DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS

PSYCHOLOGY:PSYCHOLOGY:

“ “ is the science dealing with human nature,function & is the science dealing with human nature,function & phenomenon of his soul in the main.”phenomenon of his soul in the main.”

CHILD PSYCHOLOGY:CHILD PSYCHOLOGY:

“ “ is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious & subconscious element in a child “between the conscious & subconscious element in a child “

EMOTIONEMOTION

“ “ An effective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow,fear,hate An effective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow,fear,hate or the likes are expressed”or the likes are expressed”

- - A feeling or mood manifesting in to motor / glandular activity.A feeling or mood manifesting in to motor / glandular activity.

IMPORTANCE OF CHILD IMPORTANCE OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

To understand the child betterTo understand the child better To know the problem of psychological originTo know the problem of psychological origin To deliver dental services in a meaningful & effective To deliver dental services in a meaningful & effective

mannermanner To establish effective communication with the child & the To establish effective communication with the child & the

parent parent To gain confident of the child & of the parent.To gain confident of the child & of the parent. To teach the child & parents importance of primary & To teach the child & parents importance of primary &

preventive care .preventive care . To produce comfortable environment for the dental team To produce comfortable environment for the dental team

THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGYTHEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES.PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES. - - Psychosexual theory –FreudPsychosexual theory –Freud

- Psychosocial theory – Eric Erickson- Psychosocial theory – Eric Erickson - Cognitive theory – Piaget- Cognitive theory – PiagetBEHAVIOURAL THEORIES - Hierarchy of needs – Maslow -Social learning theory – Bandura - Classical conditioning – Pavlov - Operant conditioning – Skinner

PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORYPSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

Sigmond Freud ( 1905 ) Sigmond Freud ( 1905 ) The first formal theory of personality to have The first formal theory of personality to have

marked impact on psychology & psychiatry was marked impact on psychology & psychiatry was that of that of Sigmond Freud . Sigmond Freud .This concept of This concept of personality was based on the interaction personality was based on the interaction between three systems within each individual.He between three systems within each individual.He called these systems ascalled these systems as

ID ID EGO EGO SUPER EGOSUPER EGO

ID: ID: it is the basic structure of personality.it is the basic structure of personality. Is present at birth.Is present at birth. Impulse ridden & strives for immediate pleasure & Impulse ridden & strives for immediate pleasure &

gratification (pleasure principle)gratification (pleasure principle)

EGO: EGO: it develops in 2it develops in 2ndnd -6 -6thth month of life when the infant month of life when the infant begins to distinguish between itself &the outside world.begins to distinguish between itself &the outside world.

It is the mediation It is the mediation between id & super ego.between id & super ego.

Ego is governed by reality Ego is governed by reality principle. It is concerned principle. It is concerned with memory & judgmentwith memory & judgment

SUPER EGO:SUPER EGO: it is the prohibition it is the prohibition

learned from environment learned from environment more from parents & more from parents & authorities)authorities)

Oedipus complexOedipus complex Young boys have a Young boys have a

natural tendency to be natural tendency to be attached to the mother & attached to the mother & they consider their father they consider their father

as their enemyas their enemy . . Hence they strive to Hence they strive to

imitate their father to gain imitate their father to gain the affection of the the affection of the mother.mother.

Electra complexElectra complex Young girls develop Young girls develop

an attraction towards an attraction towards their father & they their father & they resent the mother resent the mother being close to the being close to the father father

FREUD’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENTFREUD’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

BIRTHBIRTH ORAL STAGEORAL STAGE ANAL STAGEANAL STAGE URETHRAL STAGEURETHRAL STAGE PHALLIC STAGEPHALLIC STAGE GENITAL STAGEGENITAL STAGE

BIRTHBIRTH

INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:

Is the first experience to effect personality development.Is the first experience to effect personality development. CHARECTERISTICS:CHARECTERISTICS:

- Abrupt change at birth result in psycho physiological - Abrupt change at birth result in psycho physiological emergency reactions (protective shell) similar to fear & emergency reactions (protective shell) similar to fear & anxiety.anxiety.

-the characteristics are observed in later life during -the characteristics are observed in later life during personality development & depend on child’s personality development & depend on child’s susceptibility during this period.susceptibility during this period.

- if the neonate gets used to the stimuli he is no longer - if the neonate gets used to the stimuli he is no longer anxious.anxious.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES: : These These reactions help the child to reactions help the child to learn some adaptive learn some adaptive mechanism against mechanism against anxiety stimuli.anxiety stimuli.

PATHOLOG: PATHOLOG: Neonates Neonates who fail to adapt to abrupt who fail to adapt to abrupt changes get startled changes get startled easily. this results in a easily. this results in a more protective more protective mechanism which is mechanism which is maladaptive in later life.maladaptive in later life.

ORAL STAGE [birth-18months]ORAL STAGE [birth-18months]

Birth – 18 months.Birth – 18 months. Introduction: Introduction: In infants the oral cavity is the site for In infants the oral cavity is the site for

identifying needs .it therefore serves as an erogenous identifying needs .it therefore serves as an erogenous zone.zone.

Characteristic: Characteristic: This is a dependent stage since the This is a dependent stage since the infant is dependent on adults for getting his oral needs infant is dependent on adults for getting his oral needs fulfilledfulfilled

Objectives: Objectives: Satisfaction of oral desires eg:suckling of Satisfaction of oral desires eg:suckling of milk by mother ,help in development of trust.milk by mother ,help in development of trust.

- In later period of life results in successful achievements - In later period of life results in successful achievements of needs. of needs.

Pathology: Pathology: If child’s If child’s needs are not needs are not adequately met in this adequately met in this stage the following stage the following traits develop: traits develop:

- - Excessive Excessive optimism,narcissm,peoptimism,narcissm,pessimism, demanding ssimism, demanding ness, envy, jealousy.ness, envy, jealousy.

ANAL STAGE(18 months-3 yrs)ANAL STAGE(18 months-3 yrs)

Introduction:Introduction:

-- maturation of neuromuscular maturation of neuromuscular control occurs.control occurs.

- control over sphincters - control over sphincters particularly anal sphincter particularly anal sphincter results in increased voluntary results in increased voluntary activity.activity.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics: : development of personal development of personal autonomy & independence. autonomy & independence. Child realizes his control over Child realizes his control over his needs & practices it with a his needs & practices it with a sense of shame or self doubt.sense of shame or self doubt.

Objective: Objective:

The child realizes the increasing voluntary The child realizes the increasing voluntary control ,which provides him with the sense of control ,which provides him with the sense of independence & autonomy.independence & autonomy.

Patholog:Patholog:

Anal eroticism & defenses against it result fixation on Anal eroticism & defenses against it result fixation on anal function .It is characterized by various abnormal anal function .It is characterized by various abnormal behaviuors like:disorderliness,abstinence, behaviuors like:disorderliness,abstinence, stubbornness,willfulness,fragility.stubbornness,willfulness,fragility.

URETHRAL STAGEURETHRAL STAGE

It is a transition between the anal stage & It is a transition between the anal stage & phallic stage.phallic stage.

The child derives pleasure from exercising The child derives pleasure from exercising his control over the urinary sphincter.his control over the urinary sphincter.

Sense of independence & autonomy.Sense of independence & autonomy. Loss of urethra control result in shame.Loss of urethra control result in shame.

- competitiveness- competitiveness

-ambition.-ambition.

PHALIC STAGE (3-7yrs)PHALIC STAGE (3-7yrs)

The stage begins 3 to 5The stage begins 3 to 5thth year of life . year of life . It is characterized by :It is characterized by :

-Oedipus complex-Oedipus complex

-Castration anxiety: The 1-Castration anxiety: The 1stst object of love for allof us is our mother. object of love for allof us is our mother. The young boy however has a rival for his mother’s love ;his father. The young boy however has a rival for his mother’s love ;his father. He also recognizes the difference between boys & girls;the He also recognizes the difference between boys & girls;the difference that he has a penis & girls do not. This is the beginning of difference that he has a penis & girls do not. This is the beginning of castration anxiety, A FEAR OF LOSING ONES’ PENIS.castration anxiety, A FEAR OF LOSING ONES’ PENIS.

-Penis envy-Penis envy

-Electra complex-Electra complex

-Unusual fantasies about opposite sex-Unusual fantasies about opposite sex

The child realizes the sexual qualities without The child realizes the sexual qualities without embarrassment .Resolution of the stage in regulation of embarrassment .Resolution of the stage in regulation of drive impulse.drive impulse.

If the above mentioned characteristics are not resolved If the above mentioned characteristics are not resolved the balance between male & female roles dos not the balance between male & female roles dos not develop.develop.

LATENCY STAGELATENCY STAGE

Resolution of any defects occurs in this phase. The Resolution of any defects occurs in this phase. The phase ends in puberty.phase ends in puberty.

Maturation of ego takes placeMaturation of ego takes place

control over instinctual impulsescontrol over instinctual impulses

adapting to the adverse environment.adapting to the adverse environment. Goal: further development of personality.Goal: further development of personality.

- consolidation of sex roles occurs.- consolidation of sex roles occurs.

-these result in maturation of ego & mastery over skills.-these result in maturation of ego & mastery over skills. Lack of inner control / excessive inner control result in Lack of inner control / excessive inner control result in

pathological trait.pathological trait.

GENITAL STAGEGENITAL STAGE

Psychosexual development extends from 11 to 13 yrs to Psychosexual development extends from 11 to 13 yrs to young adulthood.young adulthood.

Sense of identity develops.Sense of identity develops. child has amatured personalitychild has amatured personality He can satisfy genital potency & realizes his goals for He can satisfy genital potency & realizes his goals for

reproduction & survival.reproduction & survival. Matures the personality of the individual.Matures the personality of the individual. Helps to separate from the dependence on parents.Helps to separate from the dependence on parents. Their acceptance of adult role, functions with social Their acceptance of adult role, functions with social

expectations & cultural values.expectations & cultural values. Unresolved traits from previous phases -modified formUnresolved traits from previous phases -modified form

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING{ PAVLOV (1927) }{ PAVLOV (1927) }

Learning thro associationLearning thro association

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov was one of the first to study was one of the first to study conditioned reflexes experimentally.conditioned reflexes experimentally.

The crucial element of conditioning is the relation The crucial element of conditioning is the relation between the conditioned stimulus & the unconditioned between the conditioned stimulus & the unconditioned stimulus.stimulus.

Principles involved in the process are:Principles involved in the process are:1.1. Generalisation:Generalisation:the process of conditioning is evoked the process of conditioning is evoked

by a band of stimuli centered around a specific by a band of stimuli centered around a specific conditioned stimulus.eg: a child who has had a painful conditioned stimulus.eg: a child who has had a painful experience with a doctor in a white coat always experience with a doctor in a white coat always associates any Dr in white coat with pain.associates any Dr in white coat with pain.

Extinction:Extinction: It results if the association between It results if the association between conditioned & the unconditioned response is not conditioned & the unconditioned response is not reinforced,eg:in the above mentioned eg. reinforced,eg:in the above mentioned eg. Subsequent visits to the doctor without any Subsequent visits to the doctor without any unpleasant experiences results in extinction of fear.unpleasant experiences results in extinction of fear.

Discrimination:Discrimination: is the opposite of is the opposite of generalisation.If the child is exposed to clinic generalisation.If the child is exposed to clinic settings which are different to those associated with settings which are different to those associated with the painful experiences the child learn to the painful experiences the child learn to discriminate b/w the two clinics & even the discriminate b/w the two clinics & even the generalized response to any office will be generalized response to any office will be extinguished.extinguished.