8/13/2019 Definitions & Standards of Coercion in the Shāfi īʿ & Ḥannafi Legal Jurisprudences

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Kscdbkl Ceodc ^fegry dhn Zrdltkle Bkn-terb

Neakhktkghs & \tdhndrns ga Lgerlkgh kh tfe \fĄak ĩ &ʷ Ḯ dhhdak Ceodc Murksprunehles

@y= ^enrgs Dnnksdceb @dcebd

K `eckeve tfdt tfe neakhktkgh dhn stdhndrns ga lgerlkgh tfdt tfe Krdqk \fĄak ĩ ʷ slfgcdr BĄwdrnĩ‛

set gut ks tfe `est neakhktkgh agr lgerlkgh wfeh lgbpdren tg tfe Ḯ dhhdak dhn tfe !fgrdsdhk

\fĄak ĩ ʷ neakhktkghs" @eagre K ldh #et khtg tfe BĄwdrnĩ‛ neakhktkgh K wksf tg dnnress fgw dc$

%fĄak ĩ &tfe adtfer ga tfeʷ

\fĄak ĩ ce#dc 'urksprunehle( wgucn neakhe lgerlkgh berecy `elduse

tfks ks wfdt tfe !fgrdsdhk slfgcdrs dhn BĄwdrnĩ‛ tgg) ds tfe `dsks ga tfekr neakhktkgh nue tg

tfekr \fĄak ĩ trdkhkh#=

*he akhns fkbseca kh tfe fdhns ga ghe wfgb fe ldhhgt reause wfetfer rucer & suc ĄhṢ (

tfkea &ckṬṬ( gr usurper ga dutfgrkty sulf tfdt tfe lgerlen & buirdf ( aedrs fkb tg tfe

pgkht tfdt &nkcĄcdtdh( ka fe reauses tg sdy wfdt fe ks lgbbdhnen tg tfe lgerler wkcc

ehdlt ektfer d pdkhauc `edtkh# upgh fkb gr sgbetfkh# bgre severe gr +sgbetfkh# tfdt

wkcc cedn tg, tfe cgss ga fks ckae"-

.rgb dc$%fĄak ĩ we see tfdt fks neakhktkgh ga lgerlkgh dhn tfe lghnktkghs lghlerhkh#ʷ

tfe qudckakldtkghs ga lgerlkgh tg `e uhlcedr" /e see tfdt lgerler fds tg `e kh d pgsktkgh ga

pgwer gver tfe lgerlen dhn ka tfe lgerlen trkes tg reskst tfe lgerler wkcc e:dlt vkgcehle gh tfe

lgerlen" ^fe lghsequehles ga tfe reskstkh# dre sfgwh tg `e d 4pdkhauc `edtkh#0 <> lcedrcy

pfyskldc fdrb ks d `cdtdht agrb ga lgerlkgh `ut tfe terb 4pdkhauc0 ks sgbewfdt db`k#ugus"

/fdt e:dltcy ks tfe stdhndrn ga d pdkhauc `edtkh#5 /kcc kt `e neterbkhen `y tfe qĄnk tfe

lgerlen gr tfe lgerler `dsen fgw khtkbkndtkh# tfe sdkn `edtkh# cgg)s gr sguhns gr `y fgw

bulf `gnkcy ndbd#e ldh tfe `edtkh# pgtehtkdccy lduse5

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8/13/2019 Definitions & Standards of Coercion in the Shāfi īʿ & Ḥannafi Legal Jurisprudences

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Dt tfe sdbe tkbe ldh cgdaers dhn vd#d`ghns & dfc dc-sfd ĄrdṢ -wd dc- d ckid)Ṭ ʷ `ekh#

tfredtehen wktf `edtkh#s dltudccy lguht ds lgerlkgh eveh tfgu#f tfey lgbpete dbgh#st

tfebsecves gh fgw bulf pfyskldc ndbd#e tfey ldh ehnure5 Dcsg wfdt e:dltcy ks 4bgre

severe0 tfdh d pfyskldc `edtkh# `esknes nedtf5 Ks kt `dhksfbeht sglkdc nks#rdle6nehk#rdtkgh

agrlen dbputdtkgh gr ehscdvebehts ga sgbe )khn5 ;gt ghcy tfdt kt nges hgt dnnress ka tfe

lgerler ks `cuaakh#" Ka tfe lgerlen ks sgbeghe wfg ks wed) ga fedrt tfeh fe lgucn edskcy

`eckeve tfdt wfeh sgbeghe ks sdykh# K‛b #gkh# tg `edt ygu up ka ygu ngh‛t ng 9‛ eveh

tfgu#f fe ks `cuaakh#"

Dc$%fĄak ĩ‛s neakhktkgh ks d ckttce tgg db`k#ugus tfks ks wfyʷ

BĄwdrnĩ‛ s neakhktkgh gr

stdhndrn ga lgerlkgh ks bgre dppedckh# tg be `elduse kt ks adr bgre netdkcen dhn dnnresses d

cgt ga tfe db`k#uktkes ga dc-\fĄak ĩ‛sʷ neakhktkgh" Kh BĄwdrnĩ‛ s betfgngcg#y fe dnnresses tfe

hdture ga tfe lgerler" ^fe lgerler fds tg `e d pgssessgr ga pgwer ektfer kh tfe #eherdc

ldpdlkty & Ąbb dc-qunrdʷ ( sulf ds rucers" 3 ^fe gtfer type ks spelkakl ldpdlkty & ifĄ dc-ṬṬ

qunrd ( sulf ds lrkbkhdcs gr scdve$bdsters 1" 2gwever K db sleptkldc ka d scdve wds `ekh#

lgerlen khtg ngkh# lrkbe `y scdve$bdsters lguhts ds lgerlkgh kh tfe ce#dc sehse" %khle scdves

dre ce#dccy prgperty tfe scdve ks suppgsen tg ng fks6fer bdster‛s grners wktfgut questkgh"

2ehle scdve$bdsters kh by gpkhkgh sfgucn hgt `e lguhten wktfkh tfe spelkakl ldpdlkty

pgwer$fgcnkh# lcdsskakldtkgh"

;e:t BĄwdrnĩ‛ cgg)s khtg tfe khteht ga tfe lgerler" Ds kh ldh tfe lgerler #g tfrgu#f

wktf fks tfredt5 8ges tfe lgerler redccy bedh kt> ks tfere d redc khtehtkgh ga fdrb kh fks tfredt5

2gw nges ghe tecc tfdt tfe lgerler ldh peragrb tfe tfredt5 BĄwdrnĩ‛ dltudccy spelkakes tfdt

tfe lgerlen fds tg `e lghvkhlen `y lcedr e:pcklkt sk#hs tfdt tfe lgerler wkcc ng kt" 7hck)e dc-

\fĄak ĩ ʷ BĄwdrnĩ‛ dcsg pgkhts gut tfdt ka tfe lgerler bk#ft hgt ng tfe tfredt gr ngesh‛t redccy

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8/13/2019 Definitions & Standards of Coercion in the Shāfi īʿ & Ḥannafi Legal Jurisprudences

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fdve tfe khteht ga fdrb & cdb ydofcd` dcĄ dc-hdas)ʷ5 tfeh tfe tfredt ks hgt vdckn dhn fehle kt ks

hgt lgerlkgh" Dt tfe sdbe tkbe tfe lgerlen fds tg `e ehtkrecy trdppen `y tfe lgerler" ^fks

bedhs fe fds tg `e uhd`ce tg ruh dwdy ak#ft `dl) dppedc tg fks `etter hdture gr #et fecp

argb dh gutskne pdrty"

^feh lgbes tfe hdture ga tfe tfredts ghe type dre tfredts d#dkhst ckae wfetfer kt ks tfe

lgerlen gr 4`ystdhners0 &ckbkten tg dslehndhts dhn neslehndhts ( tg `e lghskneren lgerlkve"

2gwever kt wgucn seeb tfdt fe nges hgt seeb tg khlcune wkves gr lcgse$arkehns" Ks ghe tg

uhnerstdhn tfdt ka sgbeghe tfredtehs tg )kcc ygur wkae ka ygu ngh‛t ng sgbetfkh# kt ksh‛t

lgerlkve5 Dre we tg uhnerstdhn tfdt tfredtehkh# lcgse$arkehns ngh‛t lguht ds lgerlkve5

Lerfdps kh BĄwdrnĩ‛s epkstebgcg#y tfey prg`d`cy weht wktf tfe kned tfdt `cggn$ks$tfkl)er$

tfdh$wdter lghlept" 2e seebs tg ebpfdskse tfdt tfere sfgucn `e d neleht dbguht ga #ehetkl

gvercdp `etweeh tfe lgerlen dhn sdkn 4`ystdhner0 wfdt bd)es kt bgre lghauskh# ks tfdt

BĄwdrnĩ‛ ngesh‛t seeb tg stdte ka fe tfkh)s bdfrdb persghs dltudccy lguht wktfkh tfe

lgerlkve #rgup"

^fe types ga tfredts dre dcsg dnnressen" /e see tfdt kh `edtkh#s dre lcedrcy lgerlkve

`elduse ga tfe pfyskldc fdrb ldusen `ut `edtkh#s nghe tg cgdaers dhn vd#d`ghns & dfc dc-

sfd ĄrdṢ -wd dc- d ckid)Ṭ ʷ ngh‛t lguht N wfklf bd)es lgbpcete sehse" Bedhwfkce kh tfe ldse ga

tfredt ga kbprksghbeht BĄwdrnĩ‛ dsserts tfdt ghe fds tg `e tfredtehen wktf kbprksghbeht ga

ektfer d cgh# tkbe gr dh uh)hgwh dbguht ga tkbe tg `e lghskneren lgerlkve " 2gw d`gut tfe

lghnktkghs ga tfe kbprksghbeht5 Ka ghe ks kbprksghen kh d lgbagrtd`ce 'dkc &sulf ds fguse

drrest gr d lecc akccen wktf aucc dbehktkes dhn lgbagrts( tfeh ks kt redccy lgerlkve ka tfe lgerlen

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8/13/2019 Definitions & Standards of Coercion in the Shāfi īʿ & Ḥannafi Legal Jurisprudences

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dltudccy aeecs lgbagrtd`ce kh sulf leccs5 Dcds we bust dssube tfdt BĄwdrnĩ‛ ks sdykh# tfdt d

restrkltkgh ga bgvebeht agr cgh# perkgns ga tkbe dhn tfe dh:kety tfdt lgbes wktf hgt )hgwkh#

wfeh ghe wkcc e aree ks lgerlkve hgt sg bulf tfe lghnktkghs ga tfe kbprksghbeht"

Dhgtfer type ga tfredt lghskneren lgerlkve ks tfe nestrultkgh ga prgperty" *he wgucn

ds) fgw bulf prgperty sfgucn `e tfredtehen wktf nestrultkgh tg `e lghskneren lgerlkve"

BĄwdrnĩ‛ dnnresses tfks `y sdykh# tfdt ka ghe ks tfredtehen wktf nestrultkgh ga tfekr prgperty

tg tfe pgkht wfere fks bdterkdc wecc$`ekh# wgucn `e daaelten tfeh tfdt ks lgerlkve ?" 2gwever

ka ghe ks e:trebecy wedctfy kt ldhhgt `e lghskneren lgerlkgh ka d cgt ga fks prgperty ks

tfredtehen wktf nestrultkgh dhn fe stkcc rebdkhs wedctfy" Berecy `elduse nespkte tfe qudhtkty

nestrgyen tfe lgerlen stkcc rebdkhs wedctfy -E"

^fe tfredt ga `dhksfbeht ks dh khterestkh# ldse" BĄwdrnĩ‛ hgtes tfe lgerlen fds tg `e

uhd`ce tg bgve prgperty dhn adbkcy wktf fkb -- " ^fks wgucn bd)e sehse `elduse fgw wkcc tfe

lgerlen persgh survkve wktfgut fks prgperty dhn adbkcy kh d adr$dwdy agrek#h cdhn5 2gwever

K aeec tfdt tfks ks dh e:trebe ga `dhksfbeht ds d wfgce" /gucn kt hgt `e lgerlkve ka ygu dhn

ygur adbkcy were agrlen tg cedve ygur fgbecdhn re#drncess wktf gr wktfgut ygur prgperty5

*he fds tg uhnerstdhn tfdt `ekh# rebgven argb ghe‛s fgbecdhn ks d agrb ga

reck#kgus6spkrktudc puhksfbeht &ḥdnn )40 , skhle tfere ks d spkrktudc `eckea tfdt ghe ks

ckhien tg tfe cdhn tfdt fe ks `grh kh. Eveh tfgu f kh `dhksf!eht ghe ks

aree tg g "fere ever fe "ksfes, tfe spkrktudc nd!d e ks stkcc tfere dhn

fehle # aeec tfdt dcc agr!s ga `dhksf!eht re drncess ga "fdt gr "fg tfe fe

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8/13/2019 Definitions & Standards of Coercion in the Shāfi īʿ & Ḥannafi Legal Jurisprudences

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ldh tdie "ktf fk! sfgucn `e lghskneren lgerlkve "ktf respelt tg tfe

lghlept ga ḥdnn .

&fe akhdc agr! ga lgerlkgh kh BĄwdrnĩ‛s ks pu`ckl nehk#rdtkgh" /gucnh‛t d

tfredt ga pu`ckl nehk#rdtkgh ghcy `e lgerlkve tg pegpce wfg dltudccy pgssess stdtus dhn

fghgur5 K bedh kt wgucnh‛t lguht ds ka kt wds nkrelten d#dkhst tfgse ga tfe rd``ce ' ruʷĄ ),

skhle khsuctkh sg!eghe ga tfdt sglkdc ldste "gucnh(t kh dh "d cg"er

tfekr stdtus d!gh tfekr peers 4< . *g"ever d!gh tfgse ga fk fer sglkdc

stdtus gr rdhi tfe ghc tk!e kt "gucn `e lgerlkve, kh ter!s ga tfredts ga

pu`ckl fu!kckdtkgh+nks rdle, ks "feh dh khsuct "gucn cg"er fks stdtus

d!gh fks peers. g" "f ks pu`ckl nehk rdtkgh ga sg !ulf lghlerh- #t

ksh(t e dltc d pf skldc tfredt ckie `dhksf!eht, k!prksgh!eht gr `edtkh .

/fdt # uess ks tfdt kh sglketkes sulf ds :d fndn kh BĄwdrnĩ‛s ndys kt wgucn

`e sdae tg dssube tfdt agr pegpce ga fk#f rdh) tg `e nks#rdlen kh pu`ckl wgucn bedh tfdt tfey

wgucn hgt `e respelten kh tfekr trdne6gaakle dhn ds d resuct tfekr bdterkdc wecc$`ekh# ks rukhen

fehle tfks wgucn `e lghskneren lgerlkve"

Dater cgg)kh# dt tfe BĄwdrnĩ‛ dpprgdlf wfklf K persghdccy preaer K bust cgg) dt tfe

gtfer dpprgdlfes dhn see wfy tfey adkc tg dppedc tg be" .krst we sfdcc cgg) dt tfe neakhktkgh

set gut `y AdaaĄc tfe aguhner ga tfe !fgrdsdhk \fĄak ĩ ʷ slfggc ga tfgu#ft

Ka tfe lgerler lduses aedr `y wdy ga +tfredtehkh#, dh kbbkheht lduskh# ga pdkh gh tfe

+lgerlen‛s, `gny wfklf fe ldhhgt `edr" Ds kh ka tfe lgerler sdkn= )kcc Ogfh & aucĄh(

gtferwkse K wkcc )kcc ygu ka ygu ng hgt )kcc fkb gr +ka tfe lgerler sdkn=, K wkcc lut gaa

ghe ga ygur ckb`s gr K wkcc cdsf ygu wktf d wfkp gr K wkcc stdrve ygu gr nehy ygu wdter

gr kbprksgh ygu agrever" Dcc ga tfese dre lgerlkve" Ka tfe lgerler sdys K wkcc ng tfese

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tfkh#s tg ygu tgbgrrgw kt ks hgt lgerlkve" Ka fe sdys K wkcc nestrgy ygur prgperty gr

)kcc ygur sgh kt ks hgt lgerlkve `elduse tfese dre puhksfbehts tfdt ng hgt nedc wktf

tfe `gny" Ka +tfe lgerler, sdkn K wkcc scdp ygu kh tfe bdr)et dhn tfe lgerlen ks

sgbeghe ga fk#f sglkdc stdture tfks ks hgt lgerlkve eveh ka `edrkh# tfks ks nkaakluct agr

tfe persgh" -1

*he ldh lcedrcy see tfdt AdaaĄc neakhes lgerlkgh kh tfe pfyskldc sehse" 2e lcedrcy

stdtes tfdt ghe fds tg `e tfredtehen wktf dh kbbkheht tfredt ga pfyskldc fdrb &sulf ds

dbputdtkgh `edtkh# stdrvdtkgh gr perbdheht kbprksghbeht(" AdaaĄc seebs tg ghcy tg lghskner pfyskldc tfredts> dt akrst #cdhle tfks wgucn seeb tg `e dh gver$skbpckstkl dpprgdlf tg lgerlkgh"

Dcsg wfdt nges hgt bd)e sehse ks tfdt ka tfe lgerler tfredtehs tfe lgerlen wktf sgbe )khn ga

d`use `ut wkcc peragrb tfe tfredt tfe agccgwkh# ndy gr kh tfe auture ks hgt lgerlkve5 K akhn tfks

sgbewfdt gnn eveh ka tfe lgerler #kves d tkbe perkgn fe ldh stkcc fuht ngwh tfe lgerlen dhn

trdp fkb dhn tfus peragrb fks tfredt"

Dt tfe sdbe tkbe tfredtehkh# sgbeghe‛s prgperty gr tfredtehkh# tg )kcc tfekr sgh `ekh#

lghskneren hgt lgerlkve `y AdaaĄc nges hgt resghdte wecc wktf be skhle nestrgykh# ghe‛s

prgperty ldh rukh tfekr ckveckfggns dhn fehle tfekr ckves" !kcckh# ga sgbeghe‛s lfkcnreh wgucn

lduse ebgtkghdc dhn behtdc nkstress tg tfe lgerlen" Bedhwfkce tfe ldse ga tfe scdp kh pu`ckl

gr dhy type ga sglkdc nehk#rdtkgh ldh `e ne`dtd`ce" ^fks ks `elduse d persgh ga fk#f stdture

wfg ks pu`ckldccy gaaehnen wgucn fdve respghnen kbbenkdtecy &wktf vkgcehle gr wfdtever

tfe lustgb ga tfe re#kgh kh questkgh ks( dhn fehle wgucnh‛t `e lghskneren lgerlkve"

Ka we cgg) dt Ouwdyhĩ fe nges ngesh‛t e:dltcy neakhe wfdt lgerlkgh ks `ut rdtfer

lrktkques tfe e:kstkh# gpkhkghs wktfkh tfe \fĄak ĩ ʷ slfggcs" Ouwdyhĩ dsserts tfdt tfe neakhktkghs

dhn stdhndrns cdkn gut `y tfe slfgcdrs ng hgt suaaklkehtcy nkstkh#uksf `etweeh nkaakluct lfgkles

&wfklf we adle dcc tfe tkbe( dhn lfgkles tfdt dre trucy lgerlen" 2ehle cgg)kh# dt khnkvknudc

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ldses wgucn `rkh# kh tgg bulf dr`ktrdry 'un#beht khtg tfe cdw" Ds d lguhter tg sulf d lcdkb K

wgucn sdy tfdt BĄwdrnĩ‛ nges hgt khlcune tfe nkaaklucty ga lfgkles kh fks neakhktkgh `ut rdtfer

tfe lkrlubstdhles" ^fe redsgh agr tfks ks tfdt ghe ga tfe lghnktkghs tfdt BĄwdrnĩ‛ pgkhts gut

tg `e lgerlen ks tfdt ghe ks trdppen> kt‛s ektfer ng tfe neen gr suaaer tfe lghsequehles

&bdterkdc sglkdc gr pfyskldc("

^fe gtfer dspelt ks tfdt tfe lgerler bust fdve tfe khtehtkgh dhn fds tg `e d`ce tg

peragrb tfe tfredt" Ka we‛re #kveh tfe lghnktkghs agr tfe vdcknkty ga d lgerlkgh lcdkb tfeh tfe

dssubptkgh ks tfereagre tfdt tfe neen tfdt tfe lgerlen ks `ekh# tfredtehen tg peragrb ks

krrecevdht" ^fe kbpgrtdht pdrt ga d lcdkb ga lgerlkgh ks= wfdt ks tfe tfredt5 /fg ks tfe lgerler

&kh terbs ga 4pgwer0(5 /ds tfe lgerlen trucy trdppen bedhkh# hg gptkgh ga esldpe dhn tfe

lfgkles dre suaaer gr ng 9" K aeec tfdt perfdps Ouwdyhĩ fds hgt speht tgg bulf tkbe kh lgurt

lghsknerkh# tfdt eveh tfgu#f dcc tfe stdhndrns dre preseht kt wgucn `e up tg tfe nkslretkgh ga

tfe qĄnk tg #kve tfe akhdc ruckh#" ^g ehsure tfdt tfe qĄnk bd)es tfe rk#ft nelkskgh d wecc$

neakhen systeb ga ce#dc neakhktkgh ks heenen dhn fehle BĄwdrnĩ‛ #kves tfe bgst lgbpcete

neakhktkgh dccgwkh# tfeqĄnktg bd)e tfe `est ruckh#s"

Bedhwfkce tfe Ḯ dhhdak neakhe lgerlkgh ds d tfredt ga fdrb d#dkhst dhgtfer persgh‛s

prgperty dhn fdrb d#dkhst dhgtfer persgh‛s `gny -J " Fgbpdren tg tfe \fĄak ĩ ʷ we see tfdt tfe

Ḯ dhhdak neakhktkgh dppedr tg `e very skbpce gr uhnernevecgpen" 2ehle kt ks edsy tg nksbkss

tfe Ḯ dhhdak neakhktkgh" ^fks ks `elduse tfe neakhktkgh ks tgg khsuaaklkeht dhn vd#ue" Kt nges hgt

dnnress wfdt dre tfe stdhndrns ga fdrb tg prgperty gr tfe persgh wgucn qudckay ds lgerlkgh"

Kt nges hgt reaer tg tfe hdture ga tfe lgerler wfetfer gr hgt fe ks d`ce tg peragrb tfe tfredt" Kt

nges hgt reaer tg tfe lgerlen> kt ngesh‛t reaer tg fgw ghe ldh `e lghskneren tg `e d lgerlen

persgh"

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Kh lghlcuskgh K aeec tfdt BĄwdrnĩ‛s neakhktkgh ga lgerlkgh ks tfe bgst nevecgpen dhn

tfe bgst prdltkldc" Dctfgu#f BĄwdrnĩ‛ ldbe argb tfe \fĄak ĩ ʷ trdnktkgh wfere tfere wds d

neakhktkgh ga lgerlkgh argb tfe aguhnkh# adtfer tg wgr) wktf dhn nevecgp we ldh see argb tfe

!fgrdsdhk tfdt tfe hdture ga tfekr neakhktkgh ks nkaaereht" BĄwdrnĩ‛ seeb tg dpprgdlf lgerlkgh

wktf hgt 'ust fks reaerehles dhn ce#dc trdkhkh# `ut d prdltkldc dpprgdlf wfklf wgucn akt tfe

prdltkles ga @d#fndn dt tfe tkbe &fehle tfe spelkaklktkes ga fks stdhndrns ga lgerlkgh("

@k`ckgordpfy

%yen Bdkrd' 7" Fgerlkgh kh Fcdsskldc Kscdbkl Mdw dhn ^fegcg#y" 8kss" Lrkhletgh

7hkverskty <E--" Lrkht"