality for the free movement

of the body. How can anybody create an object in

time when the technology of the contruction becomes

less relevant than the construction of thetechnology?”6

There is little doubt that ‘intelligent homes’ are thefuture of architecture. However, today’s examples of‘intelligent homes’ look like any other kind of

building from the outside. What makes them sospecial is that they use highly advanced computertechnology to make all familiar aspects of the

building (ie heating appliances, lights etc) moreconvenient and efficient. What has been implementedtoday is little more than a collection of high-techappliances, or automation. Bill Gates’ house is a

perfect example of the implementation of modernICT technologies.

In engineering-technical sense, Product andProcess Modeling has been accepted as the finalsolution which should bring construction work closerto highly industrialized productions like automobiles,shipbuilding and the like. It is precisely theautomobile industry, with its technologicaldevelopment, mass production and pre-fabrication,

suvremene IT, nove inteligentne materijale, pojavljujuse “inteligentne” dinamičke opne, LED i LCD ekraniumjesto zidova. Sistemi Virtualne Realnosti postajusastavni dio profesionalnog i privatnog života.

U mnogim kontekstima, fizičko je zamijenjenodigitalnim, elektroničkim, virtualnim, tako da su

poznati fizički materijali zamijenjeni digitalnimvarijantama. Novo digitalno doba zahtijeva da

prestanemo razmišljati o zidovima kao solidnim,statičnim elementima. Tradicionalni zid je

permanentna, statič ka struktura koja nas štiti od

vanjskih utjecaja. Tehnološki inovativni zid je sazdan

od senzora, on je dinamič an i reaktivan u idnosu na

promjene u okolišu. Tradicionalni č vrsti zid

funkcionira kao barijera protoku informacija, dok s

druge strane interaktivni suvremeni zid postaje

transmitter, on prima I odašilje informacije. Zid postaje interface. Kako kaže James Wines, "zid mora postati filtar koji prima i prenosi bogatstvoinformacija... poput televizije."[2]

Vezujući se na dematerijalizaciju zanimljivo je

mišljenje Bernard Tschumia koji u č lanku Architecture

and Disjunction predlaže “(...) prostornost koja nije

više temeljena na pritisku materijalnosti zidova, već

prostornost kao slobodno kretanje tijela. Kako netko

može kreirati objekt u vremenu kada tehnologija

konstrukcije postaje manje relevantna od konstrukcije

tehnologije?”

6

Nema sumnje da su 'inteligentne kuće' budućnost arhitekture. No, današnji primjeri'inteligentnih domova' izgledaju kao bilo koja drugazgrada izvana. Ono što ih čini posebnima jest uporabavisoko napredne tehnologije u svrhu stvaranja

prikladnijih i učinkovitijih poznatih aspekata zgrade(npr. grijanje, priključci, svjetlo, itd.). Ono što je danasizvedeno nije puno više od kolekcije high-tech (visokotehnoloških) uređaja. Kuća Billa Gatesa savršen je

primjer primjene modernih ICT tehnolgija.

U inžinjersko-tehničkom smislu, Modeliranje proizvoda i procesa (Product and Process Modeling) prihvaćeno je kao konačno rješenje koje bi graditeljskustruku trebalo približiti visoko industrijaliziranimstrukama poput automobilske, brodograđevne i sličnih.Upravo je automobilska industrija sa svojimtehnološkim razvojem, masovnom produkcijom i

prefabrikacijom, te načinom pristupa korisnicima,

6 Andreas Papadakis & James Steele: Architecture of Today, Academy editions, London,1991.

6 Andreas Papadakis & James Steele: Architecture of Today, Academy editions, London,1991.



and approach to end-users – offering them choices –that inspired architects in developing the concept of‘catalogued houses’.

Product and Process Modelling

Product and Process Modelling is a group of IT platforms, standards, procedure tools and services ofa building object, which contain all necessarystructured data for its entire lifetime. Such anapproach, also known as interoperability, makes

possible an efficient and unambiguous exchange ofdata among participants and their expert-specificmodels (e.g. extracting data from architectural modelinto a model for structural analysis, utilities, costanalyses, implementation etc).

Interoperability is a state of man-madeenvironment on the level of today’s realization of

technological possibilities and is nearing the globalmaximum. A step into futurology era is a replacementof physical and known parts, which are part ofinteroperability system, with new parts – and that isthe subject of new research.

Simulation and analisis tools

Figure 1: Actar – housing - 5 m'houses nantes 98-03“…this project of housing is presented like a "menu"of interchangeable modules…they can be combined

by juxtaposition and superposition, and offer alimitless number of configurations based on thevariation of a limited number of standard spaces andflexible technical elements (accumulators, fittedwalls, vertical circulation systems…). the theme ofthe "catalogue house" is here.

nudeći im mogućnost izbora, izvor inspiracijearhitektima u razvoju koncepta “kuće iz kataloga".

Product and Process Modelling

Modeliranje proizvoda i proces predstavlja skup IT platformi, standarda, procedura alata i servisaodređenog građevinskog proizvoda (objekta) kojisadrži potrebne strukturirane podatke tijekom čitavognjegovog životnog ciklusa. Ovakav pristup, poznat pod

pojmom interoperabilnost, omogućava efikasnu i jednoznačnu razmjenu podataka među učesnicima injihovim stručno-specifičnim modelima (primjerice,ekstrahiranje podataka iz arhitektonskog modela umodel za strukturalnu analizu, instalacije, troškovneanalize, izvedbu itd.)

Interoperabilnost jest stanje po čovjekustvorene okoline na razini današnje spoznaje o

tehničko-tehnološkim mogućnostima i približava sesvjetskom maksimumu. Korak u futurološku eru jestzamjena fizičkih i poznatih dijelova koji su dio sustavainteroperabilnosti novim dijelovima –i to je predmetnovih istraživanja.

Simulation and analisis tools

Slika 1: Actar - housing: 5 m'houses nantes 98-03"(...) ovaj stambeni projekt predstavljen je kao"izbornik" međusobno zamjenjivih modula... koji semogu kombinirati jukstapozicijom i superpozicijom, anude neograničen broj konfiguracija utemeljenih navarijaciji ograničenog broja standardnih prostora ifleksibilnih tehničkih elemenata (akumulatora,montiranih zidova, vertikalnih cirkulacijaskihsustava…). Tema "kataloške kuće" je ovdje.

33DD m m ood d eell

kons33DD m m ood d eell

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Figure 2: Ana Vučković – Appartment building,Špansko, Zagreb – student project“…house with fixed construction and limitednumbers od different moduls 2.4x4.2 m – plug insystem with great flexibility”

Figure 3: Alenka Delić - Blocks of flats, Delnice, project within a Reconstruction Ministry state-subsidized building project (POS)...dwelings are transformable, open systems, adaptedto the evolution and the dynamicy of its users

ACTAR ARQUITECTURA - housing block se

n.3: barcelona 2004

A new volume liberating public space, balances theincreased built surface with an open-covered area. asa double block the solution permits a treatment in thefaçades that mixes the interior garden, the street and

private spaces as a "cohabitation" of uses. the building as a sliding system of strips is a combinationof rail and abc systems experimented (gausa, manuel:housing, nuevas alternativas, nuevos sistemas, ed.actar, 1998) in other projects. the interior distribution

is defined by three specialized areas: water, patiosand kitchens are laid in an "opaque" way; the secondarea hostes as a big void rest, relations and working

places; and a filter space between interior and exterioris placed as a last strip

House_nOne of the biggest research projects of

‘intelligent homes’ is certainly House_n –Changing places, “a research consortium at the MassachussetsInstitute of Technology explores how newtechnologies, materials and strategies for design canmake possible dynamic, evolving places that respondto the complexity of life. An expansion of House_n:

Slika 2: Ana Vučković – Stambena zgrada, Špansko,Zagreb – studentski projekt“…kuća fiksne konstrukcije i ograničenim brojemrazličitih modula 2.4x4.2 m – "plug in" sustav velikefleksibilnosti”

Slika 3: Alenka Delić – blokovi stanova, Delnice, projekt u okviru Ministarstva graditeljstva kao Program

društveno poticajne stanogradnje (POS)...stanove je moguće transformirati, sistemi su otvoreni,

prilagođeni razvoju i dinamici korisnika

ACTAR ARQUITECTURA - housing block se n.3:barcelona 2004

Novi volumen koji oslobađa javni prostor, balansira povečanu građevnu površinu s otvorenim prostorima.Kao dvostruki blok ovakvo rješenje dopušta tretman

pročelja koji omogućuje miješanje unutarnjih dvorišta,ulice i privatnog prostora kao "kohabitat" korištenja.Zgrada je, kao klizni sustav zona, eksperimentalnakombinacija tračnog i abc sustava (gausa, manuel:housing, nuevas alternativas, nuevos sistemas, ed.actar, 1998) u drugim projektima. Unutarnji rasporeddefiniran je s tri specijalizirana područ ja: voda, patio i

kuhinja smješteni su u "tminu", drugo područ je tvorivelik slobodan prostor, za rad i druženje; prosotor kojisluži kao filter između vanjskog i unutarnjeg prostoračinin zadnji trak.

House_n

Jedan od najvećih istraživačkih projekata'inteligentnih domova' zasigurno je House_n-ChangingPlaces, "istraživački konzorcij pri Institut tehnologije uMassachussetsu (MIT), koji istražuje na koji načinnove tehnologije, materijali i dizajnerske strategijeomogućuju stvaranje dinamičkih, evoluirajućih

prostora koji odgovaraju kompleksnosti života.



The MIT Home of the Future Consortium, this jointMedia Laboratory and Department of ArchitectureConsortium emphasizes links between the home and

places of healing, work, learning and community!”[3]

House_n research is focused on how thedesign of the home and its related technologies,

products, and services should evolve to better meetthe opportunities and challenges of the future.Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers areinvestigating methods for merging new technologieswith person-centered design. They are generating newideas, technologies, and methodologies that supportthe creation of innovative products and services thatsatisfy the emerging and future needs of people asthey live in their homes. This broad researchapproach is leading to innovative product ideas thatare unlikely to be uncovered in more narrowly-focused industries or research endeavors. To facil itatethese studies, a unique "living laboratory" residentialhome research facility called the PlaceLab has beenconstructed near MIT.

The problem of our epoch The problem of

our epoch

is the problem is the

problem

of the house of the

electronically mediated house

Le Corbusier (1919) House_n(2000)

Dr. Kent Larson and Professor ChLuebkeman, the joint directors of the group, want thouse to evolve with specifications pulled down from tinternet so that individuals can design and ordercomponents they want to see at home. “The aim is to h

people to create state-of-the-art, evironmentally friendthinking homes tailored to their needs and their pockeWhat it involves is revolutionary – a house that monityou with an electronic nervous system, understands yusing sophisticated computer techniques and adapts its

to grow old with you.” [3]

MIT House_n – The changing home, rendering by K

Nastavak tog projekta jest Konzorcij House_n: TheMIT Home of the Future, zajednički konzorcijMedijskog laboratorija i Ministarstva arhitekture, kojinaglašava vezu između doma i mjesta za ozdravljanje,rad, učenje i zajedništvo!" [3]

Istraživanje House_n usredotočeno je na pitanje kako da projektiranje kuće i s tim vezanetehnologije, proizvodi i usluge evoluiraju, a da na što

bolji način odgovore na prilike i izazove budućnosti.Istraživači Massachusetts Institute of Technology

proučavaju metode spajanja novih tehnologija s projektiranjem koje u središtu ima osobu. Oni stvarajunove ideje, tehnologije i metodologije koje potičustvaranje inovativnih proizvoda i usluga kako bizadovoljili novonastale, buduće potrebe ljudi što će se

javljati s vremenom, kako će ljudi duže živjeti u svojimdomovima. Ovaj širok pristup istraživanju vodi kinovativnim idejama za proizvode koje bi se teško

javile u usko-fokusiranim industrijama ili istraživačkim pothvatima. Kao pomoć ovim istraživanjima nedalekoMIT-a podignut je jedinstveni „živi laboratorij,“istraživački stambeni objekt nazvan PlaceLab.

Problem naše epohe Problem naše epohe

jest problem jest problem

kuće elektronič ki

posredovane kuće

Le Corbusier (1919)

House_n (2000)

Dr. Kent Larson i prof. Chris Luebkemann, direktorigrupe, žele da se kuća razvija sa specifikacijama kojesu skinute s Interneta, tako da pojedinci mogudizajnirati i naručiti komponente koje žele vidjeti usvojem domu. "Cilj nam je pomoći ljudima da stvore

prijateljske domove koji razmišljaju i koristenajnapredniju tehnologiju i koji su prilagođeninjihovim potrebama i džepovima. Ono što je za to

potrebno jest revolucionarno - kuća koja vas pratielektroničkim živčanim sustavom, razumije vaskoristeći sofisticiranu kompjutersku tehnologiju i

prilagođava se starenju s vama." [3]

MIT House_n - The changing home, rendering by Kent



Larson

The PlaceLab Sensor data, including temperature,humidity, and cabinet accesses, displayed on thePlaceLab floorplan

The mission of House_n is to conduct research bydesigning and building real living environments -

"living labs" - that are used to study technology anddesign strategies in context. The PlaceLab is a jointMIT and TIAX, LLC initiative. It is a residentialcondominium in Cambridge, Massachusetts, designedto be a highly flexible and multi-disciplinaryobservational research facility for the scientific studyof people and their interaction patterns with newtechnologies and home environments.

Larson

Podaci PlaceLab senzora uključuju prikaz temperature,vlage, pristup kabinetu na tlocrtu PlaceLab

Misija projekta Hause_n je provođenje istraživanja nanačin da dizajnira i gradi okoliš stvarnog življenja –

"living labs"– koji se koriste za proučavanjetehnologije i projektantskih strategija u kontekstu.PlaceLab zajednička je inicijativa MIT i TIAX, LLC.To je rezidencijalni kondomnij u Cambridgeu,Massachusetts, projektiran na način da bude visokofleksibilan i multidisciplinaran objekt za promatranje iistraživanje u svrhu znanstvenog proučavanja ljudi injihove interakcije s novim tehnologijama i domom.



House_n innovations - development of factory-

produced building components.

prototypical Energy Producing Wall component madeof layers of new materials, including thin-film

photovoltaics and clear acrylic insulation.

Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominantno je kod arhitekata, osobito kad govorimo o arhitekturi

novo uspostavljenih sustava. Today we are talkingabout visual art/ shaping, through utility. Thisquestion of visual art/ shaping is predominate forarchitects, especially when we speak aboutarchitecture of newly-established systems.

Inovacije House_n – razvoj prefabriciranihgrađevinskih elemenata

Komponente prototipnog energetskog zida Energy

Producing Wall napravljene su od slojeva novihmaterijala, uključujući tanke fotovoltaične slojeve i

prozirnu akrilnu izolaciju

Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominantno jekod arhitekata, osobito kad govorimo o arhitekturi

novo uspostavljenih sustava. Danas govorimo ovizualnoj umjetnosti/oblikovanju putem korisnosti.Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominiraarhitekturom, pogotovo kad govorimo o arhitekturinovo utemeljenih sustava.

← SLIKA



Figure 3: awg – Alles Wird Gut - House like “carcatalog“:

“Our goal was to combine the various advantages of boindustries - housing and automobile - and create a newexperimental way of lifestyle: the turnOn !! A series ofrevolving modules - like giant hamster-wheels - containall living-programs. no distinction anymore between wfloor or ceiling - just one transitional space, all in one, aat the same time! a maximum of flexibility and space-experience on minimal footprint. anything is possible -whether sleeping, working, parties or offroad-joggingwith integrated landscape. have a look at the great offerand design your own home simply by adding as manymodules as you want

SLIKE

Figure 4: Kas Oosterhuis, Ilona Lenard -VARIOMATIL(andscape) S(culpture),Zoetermeer, Netherlands, 2000“This new concept for a catalogue house is elastic in alldirections. In height, depth and width. The clients defin[...] the overall dimensions of the house, the place wher the kitchen should be or to install a solar water-heater.They can moreover choose among many materials andcolours to finish the volumes: reed, wood, metal, tiles,

PVC. (...) The buyers being co-designers…”

“Bits and bricks” architecture has its extension inconceptual research of architectural spaces of thefuture

Some artistic and designing institutions andarchitectural bureaus are starting to discover newlevels of the application of computer, which emergewhile treating the computer as a medium in its ownright. New generations of architects, or “natural bornCAD designers”, as they are called by Christian

Pongratz and Maria Rita Perbelini, are using the

← SLIKA

Slika 3: awg – Alles Wird Gut (Sve će biti u redu

"katalog za auto" koji nalikuje kući:"Cilj nam je bio kombinirati različite prednosti objeindustrije - stambene i automobilske - kako bismostvorili novi ekspermentalni životni stil: tzv. turnOn!!-seriju kružnih modula - poput ogromnih kotača zahr čka - koji sadržavaju sve živuće programe. nema višerazlika između zidova, podova i stropa - samo jedantranzicijski prostor, sve u jednom, sve u isto vrijeme!maksimalna fleksibilnost i iskustvo prostora naminimalnom otisku. sve je moguće - bilo spavanje, rad,zabave ili off-road džoging s ugrađenim kraojlikom.

pogledajte odličnu ponudu i dizajnirajte sami svoj dom jednostavno dodajući koliko god želite modula"

SLIKE

Slika 4: Kas Oosterhuis, Ilona Lenard -VARIOMATICL(andscape) S(culpture),Zoetermeer, Nizozemska,2000: “Ovaj novi koncept kataloške kuće elastičan je usvim smjerovima. U visini, dubini i širini. Klijent je tajkoji definira [...] sveukupne dimenzije kuće, gdje senalazi kuhinja ili gdje se instalira solarni bojler. Osimtoga mogu birati između puno različitih materijala i

boja za konačno oblikovanje volumena: trska, drvo,metal, pločice, PVC. (...). Kupac je dizajner - suradnik

…”

Arhitektura "bits and bricks" nastavlja se ukonceptualnom istraživanju arhitektonskogprostora u budućnosti

Neke umjetničke i dizajnerske institucije iarhitektonski biroi počinju otkrivati nove razine

primjene računala koje se pojavljuju kad se računalotretira kao zaseban medij. Nove generacije arhitekata,ili "rođenih CAD diazjnera", kako su ih nazvaliChristian Pongratz i Maria Rita Perbellini,upotrebljavaju računalo kao kreativni medij koji može

proizvesti fascinantne nove ideje i potpuno

neočekivane oblike.



computer as a creative medium able to generatefascinating new designing ideas and utterlyunexpected forms.Just like avant-garde architects of the 20th centurydesigned architecture for the Industrial era, so ”avant-

garde architects of today find transformative, poeticand pragmatic answers to technology, urban grid and

post-mechanic processes of the Information era. Newspatial routines and urban codes are being developedfor a world that is both fixed and mobile, located anddislocated at the same time. This is neitherrevolutionary nor utopian architecture, it is anarchitecture of evolution, contextualization intransmutation. Their research is crucial for our

perception and for understanding space, materialquality and time at the start of the new millennium.”Peter Zellner. [4]

With their boundless imaginations and sophisticatedcomputer programs, today’s most innovativearchitects are working on innovative conceptualdesigns that could be very hard to realize in the

physical world in the moment. Still, these forward-thinking projects undoubtedly exert importantinfluence on the architectural climate.

In 1960s, Marshall McLuhan said that our clothingand shelter are the extended form of our skin. “Fromold times, architecture has served as a means ofadjusting ourselves to the natural environment. Thecontemporary architecture needs to function, in

addition, as a means to adjust ourselves to theinformation environment. It must function as theextended form of the skin in relation to both natureand information environment. Architecture todaymust be a media suit…People clad in such mediasuits are the Tarzans in the mediaforest…Architecture in Electronic Age is an ExtendedForm of Media Suit”. Toyo Ito [5]

Figure 5: Greg Lynn - Embryologic Space

Kao što su avangardni arhitekti 20.-og stoljeća projektirali arhitekturu za Industrijsko doba, tako"današnji avangardni arhitekti pronalazetransformativne, poetičke i pragmatičke odgovore natehnologiju, urbani metež i post-mehaničke proceseInformatičkog doba. Nove prostorne rutine i urbanikodovi razvijaju se za svijet koji je podjednako fiksan imobilan, lociran i dislociran u isto vrijeme. To nije nirevolucionarna ni utopijska arhitektura, već arhitekturaevolucije, kontekstualizacije u transmutaciji. Njihovasu istraživanja krucijalna za našu percepciju irazumijevanje prostora. kvalitete materijala i vremenana početku novog tisućljeća." Peter Zellner. [4]

Svojom neograničenom maštom i sofisticiranimkompjuterskim programima, današnji najinovativnijiarhitekti rade na inovativnim konceptualnim dizajnimakoje bi sada bilo vrlo teško realizirati u fizičkomsvijetu. Ipak, ti napredni projekti bez sumnje imajuveliki utjecaj na arhitektonsku klimu.

1960-ih Marsall McLuhan je rekao da su naša odjeća iskloništa produljeni obilici naše kože. "Od davnine jearhitektura služila kao sredstvo našeg prilagođavanja

prirodnom okružju. Suvremena arhitektura mora, poredtoga, funkcionirati kao sredstvo našeg prilagođavanjainformacijskom okružju. Mora funkcionirati kao kao

produljeni oblik kože u odnosu na prirodu i nainformacijsko okružje- Današnja arhitektura mora bitimedijsko odijelo... Ljudi odjeveni u takva medijskaodijela su Tarzani u medijskoj džungli... Arhitektura uElektronskom dobu produljeni je oblik medijskogodijela." Toyo Ito [5]



"This domestic interior is enclosed in a

surface composed of over 2048 panels all of whichare unique in their shape and size. These individual

panels are networked to one another so that a changein any individual panel is transmitted throughoutevery other panel in the set so that they are always

both connected and variable. The variations to thissurface are virtually endless, yet in each variationthere are always a constant number of panels with aconsistent relationship to their neighboring panels.The volume is defined as a soft flexible surface ofcurves rather than as a fixed set or rigid points.Instead of cutting window and door openings into thissurface, an alternative strategy of torn, shredded and

louvered openings were invented that allowed foropenings that respected the soft geometry of thecurved envelopes. Any dent or concavity isseamlessly integrated into the openings and aperturesof the surface. The curved chips of the envelope aremade of wood, polymers, and steel all of which isfabricated with robotic computer controlled millingand high pressure water jet cutting machinery. "

According to Christian N. Schultz,architecture is at a junction between inner and outer

space. We are again returning to the Modern art andthe example of Mies Van Der Rohe – The Farnsworthouse – a house that cancels the boundaries betweeninner and outer space.

ICT revolution, designing with the computer, haschanged the materiality of surfaces, new materials areintroduced, walls are becoming dynamic interactivesurfaces. New dematerialized systems of spatialdefinition are emerging. Related to dematerialization,there is an interesting opinion by Bernard Tschumi,who proposes the following in an article entitledArchitecture and Disjunction: Spatiality which is no

longer based on the pressure of materiality of walls, itis spatiality as free movement of the body. How cansomeone create an object in time when technology ofthe construction becomes less relevant than theconstruction of technology?” [6]

Membranes and ”epidermis” become part of theimmaterial, is that a picture of the future? Protectionof the future, membranes of the digital era, will

perhaps become electromagnetic waves, gasarchitecture, architecture of different frequencies, airscreens… The development of the membranes of the

future must be linked to the fundamental research in

Slika 5: Greg Lynn - Embryologic Space (Embriološki prostor

“Ova unutrašnjost kućanstva zatvorena je u površinikoja se sastoji od preko 2048 panela, od kojih je svaki

jedinstven po obliku i veličini. Ti individualni paneliumreženi su jedan s drugim tako da se bilo kakva

promjena u jednom od panela prenosi kroz svaki drugi panel u setu, tako da su uvijek oboje povezani ivarijabilni. Varijacije na ovoj površini doslovce suvirtualno bezgranične no u svakoj varijanti postojikonstantan broj panela sa konzistentnom vezom sasljedećim panelom. Volumen je definiran više kaonježna, fleksibilna površina nego kao fiksni niz krutihtočki. Umjesto urezivanja otvora za vrata i prozore u

površinu izmišljena je alternativna strategija rastrganih,usitnjenih i rebrastih otvora koja dopušta otvore koji

poštuju meku geometriju zaobljenih omotnica. Svaudubljenja ili ispupčenja glatko su integrirana u otvorei lukove površine. Zaobljeni komadići omotnicenačinjeni su od drva, polimera i čelika, koji se

proizvode sa strojevima za kompjuterski kontroliranorobotičko mljevenje i visokotlačne mlazove vode."Zaobljeni komadići omotnice načinjeni su od drva,

polimera i čelika, koji se proizvode s mašinerijom zakompjuterski kontrolirano robotičko mljevenje ivisokotlačne mlazove vode."

Prema Christianu N. Schultzu, arhitektura jena raskršću između unutašnjeg i vanjskog prostora.

Ponovno se vraćamo modernoj umjetnosti i primjeruMiesa Van Der Rohea - kući Farnswort - kući koja

briše granice između unutrašnjeg i vanjskog prostora.

ICT revolucija, dizajniranje računalom,

promijenila je materijalnost ploha, uvedeni su novi

materijali, zidovi su postali dinamične interaktivne

plohe. Pojavljuju se novi dematerijalizirani sustavi

prostornog definiranja. Vezano uz

dematerijalizaciju, postoji zanimljivo mišljenje

Bernarda Tschumija, koji predlaže sljedeće u

svom članku nazvanom Arhitektura i disjunkcija:

"prostornost koja se više ne temelji na pritisku

materijalnosti zidova jest prostornost kao

slobodan pokret tijela. Kako netko može stvoriti

objekt u vremenu kada tehnologija konstrukcije

postaje manje relevantnom od konstrukcije

tehnologije?" [6]



the physics. Such research can serve for creating amicro-cosmos – an idea of protective space in thesense of environmental influences. “Architectural

bodies become interactive, intelligent and programmable. They are HYPERBODIES, i.e. a

programmable building body that changes shape andcontent in real-time.”

Buildings always should have been stable like rocks

and adapt to the current or what is more inportant –

withstand it. Let us only think about the fact that the

use of buildings can be changed more than we ever

thought it would be possible, in a way that the

conditions are not changed.

The architecture of today should be programmed that

such an architecture becomes e-motive, in order to

become a play for more participants because I am

sure that architecture will become dissipated.

Život u zgradi na neki je način performance, jer izgrada i njen stanar sudjeluju u istoj igri.

Kas Oosterhuis [7]

Figure 6: Kas Oosterhuis – Active Innerskin (1999.)“This project develops an active interior skin thatcould be used in a space-station module as a work andliving environment…. the skin is a flexible membranean a data riven structure that works like a bundle ofmuscles… covered in LED and LCD panels that canform images or text…”

Membrane i "epiderma" postaju dio nebitnog, je li toslika budućnosti? Zaštita budućnosti, membranedigitalnog doba, možda će postati elektromagnetskivalovi, plinovita arhitektura, arhitektura različitihfrekvencija, zražni štitovi... Razvoj membrana

budućnosti mora biti povezan s temeljnimistraživanjima u fizici. Takva istraživanja mogu služitistvaranju mikrokozmosa - ideje o zaštitnom prostoru usmislu utjecaja iz okoliša. "Arhitektonska tijela postajuinteraktivna, inteligentna i može ih se programirati.Ona su HIPERTIJELA, tj. programirano građevnotijelo koje mijenja oblik i sadržaj u stvarnom vremenu."

Zgrade su uvijek trebale biti postojane poput stijene i

prilagoditi se strujanju, odnosno što je još važnije –oduprijeti se istom. Zamislimo da se korištenje zgrade

može mijenjati još više no što smo to nekada smatrali

mogućim, a na nač in da se ne mijenjaju uvijet.

Arhitekturu današnjice treba programirati kako bi

takva arhitekutra postala e-motiv, kako bi bila igra za

više sudionika, jer arhitektura će postati razuzdana,

siguran sam.

Život u zgradi na neki je način performance, jer izgrada i njen stanar sudjeluju u istoj igri.

Kas Oosterhuis [7]

Slika X: Kas Oosterhuis – Active Innerskin (1999.)“Ovaj projekt razvija aktivnu unutrašnju kožu koja bise mogla koristiti u modulu svemirske stanice kao

radni i životni okoliš…. koža je fleksibilna membrana istruktura pokretana podacima koja funckionira kaosplet mišića… pokriven LED i LCD panelama kojemogu uobličiti slike ili tekst…”



Figure 7: NOX - Maurice Nio and Lars Spuybruek:Holoskin Concert Hall, Lille, FranceLars Spuybruek sees this unusual, undulating facadeas a “beautiful dress”, and it fits in well with his ownfrequent use of non-Euclidean shapes in a largelycomputer-generated architecture.

Instead of a conclusion – life in the Digital Era

Within the context of contemplating concepts of the

housing of the future, it is also necessary to take intoaccount the development of genetic engineering,artificial intelligence as an extension of the human

brain. Ecology, biology and nanotechnology now playimportant roles in the conception of living.Contraptions that will boost our senses are beingdeveloped, robotics is advancing, and all of this is anaspect of the computerization of our bodies. In the17th century Robert Hooke clearly foresaw thesechanges. In the foreword to “Micrographia”, 1665, hewrote: The next step we have to take, whilerespecting our senses, is to complement theirweaknesses by Instruments, by adding artificial

organs to the natural ones. And just like eye glasses

Slika X: NOX - Maurice Nio i Lars Spuybruek:Holoskin Concert Hall, Lille, FranceLars Spuybruek vidi ovu neobičnu, valovitu fasadu kao"prekrasnu haljinu", što pristaje uz njegovu čestuuporabu neeuklidovskih oblika u većinom računalnostvorenoj arhitekturi.



considerably improved our sight, it is not improbablethat there will be many mechanical inventions thatwill improve other senses, hearing, smell, taste,touch.”In this new world, we are all becoming cyborgs. The

architect of the future will have to satisfycomputerized, reconfigured virtual bodies that canfeel and act at a distance, but remain linked to theimmediate surroundings. Housing thus becomes aresearch lab of the new architecture. We lack enoughexperience from the past that could help us considerthe new digital future and way of life. Predictingchanges is an utterly thankless task. However, thecurrent findings, experience and the pace of changesthat have taken place in the last 50 years, areheralding ever-faster changes.

We see the future in a gradual transition from

physical to the dematerialized, digital, virtual,relational, futuristic.And, perhaps, we should ask ourselves at the end:“Won’t our bodies, however prosthetised, still retainsufficient evolutionary disadvantages to makearchitecture necessary in the future?” Rene van Raalte[8]

Citations and references

[1] Schmidt G. in Engeli M - Bits and spaces,Birkhäuser, 2001.

[2] James Wines in Prestinenza Puglisi L.- HyperArchitecture Spaces in the Electronic

Age, Birkhäuser 1999.

[3] House_n - The MIT Home of the Future

Consortium,http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/

[4] Zellner P.- Hybrid space, Thaames & HudsonLtd., London, 1999.

[5] Ito I - Image of Architecture in Electronic Age,

http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dm2k-umdb/publish_db/books/va/english/virtual/01.html

[6] Tschumi B. in Papadakis A., Steele J. - Architecture of Today, Academy editions,London,1991.

[7] Oosterhuis K. – e-motive architecture,HYPERBODY Research Group, http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/hyperbody/

[8] van Raalte R. – www.nai.nl

[9] Delić A. - Kompjutorska grafika u arhitekturi,doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultetSveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2000.

[10] Gausa M. - Housing: new alternatives - new

Umjesto zaključka - ž ivot u Digitalnom dobu

U kontekstu razmišljanja o konceptu stanovanja budućnosti potrebno je također se osvrnuti i na razvojgenetskog inženjeringa, umjetne inteligencije kaoekstenzije ljudskog mozga. Ekologija, biologija inanotehnologija danas igraju važne uloge u konceptuživljenja. Razvijaju se uređaji koji će pospješiti našaosjetila, robotika napreduje, a sve su to vidovikompjutorizacije naših tijela. U 17. stoljeću, RobertHooke je jasno predvidio ove promjene. U predgovoru“Micrographia”, 1665. napisao je: “Slijedeći korak kojimoramo učiniti, respektirajući osjetila, je dopunjavanjenjihovih slabosti Instrumentima, dodavanje umjetnihorgana prirodnim... I kao što su naočale znatnounaprijedile naš vid, nije nevjerojatno da će doći domnogih mehaničkih izuma koji će poboljšati ostalaosjetila, sluh, miris, okus, dodir.”

U tom novom svijetu svi postajemo cyborzi. „Arhitekti budućnosti morat će zadovoljiti kompjutorizirana,rekonfigurabilna virtualna tijela koja mogu osjećati idjelovati na distanci, ali ostaju vezana na neposrednookružje.” W. Mitchell Stanovanje tako postajeistraživački laboratorij nove arhitekture. Nedostaje namiskustvo iz prošlosti koje bi nam pomoglo urazmatranju nove digitalne budućnosti i načina života.Predviđanje promjena vrlo je nezahvalan zadatak. No,trenutni pronalasci, iskustvo i ritam promjena koje suse dogodile u posljednjih 50 godina najavljuju sve brže

promjene.

Vidimo budućnost u postupnoj tranziciji od fizičkog kadematerijaliziranom, di gitalnom, virtualnom,odnosnom, futurističkom.

I možda bi se na kraju trebali zapitati sljedeće: " Nećeli naša tijela, iako puni proteza, i dalje sadržavatidovoljno evolucijskih nedostataka koja će arhitekturu iu budućnosti činiti potrebnom?” Rene van Raalte [8]

Citati i reference

[15] Schmidt G. in Engeli M - Bits and spaces,Birkhäuser, 2001.

[16] James Wines in Prestinenza Puglisi L.- HyperArchitecture Spaces in the Electronic Age, Birkhäuser 1999.

[17] House_n - The MIT Home of the Future

Consortium, http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/

[18] Zellner P.- Hybrid space, Thaames & HudsonLtd., London, 1999.



systems, Birkhauser Publishers, Basel, Boston,Berlin, Actar, Barcelona, 1998.

[11] Migayrou F., Brayer M. - ArchiLab –Radical

Experiments in Global Architecture,Thames&Hudson, London, 2001.

[12] Pongratz C., Perbellini M.R. - Natural Born

CAADesigners, Young American Architects,

Birkhäuser, Basel, 2000.

[13] awg_AllesWirdGut -http://www.alleswirdgut.cc/turnon

[14] Greg Lynn -http://www.archandweb.com/scritti/carloni_architetturaaliena.htm

Jodidio P. - Architecture Now II , Taschen, 2002.

[19] Ito I - Image of Architecture in Electronic Age,

http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dm2k-umdb/publish_db/books/va/english/virtual/01.html

[20] Tschumi B. in Papadakis A., Steele J. - Architecture of Today, Academy editions,London,1991.

[21] Oosterhuis K. – e-motive architecture,HYPERBODY Research Group, http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/hyperbody/

[22] van Raalte R. – www.nai.nl

[23] Delić A. - Kompjutorska grafika u arhitekturi,doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultetSveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2000.

[24] Gausa M. - Housing: new alternatives - new

systems, Birkhauser Publishers, Basel, Boston,Berlin, Actar, Barcelona, 1998.

[25] Migayrou F., Brayer M. - ArchiLab –Radical

Experiments in Global Architecture,Thames&Hudson, London, 2001.

[26] Pongratz C., Perbellini M.R. - Natural Born

CAADesigners, Young American Architects,

Birkhäuser, Basel, 2000.

[27] awg_AllesWirdGut -http://www.alleswirdgut.cc/turnon

[28] Greg Lynn -

http://www.archandweb.com/scritti/carloni_architetturaaliena.htm

Jodidio P. - Architecture Now II , Taschen, 2002.

DELIC KINCL Stanovanje Buducnosti

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