DEFINITION S OF MANAGEMENT

1.Mary Parker Follet, "management is the art of getting things done through others"

2.Henry Fayol' "to manage is to forecast and to plan,organize,to command,to co-ordinate and to control"

3.Louis allen, "management is what a manager does"

4.American Marketing Association, "management is guiding human and physical resources into dynamic organizational units which attain their objectives to the satisfaction of those served within a high degree of moral and sense of attainment on the part of those rendering services"

5.Michael Nolty-CPA, "management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently with and through other people"

DEFINITIONS OF ORGANISATION

Different authors have defined organisation in different ways. The main definitions of organisation are as follows:

According to keith Davis, "Organisation may be defined as a group of individuals, large of small, that is cooperating under the direction of executive leadership in accomplishment of certain common object."

According to Chester I. Barnard, "Organisation is a system of co-operative activities of two or more persons."

According to Louis A. Allen, "Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives."

According to Mooney and Railey, "Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose."

DEFINITION OF DECISION MAKING

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the term decision making means - the process of deciding about something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization.

Trewatha & Newport defines decision making process as follows:, “Decision-making involves the selection of a course of action from among two or more possible alternatives in order to arrive at a solution for a given problem”.

A lot of time is consumed while decisions are taken. In a management setting, decision cannot be taken abruptly. It should follow the steps such as

Defining the problem Gathering information and collecting data Developing and weighing the options Choosing best possible option Plan and execute Take follow up action

DEFINITION FOR MOTIVATION

1. motivation is a process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior induced by the expectation of satisfying individual needs

2. Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the people’s behaviour can be -

desire for money success recognition job-satisfaction team work, etc

DEFINITIONS OF LEADERSHIP

There are many diverse definitions of leadership. This page outlines a few common approaches, and outlines the definition of leadership underpinning Christian Leadership World. Leadership is defined as "enabling a group to engage together in the process of developing, sharing and moving into vision, and then living it out." We also emphasize the importance of a leader's character and integrity in building up the trust necessary for the leadership to be exercised over a period of time. For Christian Leadership, the importance of prayer must be emphasized - since God seeks to work in partnership with his people, then prayer is the primary channel of communication.

Some of the common ideas that others include in leadership definitions include exerting influence, motivating and inspiring, helping others realize their potential, leading by example, selflessness and making a difference. For perspective, we include several other common definitions :

Leadership Definition : The Collins English Dictionary. ( © 1998 HarperCollins Publishers ) leadership (n) 1. The position or function of a leader. 2. the period during which a person occupies the position of leader: during her leadership very little was achieved. 3. a. the ability to lead. b. (as modifier): leadership qualities. 4. the leaders as a group of a party, union, etc.: the union leadership is now very reactionary.

This dictionary definition of leadership focuses on the position (singular or collective), tenure and ability of leaders. As such, it misses key points about the purpose and hallmarks of effective leadership.

Leadership Definition : Peter Drucker : The forward to the Drucker Foundation's "The Leader of the Future" sums up leadership : "The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers." To gain followers requires influence (see John Maxwell's definition below) but doesn't exclude the lack of integrity in achieving this. Indeed, it can be argued that several of the world's greatest leaders have lacked integrity and have adopted values that would not be shared by many people today.

Leadership Definition : John C Maxwell : In the 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership, John Maxwell sums up his definition of leadership as "leadership is influence - nothing more, nothing less." This moves beyond the position defining the leader, to looking at the ability of the leader to influence others - both those who would consider themselves followers, and those outside that circle. Indirectly, it also builds in leadership character, since without maintaining integrity and trustworthiness, the capability to influence will disappear.

Leadership Definition : Warren Bennis : Warren Bennis' definition of leadership is focused much more on the individual capability of the leader : "Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential."

Leadership Definition : Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester : For the purposes of the Leadership Development Process of the Diocese of Rochester, their leadership definition is "the process of influencing the behavior of other people toward group goals in a way that fully respects their freedom." The emphasis on respecting their freedom is an important one, and one which must be the hallmark of Christian leadership. Jesus influenced many diverse people during his ministry but compelled no-one to follow Him.

DEFINITION OF PERCEPTION

In its simple sense perception is understood as the act of seeing what is there to be seen. But what is seeni s i n f l uenced by t he pe r ce ive r , t he ob j ec t , and t he env i ronmen t . The mean ing o f pe r cep t i on w i l l be complete when all the three aspects are stressed. A few definitions of perception are given below:

(i) “Perception is the process of becoming aware of situations, of adding meaningful associations tosensations.”

(ii) “Perception can be defined as the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking,and reacting to sensory stimuli or data.”

(iii) “Perception can be defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to give meaning to their environments.”

(iv) “Pe rcep t i on i nc ludes a l l t hose p roce s se s by wh ich an i nd iv idua l r e ce ive s i n fo rma t ion abou t h i s environment - seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, and smelling. The study of these perceptional processessho ws t ha t t he i r f unc t i on ing i s a f f ec t ed by t h r ee c l a s se s o f va r i ab l e s - t he ob j ec t s o r even t s

be ing  perceived, the environment in which perception occurs, and the individual doing the perceiving

DEFINITIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING

Scholars have proposed a variety of definitions of organizational learning. According to Argyris (1977), organizational learning is a process of detecting and correcting error. Probst and Büchel (1997, 167) go further, defining organizational learning as “the ability of the institution as a whole to discover errors and correct them, and to change the organization’s knowledge base and values so as to generate new problem-solving skills and new capacity for action.”

Probst and Büchel (1997, 24) perform the following characteristics in the process of organizational learning:

- Change in organizational knowledge, - Increase in the range of possible actions and - Change in intersubjective constructions of reality.

By the definition of Fiol and Lyles (1985), organizational learning means the process of improving actions through better knowledge and understanding. DiBella and Nevis (1998, 28) define organizational learning as the capacity or process within an organization to maintain or improve performance based on experience. They look at

the organizational learning as to a social process whereby some insight or knowledge, created either by an individual working alone or by team, becomes accessible to others (DiBella and Nevis 1998, 26). Huysman (2000) gives the definition where the focus is on collective knowledge construction: “Organizational learning is the process through which an organization constructs knowledge or reconstructs existing knowledge”.

García and Vaňó (2002) start from individual but also stress to collective pattern, writing that organizational learning can be understood as a collective phenomenon in which new knowledge is acquired by the members of an organization with the aim of settling, as well as developing, the core competences in the firm, taking individual learning as the basic starting point.

DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY

Stephen RobbinsPersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reactsand interacts with others.

R.T. HoganPersonality refers to the relativelystable pattern of behaviours andconsistent internal states thatexplains a persons behaviouraltendencies.

Gordon AllportPersonality is the dynamicorganization within the individualof those psychophysical systemsthat determines his uniqueadjustment to his environment.

Salvatore MaddiPersonality is a stable set of characteristicsand tendencies that determine thosecommonalties and differences in thepsychological behaviour (thoughts, feelingsand

actions) of people that have continuity intime and that may not be easily understood asthe sole result of the social and biologicalpressures of the moment.

DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

1. A culture is a set of values that are adopted by people who cohabit any place. For

example, when we refer to a culture of a particular place (say, Mayan Culture) we are talking about the shared traits of the people who lived there, their lifestyles, their rituals, etc.

2. The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization.

3. Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations.

4. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it's shown in

(1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, (3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and (4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives.

DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

A useful definition of change management that I use is:

'the coordination of a structured period of transition from situation A to situation B in order to achieve lasting change within an organization'.

- (BNET Business Dictionary)

There may be a better change management definition out there but I use this one because it fits with my KISS principle - you know, Keep It Short and Simple. That helps me remember it, and it makes sense when you read it. You don't have to read it five times and then nod your head knowingly even though you don't get it. It just makes sense.

The systematic approach and application of knowledge, tools and resources to deal with change. Change management means defining and adopting corporate strategies, structures, procedures and technologies to deal with changes in external conditions and the business environment.

- SHRM Glossary of Human Resources Terms, www.shrm.org.

Change management is the process, tools and techniques to manage the people-side of business change to achieve the required business outcome, and to realize that business change effectively within the social infrastructure of the workplace.

- Change Management Learning Center

Change Management: activities involved in (1) defining and instilling new values, attitudes, norms, and behaviors within an organization that support new ways of doing work and overcome resistance to change; (2) building consensus among customers and stakeholders on specific changes designed to better meet their needs; and (3) planning, testing, and implementing all aspects of the transition from one organizational structure or business process to another.

- http://www.gao.gov/special.pubs/bprag/bprgloss.htm

...a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level...proactively addressing adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change.

-Case Western Reserve University

Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level.

- searchsmb.com

Change Management is an organized, systematic application of the knowledge, tools, and resources of change that provides organizations with a key process to achieve their business strategy.

- Lamarsh

The systematic management of a new business model integration into an organization and the ability to adapt this change into the organization so that the transformation enhances the organizational relationships with all its constituents.

- bitpipe.com

Change Management: the process, tools and techniques to manage the people-side of change processes, to achieve the required outcomes, and to realize the change effectively within individuals, teams, and the wider systems.

Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. The current definition of Change Management includes both organizational change management processes and individual change management models, which together are used to manage the people side of change.

- Wikipedia

Minimizing resistance to organizational change through involvement of key players and stakeholders.

- BusinessDictionary.com

Change management is a style of management that aims to encourage organizations and individuals to deal effectively with the changes taking place in their work.

- English Collins Dictionary

ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

“Organization Development is an effort planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, to increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organization's 'processes,' using behavioral-science knowledge.” -- Beckhard, “Organization development: Strategies and Models”, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969, p. 9.

“Organization Development is the attempt to influence the members of an organization to expand their candidness with each other about their views of the organization and their experience in it, and to take greater responsibility for their own actions as organization members. The assumption behind OD is that when people pursue both of these objectives simultaneously, they are likely to discover new ways of working together that they experience as more effective for achieving their own and their shared (organizational) goals. And that when this does not happen, such activity helps them to understand why and to make meaningful choices about what to do in light of this understanding.” -- Neilsen, “Becoming an OD Practitioner”, Englewood Cliffs, CA: Prentice-Hall, 1984, pp

"Organization development is a system-wide application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving an organization's effectiveness."

-- Cummings and Worley, "Organization Development and Change", Sixth Edition, South-Western Publishing, 1997, p.2.

"Organization Development is a body of knowledge and practice that enhances organizational performance and individual development, viewing the organization as a complex system of systems that exist within a larger system, each of which has its own attributes and degrees of alignment. OD interventions in these systems are inclusive methodologies and approaches to strategic planning, organization design, leadership development, change management, performance management, coaching, diversity, and work/life balance."-- Matt Minahan, MM & Associates, Silver Spring, Maryland

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

A system of psychotherapy that analyzes personal relationships and interactions in terms of conflicting or complementary ego states that correspond to the roles of parent, child, and adult..

Group psychotherapy technique in which games are used to expose childish, manipulative behavior toward life and people to work toward achieving mature and constructive attitudes. Proposed by the Canadian psychologist Eric Berne (1910-70) in his 1964 book

What is Transactional analysis? (definition from Eric Berne's book "What do you say after you say hello?")

A system of psychotherapy based on the analysis of transactions and chains of transactions which occur during treatment sessions.

A theory of personality based on the study of specific ego states.

In simple words: Transaction analysis is a kind of psychotherapy that (among other things) analyses our everyday communication - why do we say things we say, how do we say them and what made us say that. It uses simple words such as child, parent and adult (these are the names of our three ego states) to describe seemingly complicated processes in our mind.

Definition of TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS: a system of psychotherapy involving analysis of individual episodes of social interaction for insight that will aid communication

a system of popular psychology based on the idea that one’s behaviour and social relationships reflect an interchange between parental (critical and nurturing), adult (rational), and childlike (intuitive and dependent) aspects of personality established early in lif