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P. M. Dr. Marzuki Hj. Ismail

KAS 4502

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5 environmental issues

Population growth

Resource use and waste

Poverty

Biological diversity

Global climate change

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Perpetual

Renewable

Non-renewable

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Cornerstone Summary

The Rio Declaration on

Environment and

Development

A setofprincipleswhichprovide guidanceonachieving

sustainabledevelopment.

FrameworkConvention

onClimateChange

Aninternationaltreatyto stabilizeGHG concentrations

intheatmosphere.

Convention on Biological

Diversity

Aninternationalconventionwiththreeobjectives: the

conservationofbiodiversity,the sustainableuseofits

components,andtheequitable sharing ofbenefits from

geneticresources.

Agenda 21

A globalprogramofactionforachieving sustainable

developmenttowhichcountries arepolitically

committed ratherthanlegallyobligated.

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1. provideinformationfordecision-making on

theenvironmentalconsequences of

proposedactions; and

2. promoteenvironmentally soundand

sustainabledevelopmentthroughtheidentificationofappropriateenhancementandmitigationmeasures.

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Reducing theburdenofenvironmental

impacts is necessaryifdevelopmentis to

become sustainable. As aresult, EIA has becomeofeverincreasing

importanceas atoolfordevelopment

decision-making.

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The immediate aim:

toinformtheprocess ofdecision-making by

identifying thepotentially significantenvironmentaleffects andrisks ofdevelopmentproposals.The ultimate aim:

topromote sustainabledevelopmentbyensuring that

developmentproposals donotunderminecriticalresourceandecologicalfunctions orthewellbeing,lifestyleandlivelihoodofthecommunities andpeopleswhodependonthem.

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To:1. improvetheenvironmentaldesignofthe

proposal;2. ensurethatresources areusedappropriately

andefficiently;3. identifyappropriatemeasures formitigating

thepotentialimpacts oftheproposal;4. facilitatedecisionmaking,including setting

theenvironmentalterms andconditions forimplementing theproposal.

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To:1. protecthumanhealthand safety;

2. avoidirreversiblechanges and seriousdamagetotheenvironment;

3. safeguardvaluedresources,naturalareasandecosystemcomponents; and

4. enhancethe socialaspects oftheproposal.

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EIA is notanenvironmental vetopowerinto

administrativedecision-making processes

Environmentalconsiderationsmaybe setasideinfavourofwhatarefelttobemore

importantconsiderations.

Outcomeofthe EIA process provides advice

tothedecision-makers butitdoes notprovideafinaldecision

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EIA is oneofanumberofpolicytools thatare

usedtoevaluateprojectproposals.

A numberoffactors ledtotheintroductionofEIA intheUS (1969).

Thenavailableeconomicappraisaltechniques didnottakeaccountofthe

environmentaland socialimpacts ofmajorprojects.

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Environmentalprotectionneeds tobean

integralpartofthedevelopmentprocess

(Principle 4) Theprecautionaryapproachis established

andenvironmentalimpactassessmentisidentifiedas akeynationalinstrument

(Principle17)

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1. Integrity-the EIA process shouldmeet

internationallyacceptedrequirements and

standards ofpractice;2. Utility-the EIA process shouldprovidethe

informationwhichis sufficientandrelevantfordecision-making; and

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3. Sustainability-the EIA process shouldresult

intheimplementationofenvironmental

safeguardswhichare sufficienttomitigateserious adverseeffects andavoid

irreversibleloss ofresourceandecosystemfunctions.

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Principles Practical application

Purposive

EIA shouldmeetits aims ofinforming decision

making andensuring anappropriatelevelof

environmentalprotectionandhumanhealth.

Focused

EIA shouldconcentrateon significant

environmentaleffects,taking intoaccountthe

issues thatmatter.

AdaptiveEIA shouldbeadjustedtotherealities,issues and

circumstances oftheproposals underreview.

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Principles Practical application

Participative

EIA shouldprovideappropriateopportunities to

informandinvolvetheinterestedandaffectedpublics,andtheirinputs andconcerns shouldbe

addressedexplicitly.

Transparent

EIA shouldbeaclear,easilyunderstoodandopen

process,withearlynotificationprocedure,access todocumentation,andapublicrecordofdecisions

takenandreasons forthem.

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Principles Practical application

RigorousEIA shouldapplythebestpracticablemethodologies

toaddress theimpacts andissues being investigated.

PracticalEIA shouldidentifymeasures forimpactmitigation

thatworkandcanbeimplemented.

CredibleEIA shouldbecarriedoutwithprofessionalism,rigor,

fairness,objectivity,impartialityandbalance.

Efficient

EIA shouldimposetheminimumcostburdenon

proponents consistentwithmeeting process

requirements andobjectives.

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1. Onlyavery smallfractionofproposals are

halted;

2. Preemptionorearlywithdrawalofunsoundproposals has beenreported;

3. EIA has beenusefulindeveloping supportforandconfirmationofpositive

environmentally soundproposals;

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4. Theenvironmentalimprovementof

proposedactivities is frequently seen;

5. particularindirecteffects ofEIA areboth

instrumentalandeducationalwhereparticipationinthe EIA process leads to

positivechanges inenvironmentalattitudesandbehavior.

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Thank You