Definition of Land

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DEFINITION OF LAND

26/04/2012 JAMALUDIN YAAKOB 1

DEFINITION OF LAND
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CONTENT


DEFINITION OF LAND

LearningOutcomes

Fixture & Chattel

Tests

Introduction

Definition of Land

Application inConstruction
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Learning Outcomes


DEFINITION OF LAND

explain the definition

of land, fixture &chattel

discuss the test of fixture and chattel

discuss the applicationof the principles

fixture & chattel inconstruction contracts.

At the end of the discussion students should be able to:


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Introduction

Understanding the definition of land is important so as to avoiddisputes, particularly in land transactions.

The legal definition is land is not similar with the what the layman

understands it to be. The scope of the legal definition of land is wider than the ordinary

meaning.

Thus, it is very important that anyone that carries out anytransactions relating to land clearly understand the legal conceptof land.


DEFINITION OF LAND


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Definition of Land


DEFINITION OF LAND

Latin Maxim

Section 5
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Definition of Land


DEFINITION OF LAND

a) The surface of the earth and all substances formingthat surface;

b) The earth below the surface and all substances therein;

c) All vegetations.. (natural or otherwise) ..on or below the surface;

d) All things attached to the earth or permanently

fastened to any thing attached to the earth, whether on or below the surface ; and

e) Land covered by water.


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Fixture & Chattel

The definition of land under section 5(d) on the NLC 1965 is based onthe common law principles of fixture and chattel.

When a contract of sale or lease is silent on the details of theproperty included in the dealing, a dispute may arise as to whether ornot an item is part of the transaction.

Such a dispute is illustrated by the leading common law case of Holland v. Hodgson (1872) LR7 CP 328 .

This was the case where Blackburn J. had enunciated the general

principle of fixture and chattel. Thereafter, subsequent common law judges had further developed

the principle and devised several tests to determine whether an itemis a fixture or a chattel.


DEFINITION OF LAND


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Definition

Fixture & Chattel


DEFINITION OF LAND

CommonLaw

Tests
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Fixture

Definition of Fixture & Chattel


DEFINITION OF LAND

Chattel


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DEFINITION OF LAND

A thing fixed permanently in position/any of the fixed

items bought or sold with abuilding (e.g. gas pipes,

electric fittings) or with land (e.g. greenhouse, fencing)

Chattels affixed to land or to abuilding so that they are part thereof. Generally, the degreeof annexation required is suchthat the chattel must beconnected to the land or the abuilding on the land in somesubstantial way.

FIXTURE LawDictionaryDictionary


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DEFINITION OF LAND

CHATTEL

LawDictionaryDictionary

A piece of property other than

a real estate or a freehold

Generally, property other than

freeholds; personal property


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Common Law Principles


DEFINITION OF LAND

The common law principles of fixture and chattel was firstenunciated by Blackburn J in the celebrated case of Holland v.Hodgson (1872) LR7 CP 328

Blackburn J.

An article which is affixed to the land even slightly,is to be considered as part of the land, unless thecircumstances are such as to show that it was

intended all along to continue as a chattel.
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Common Law Principles


DEFINITION OF LAND

Perhaps the true rule is that Articles not otherwiseattached to the land than by their own weight are not to be considered as part of the land, unless the

circumstances are such as they were intended to be part of the land. The onus is on those who insist that they are fixtures.


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Holland v Hodgson


DEFINITION OF LAND


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Tests


DEFINITION OF LAND

Degree of Annexation Test

Summary

Removal Test

Purpose Test

Exceptions
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DEFINITION OF LAND

An article which is affixed to the land even slightly, is to beconsidered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are such asto show that it was intended all along to continues as a chattel.

Perhaps the true rule is that Articles not otherwise attached to the

land than by their own weight are not to be considered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are such as they were intended to be part of the land. The onus is on those who insist that they are

fixtures.

Blackburn J

DEFINITION OF LAND


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DEFINITION OF LAND

Goh Chong Hin & Anor. v. CMRE [1924] 5 FMSLR 86

Shell Co. v. The Comm. of Land FT KL [1964] MLJ 302

Socfin Ltd. v. Chairman Klang Town Council [1964] MLJ 325

Wiggins Teape v. Bahagia Trading [1980] 2 MLJ 45

Kartar Singh v. Pappa [1954] MLJ 193

DEFINITION OF LAND
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Removal Test

Where an item is attached to the land/building even slightly,prima facie, it is a fixture (degree of annexation test)

The party that wishes to contest the finding and insists that theitem is a chattel, may request for removal test.

That party must demonstrate that removing the item does notdamage the item or the land/building physically orconceptually.

If removing the item causes damage to the item or land/building, physically or conceptually, the item remains a fixture.


DEFINITION OF LAND

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Removal Test


DEFINITION OF LAND

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Purpose or Objective Test

This test looks at the intention the article is affixed to thebuilding/freehold.

In relation to an article that affixed to the building/structure,if the intention is for the enjoyment of the article itself, thenthe affixed article is a chattel.

Hellawell v. Eastwood (1851) Ex. 295 - Paintings or tapestriestacked on walls for purpose of enjoyment of the chattels aschattels.

If a chattel stands on its own weight, but the intention orpurpose is to make it a permanent feature, then the article isnot a mere chattel but a fixture.


DEFINITION OF LAND

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Tapestry


DEFINITION OF LAND

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Decorations


DEFINITION OF LAND

DEFINITION OF LAND


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DEFINITION OF LAND

Reid v. Smith [1906] CCLR 656

A dispute in relation to a house standing on its own weight buttightly knot keeping it affirmed on the ground.

Cartel J.

The facts showed that it was the intention of the owner to makethe house as permanent resident and therefore formed part of

the land.

DEFINITION OF LAND


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DEFINITION OF LAND

Degree Of Annexation Test

Removal Test

Purpose Test

Stands on own weightChattel Attached even slightly Fixture

Easy/no damageChattel Difficult/damage Fixture

Enjoyment of itemChattel Better use of land Fixture


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DEFINITION OF LAND


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Customs


DEFINITION OF LAND

Malay Custom

Kiah Bt. Hanapiah v. Som Bt. Hanapiah[1953] MLJ 82

Re Tiam Bee Bt. Maamin (1904) Innes 285

Miners Custom

Wake v. Hall (1882 3) 8 AC 195 ( Minershut built on land with machines affixed inthe hut)

Construction Site Office

DEFINITION OF LAND
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Malay Custom


DEFINITION OF LAND

Kiah Bte Hanafiah v Som Bte Hanafiah [1953] MLJ 82

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Malay Custom


DEFINITION OF LAND

Kiah Bt. Hanapiah v. Som Bt. Hanapiah

[1953] MLJ 82

Murray-Aynsley

there is a settled custom in this country that housesof this type are regarded as personalty in which

ownership may be separated from ownership of thesoil.

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Miner 's hut


DEFINITION OF LAND

Wake v. Hall (1882 3) 8 AC 195

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Trade Fixture


DEFINITION OF LAND

Aerosol Filling Machines

Our company offers AerosolFilling Machine that is appliedto fill a variety of aerosolproducts. This machine is alsoapplied to batch produced in

small scale in aerosol fillingfactory. Our aerosol fillingmachines are widely used incosmetic, chemical, auto, fireprotection, pharmacy,

foodstuff and it is also usedfor fixture, pesticide, mousse,detergent, freshener,petroleum gas, extinguishingagent, etc.

DEFINITION OF LAND


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Tenants Fixture


DEFINITION OF LAND


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Site office


DEFINITION OF LAND


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Application in Construction Contracts


Site Office

Silo

Sky Crane

Unfixed Materials & Goods

DEFINITION OF LAND
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Application in Construction Contracts



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DEFINITION OF LAND


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Latin Maxim


Quic quid plantatur solo solo

cedit

Whatever isaffixed to thesoil, belongs

to the soil

Loose bricks are chattels ; moveables or personal propertyand do not form part of the land, no matter how high a pileof them. However, once cemented together and used toerect a house, the bricks become part of the land and thusconverts from chattel to real property .

DEFINITION OF LAND
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Latin Maxim

Cujus est solum ejus est usque ad coelum et ad inferos

Whose is the soil, his is

also that is above and below it.
http://air_rights.htm/

Definition of Land

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