Definition and Concepts in Disaster Management

7/29/2019 Definition and Concepts in Disaster Management

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At the end of this session, you should beable to:

Definition andDefine disaster,hazard,

Concepts of risk, elements at risk,vulnerability, capacity,

Disaster Risk response, relief,rehabilitation,Reductionreconstruction,development, mitigation,

Learningpreparedness andpreventionObjectives

Explain the process ofdisaster risk reduction

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HAZARD

Phenomenon or situation, which has

the potential to cause disruption or

damage to people, their property, theirservices and their environment

There is a

potential for

occurrenceof an event

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Hazard

A threatening event or the probability

of occurrence of a potentially

damaging phenomenon (e.g. anearthquake, a cyclonic storm or a

large flood) within a given time period

and area.

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Disaster

A serious disruption of the functioning of

a community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic

or environmental losses which exceed

the ability of the affected community or

society to cope using its own resources.

UNISDR-United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 5/80


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Disaster

A catastrophe, mishap, calamity or graveoccurrence in any are, arising from natural

Or manmade causes, or by accident orNegligence which results in substantial lossof life or human suffering or damage to, andDestruction of, property, or damage to, and

degradation of, environment, and is of such aNature or magnitude as to be beyond the copingcapacity of the community of the affected area.

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Disaster Management

A continuous and integrated process of planning,organising, coordinating and implementing

Measures which are necessary or expedient forprevention of danger or threat of any disaster:mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster orits severity or consequences; capacity building,

Preparedness to deal with any disaster, promptResponse to any threatening disaster situationOr disaster, assessing the severity or magnitudeOf effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue andRelief, and rehabilitation and reconstruction.

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Disaster Management

A collective term

encompassing allaspects of planning forpreparing and

responding to disasters.

It refers to themanagement of theconsequences ofdisasters.

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Disaster Risk Management

A broad range of activities

designed to:

Prevent the loss of lives Minimize human suffering

Inform the public and

authorities of risk

Minimize property damageand economic loss

Speed up the recoveryprocess

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Disaster risk management - Stress onproactive disaster management responsesof prevention, mitigation and preparedness

9 Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk 9

Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development

for all10/80


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High Risk Areas

Geographical areas which fall under

seismic zones III, IV, and V, which are

vulnerable to potential impact of

earthquake, landslide, rock falls ormudflows.

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Mitigation

Measures aimed at reducing the risk,

impact or effects of a disaster or

threatening disaster situation

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Non structural measures

Non- engineered measures to reduce or

avoid possible impacts of hazards such as

education, training, capacity development,

public awareness, communication etc.

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Resilience

The capacity of a system to tolerate

perturbation or disturbances without

collapsing into a qualitatively differentstate, to withstand and rebuild when

necessary.

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Risk

The expected number of lives lost,

persons injured, damage to property, and

disruption of economic activity due to a

particular natural phenomenan.

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Risk

The probability that acommunitysstructure or

geographic area is to

be damaged ordisrupted by theimpact of a particularhazard, on account of

their nature,construction, andproximity to ahazardous area.

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Risk Assessment

The determination of the nature and extent

of risk by analysis potential hazards and

evaluating existing conditions of

vulnerability that could pose a potentialthreat or harm to people, property,

livelihood and the environment.

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Risk Management

The systematic process of using

administrative decisions, organization,

operations skills, and capacities to

implement policies, strategies and copingcapacity of the society and communities to

lessen the impact of hazards.

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Concepts of the Risk and its Analysis:

Risk is a combination of the

The Risk Triangle interaction of hazard, exposure,and vulnerability, which can berepresented by the three sidesof a triangle.

If any one of these sidesRISKincreases, the area of thetriangle increases, hence theamount of risk also increases.

Exposure If any one of the sides reduces,the risk reduces.

It is the state of being physicallyaffected from a hazard If we can eliminate one side

there is no risk.

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An Equation forDisaster Risk

Hazard x Vulnerability Disaster Risk=

Capacity

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Elements at Risk

Persons, buildings,crops or other such like

societal componentsexposed to known

Exposed Elementshazard, which are likely

to be adverselyaffected by the impactof the hazard.

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Vulnerability

Is a condition

or sets of

conditions thatreduces

peoples abilityto prepare for,

withstand orrespond to ahazard

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Vulnerability

The degree of loss to a given element at

risk Or set of such elements resulting from

the occurrence of a natural phenomenon

(or man made) of a given magnitude andexpressed on a scale from 0 (no damage)

to 1 ( Total loss)

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VULNEARABILITY

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Capacity

Those positivecondition or

abilities whichincrease a

communitys

ability to deal withhazards.

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Disaster Management Cycle

Three stages

1)-Pre- Disaster stage

Efforts are made to reduce potential for human,

material, or environmental losses caused byhazards and to ensure that these losses areminimised when the disaster actually strikes.Support systems are strengthened. People are

trained, and duties assigned periodic drills areorganised. There fore, the pre disaster stagecan also be termed as the prevention, mitigationand preparedness stage.

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During the Disaster

During the disaster, emphasis is onsurvival and protection with specialarrangements to ensure that the needs of

victims are met to alleviate and minimisesuffering during the difficult period to theextent possible. In this phase, most of theaction lies from within the affected

community who are the first respondersbefore outside help arrives. Thus this isthe response phase.

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Post Disaster Stage

In the last, post-disaster stage, maximum efforts

are made to achieve rapid and durable recovery,

which does not reproduce the original vulnerable

conditions in affected area. The aim is to bringthe affected community back on rails as quickly

as possible with improved ability to face

disasters so that the development work can

resume. This phase can thus be termed as therecovery and development phase.

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Disaster Management Cycle

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Response

Actions takenimmediately

following the impact

of a disaster whenexceptionalmeasures are

required to meet the

basic needs of thesurvivors.

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Relief

Measures that arerequired in search and

rescue of survivors, as

well to meet the basicneeds for shelter,water, food and health

care.

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Response & Relief

Response and Relief refer to the first stageresponse to any disaster, which includes setting

up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in

action, issuing warning, taking action for

evacuation i.e. taking people to safer areas, and

rendering medical aid simultaneously providing

food, drinking water, clothing etc.. to the

homeless, restoration of communication , anddisbursement of assistance in cash or kind.

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Recovery

The process

undertaken by adisaster affected

community to fully

restore itself to

pre-disaster levelof functioning.

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Recovery

The recovery stage includes activities that encompass the

three overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation

and reconstruction. Emergency relief activity such as

immediate relief, rescue, damage assessment, and debris

clearance are undertaken during and immediately following adisaster. Taking precautions against spread of diseases is

also an important activity during this stage. Rehabilitation

includes the provision of camps with temporary public utilities

and shelter as interim measures to assist long-term recovery.

Reconstruction efforts are made to return communities to

improved pre-disaster functioning, which include repair and

reconstruction of buildings, infrastructure and lifeline facilities

so that long-term development prospects are enhanced.

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Development

The next stage of development process is an

ongoing activity which has to be resumed. It

deals with long-term prevention/disaster

reduction measures. In this regard, constructionof embankments against flooding, irrigation

facilities as drought proofing measures, land use

planning, construction of houses capable of

withstanding the onslaught of future disaster aretaken up as part of development plans.

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RehabilitationActions taken in the

aftermath of a

disaster to:

assist victims torepair their

dwellings;

re-establish

essential services; revive key economic

and social activities

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Reconstruction

Permanent

measures to repairor replace damageddwellings and

infrastructure and toset the economy

back on course.

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Development

Sustained

efforts intended

to improve ormaintain the

social and

economicwell-being of acommunity

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Prevention

Thereafter comes the stage of prevention and mitigationwhich refer to such preventive actions during disaster

free period that would lessen the impact if a disaster

recurs. Thus, mitigation embraces all measures taken to

reduce both the effect of the hazard itself and thevulnerable conditions of the community in order to reduce

the adverse impacts of a future disaster. Lastly, the

preparedness process embraces measures that enable

the government, community and individuals to respond

rapidly to disaster situation in order to cope with them

effectively. It includes the formulation of viable

emergency plans, development of warning systems,

maintenance of inventories, mock drills, and training of

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PreventionMeasures taken to

avert a disaster

from occurring, if

possible (to

impede a hazard

so that it does not

have any harmful

effects).39/80


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MitigationMeasures taken priorto the impact of a

disaster to minimizeits effects

(sometimes referred

to as structural andnon-structuralmeasures).

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MITIGATION

Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to reduce its

impacts, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures.

Mitigation activities fall broadly into two categories:

1 Structural mitigation construction projects which reduce economic

and social impacts

2 Non-structural activities policies and practices which raise

awareness of hazards or encourage developments to reduce the impact

of disasters.


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Four sets of tool to mitigate Disaster

a Hazard management and vulnerability reduction

b Economic diversification

c Political intervention and commitmentd Public awareness


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Mitigation strategies

Two aspects of mitigation include:

1 Hazard identification and vulnerability analysis and2 Various mitigation strategies or measures.

Miti ti t t i


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Mitigation strategies or measures

Adjusting normal development programmes to reduce losses.

For instance, varieties of crops that are more wind, flood or drought

resistant can often be introduced in areas prone to floods, drought andcyclones.

Economic diversification.

In areas where the principal or sole source

of the income may be threatened, attempts should be made to diversifythe economy and introduce the economic activities that are less

vulnerable. Diversification is extremely important where economies

are dependent on a single cash crop.

Developing disaster resistant economic activities.

Some economic activities are relatively unaffected by disasters. For instance,

situating warehouses in flood plains may be more appropriate than

manufacturing plants in the same location. Coconut palms could be

more suitable than other fruit trees in cyclone-prone coastal areas.

Efforts should be made to identify and encourage the development of

enterprises that are less vulnerable to the hazards.


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Disaster Mitigation and Infrastructure

1Investment in infrastructure to support sustainable socioeconomic

development;

2 Investment in infrastructure for reconstruction and recovery.


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Preparedness

Measures taken in

anticipation of a disasterto ensure that

appropriate and effectiveactions are taken in the

aftermath.

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During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and

individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and

enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include:

Preparedness plans

Emergency exercises/training

Warning systemsEmergency communications systems

Evacuations plans and training

Resource inventories

Emergency personnel/contact lists

Mutual aid agreementsPublic information/education


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Di t Ri k R d ti (DRR)


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Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

DRR recommendations for countries :Policy, planning and capacity building in disastermanagement

Physical prevention; example, building sea-walls

against storm surge or flood shelters during flood

events

Capacity building at institutional and systemic

level in disaster preparedness


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Difference between DM and DRM Sharpen our knowledge about differentterminologies

Difference between Recovery, Rehabilitationand Reconstruction

Difference between Preparedness, Mitigation,and Prevention,

Clear cut distinction between differentterminologies

Conclusion

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Introduction to Disasters

And TheirImpacts

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Disasters


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EarthquakeFloods

Cyclone

Drought

Landslide

Forest Fire

AvalancheNuclear

Disaster

Tsunami

Chemical & Industrial Disaster

Disasters

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Most of the worlds worst disasters tend to occur between the Tropic of Cancerand the Tropic of Capricorn. Coincidentally, this is the area that is inhabited by thepoorer countries of the world.

India is a country highly vulnerable to naturaldisasters.With a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions, India is a highly disaster-prone country in the Asia-Pacific region. While floods, cyclones, draughts,

earthquakes and epidemics are frequent from time to time.

Northern mountain regions, including the foothills are prone to snow-storms, landslides and earthquakes. The eastern coastal areas are prone to severe floodsand cyclones (Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, etc.). States like Bihar, Assamand Uttar Pradesh get major floods almost every year. Western desert areas are

prone to droughts

Di t V l bilit i I di


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Disaster Vulnerability in India

59% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes28% of land vulnerable to Drought

12% of land vulnerable to Floods( 37% in 1998)8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones

Different types of manmade Hazards1 million houses damaged annually + human, economic,

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Disasters defined various ways

Basis of degree of physical impact of the event,magnitude, disruptions of public safety, andcontrollability of event

WHO - Any occurrence that causes damage,ecologica l disrupt ion, loss of human l i fe anddeter iorat ion of heal th and heal th serv ices

PAN American Health Organization defined disasteras an overwhelm ing ecologica l disrupt ion

W.Nick Carter define it as an event, natural or

manmade, sudden or progress ive, which impactw i th such sever i ty that the af fected commun i ty hasto respond b y tak ing except ional measures

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Oxford dictionary sudden & great

misfurturne

Big in magnitude/comes without noticeTwo essential component: Massive scale

and suddenness

Unexpected happening causing hugeloss of l i fe and property

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A sudden event with a variable mixture of fourfactors:- Injury to human beings Destruction of property Overwhelming of local response resources

Disruption of organized social mechanismsClaims so many victims discrepancy arisesbetween their number and treatment capacityIt a disruption everywhere in life and health, in lifeprocesses, human, social and environmentalactivitiesDisrupts the total organization and administrationof the affected area

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Major Disaster

1. Causing damage to more then 1%

of gross national product

2. Causing death of 100 persons ormore at a time and place

3. Affecting more than 1% of the

population of an area

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`D of`Disaster denotes :

Disruption

Death Damage

Destruction

Disabilities

Difficulties

Diversion of resources

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Types of Disaster

Disasters are frequently categorized

according to their perceived causes and

speed of impact.A.

Natural Disasters

Man-made Disasters

B.

Slow on-set Disasters

Sudden on-set Disasters52/80

Di t Cl ifi ti


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Disaster Classification

Natural Disaster Manmade Disaster

Meteorological

Storms (Cyclones, hailstorms, hurricanes,tomadoes, typhoons and snow storms)

Cold spells, Heat, Waves, Droughts

Topographical disasters

Avalanches, Landslides and Floods

Geological disasters

Earthquakes, Tsumanis, Volcaniceruptions

Biological disasters

Insect Swarms (locust) and epidemicsof communicable diseases

Civil disturbances

Riots, Explosion & Demonstrations

Warfare

Conventional Warfare (bombardment, blockage and siege)

Non conventional warfare

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical warfare (NBC),Guerrilla Warfare including Terrorism

Refugees

Forced movement of large number of people usually acrossfrontiers

Accidents

Transportation calamities (land, air and Sea), Collapse ofbuilding, dams and other structures, mine disasters, fire,poison gas panic

Technological failures (Nuclear power station, leak at a chemical plant, breakdown of a public sanitation system

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Types of Disaster


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Types of Disaster

Water and Climate Related DisastersFloods, Droughts, Cyclones, Tornadoes, Hurricanes,

Cloud burst, Snow Avalanches, Heat & Cold Waves.

Geological Disasters

Earthquakes, Landslides, Mudflows,

Sea Erosion,.

Biological Disasters

Biological Disasters, Epidemics, Cattle epidemics.

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H d t l i l


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.HydrometeorologicalNatural processes or phenomena of atmospheric,

hydrological or oceanographic nature, which maycause the loss of life or injury, property damage,

social and economic disruption or environmental

degradation

Hydrometeorological hazards inc lude: f lood s,

debr is and mud f loods; tropical cyclones, storm

surges, thunder/hai ls torm s, rain and wind

sto rms, bl izzards and o ther severe sto rms;

drought, desert i f icat ion , w i ldland fires,

temperature extremes, sand o r dust storm s;

permafrost and snow or ice avalanches.

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Geological


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Geological

Natural earth processes or phenomena that may

cause the loss of life or injury, property damage,social and economic disruption or environmental

degradation

Geologic al hazard inc ludes internal earthprocesses o r tecton ic or ig in, such as

earthquakes, geolog ical fault act iv i ty,

tsunam is, volcanic act iv i ty and emiss ions as

wel l as external pro cesses such as mass

movements: landsl ides, rocks l ides, rock fal ls

or avalanches, surfaces co l lapses, expansive

soi ls and debr is or mud f lows.

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.Chemical/ Industrial/ Nuclear Disasters

Chemical & Industrial Disasters,

Oil Spill Fires, Mine Fires & Mine Flooding,

Nuclear Disasters

. Accident Related Disasters

Road, Rail and other Transportation accidents

including Waterways(Boat Capsizing),

Major Building Collapse, Serial Bomb Blasts,

Festival related Disasters

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Slow on-set Disasters

Situations in which the ability of people to

sustain their livelihood slowly declines to a

point where survival is ultimatelyjeopardized,like drought. Such situations

are typically brought on or precipitated by

ecological, social, economic or political

conditions.

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Sudden on-set Disasters

Sudden calamities caused by natural

phenomena such as earthquakes, floods,tropical storms, volcanic eruptions. They

strike with little or no warning and have an

immediate adverse effect on human

population, activities, and economic

systems.

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General Effects of Disaster


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Loss of Life

Injury

Damage to and destruction

of property

Damage to infrastructure

General Effects of Disaster

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General Effects


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Damage to livelihood source

National Economic Loss

Environmental Damage

Sociological & Psychological

After effects

General Effects

Community needs emergency

shelter, food, clothing, medical,

social care,.. ..

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Reasons for large number of disasters

Population Growth

Unplanned /ill - planned Urban Development

Development of exposed areas

Deteriorating Environmental conditions

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BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE


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BUILDING A BETTER FUTURE

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES IN INDIA

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Paradigm Shift


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Paradigm Shift

The national vision is of a paradigm shift, fromerstwhile response- centric, syndrome to aproactive prevention, mitigation andpreparedness driven approach to DM.

The paradigm shift from response topreparedness has enhanced the importance ofpre-disaster preparedness measure.

Capacity building of the role players is crucialfor comprehensive disaster management efforts.

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S I t t A hi t


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Some Important Achievements

High Powered Committee on DisasterManagement, in August 1999.

National Committee on Disaster Management,

after Gujarat Earthquake,2001.

Working Group on Disaster Management

Disaster Management Act -2005

Disaster Management Policy, 2009

Planning Commission : Chapter on Disaster

Management: The Development Perspective" in

Xth Plan Document74/80

CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME FOR

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SALIENT


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT - SALIENT

FEATURES

Setting up of Disaster Management Authority

Setting up of National Centre for Disaster

Management / NIDM

Setting up of Disaster Management Authorities inStates and Districts.

Programme for Community Participation

and Public Awareness

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National Disaster Management Planning

Orissa Supercyclone, 1999

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Same mistakes repeated again.

Lesson learning exercises.

Gujarat Earthquake, 2001

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Caught unprepared yet again.

No plan had ever covered tsunami.

Tsunami, 2004

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Where can disaster reduction best begin?37/38

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Th k YThank You

Definition and Concepts in Disaster Management

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Transcript of Definition and Concepts in Disaster Management