Defining and Defining and Measuring StressMeasuring Stress

Chapter 5Chapter 5

WHAT IS STRESS?WHAT IS STRESS?

RESPONSE TO INCREASED RESPONSE TO INCREASED DEMANDDEMAND

A NEGATIVE EMOTIONA NEGATIVE EMOTION

A MOTIVATORA MOTIVATOR

THE CAUSE OF ILLNESSESTHE CAUSE OF ILLNESSES

StressorEvent

Cognitive ProcessingAppraisal

BehaviorCoping

ResponsePhysiological

CognitiveAffective

THE STRESSORTHE STRESSOR

COULD BE ANY STIMULUSCOULD BE ANY STIMULUS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVEPOSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

LIFE EVENTSLIFE EVENTS

DAILY HASSELSDAILY HASSELS

COGNITVE PROCESSING - COGNITVE PROCESSING - APPRAISALAPPRAISAL

LAZARUS POPULARIZED THE IDEA LAZARUS POPULARIZED THE IDEA OF APPRAISALOF APPRAISAL

OUR INTERPRETATIONS DICTATE OUR INTERPRETATIONS DICTATE WHAT IS STRESSFULWHAT IS STRESSFUL

BASED ON PERCEIVED THREATBASED ON PERCEIVED THREAT

TYPES OF APPRAISALTYPES OF APPRAISAL

PRIMARYPRIMARY The initial appraisalThe initial appraisal

SECONDARYSECONDARY Appraisal of coping abilityAppraisal of coping ability

OptionsOptions Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Outcome Expectancy Outcome Expectancy

THE RESPONSETHE RESPONSE PHYSIOLOGICALPHYSIOLOGICAL

FIGHT OR FLIGHTFIGHT OR FLIGHT BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS)BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS)

COGNITIVECOGNITIVE WORRYWORRY RUMINATIONRUMINATION FOCUSFOCUS

AFFECTIVEAFFECTIVE TENSETENSE SAD/HURTSAD/HURT OVERWHELMEDOVERWHELMED PUMPEDPUMPED

PHYSIOLOGY OF PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESSSTRESS

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMSYSTEM

NEUROENDOCIRNE SYSTEMNEUROENDOCIRNE SYSTEM

ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSEADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE

ADRENOMEDULLARY RESPONSEADRENOMEDULLARY RESPONSE

Figure 5.1 (p. 100)Figure 5.1 (p. 100)Divisions of the human Divisions of the human

nervous system.nervous system.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

CONTROLS MOBILIZATION OF BODIES RESOURCES – FIGHT/FLIGHT RESPONSE

THE EFFECTS OF ANSTHE EFFECTS OF ANS SYMPATHETICSYMPATHETIC

INCREASEINCREASE HR, RESPIRATION, BP, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, HR, RESPIRATION, BP, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION,

BLOOD TO MUSCLESBLOOD TO MUSCLES DECREASEDECREASE

IMMUNE SYSTEM , DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONSIMMUNE SYSTEM , DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS PARASYMATHETICPARASYMATHETIC

RETURN TO BASELINERETURN TO BASELINE RELAXATION DIGESTIONRELAXATION DIGESTION PUPILLARY CONSTRICTIONPUPILLARY CONSTRICTION SALIVA FLOWSALIVA FLOW NEAR VISIONNEAR VISION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES

SUMMARY OF STRESS SUMMARY OF STRESS RESPONSERESPONSE

HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES CRFRELEASES CRF

PITUITARY PITUITARY RELEASES ACTHRELEASES ACTH

AC – RELEASES AC – RELEASES CORTISOL CORTISOL +ENERGY +FOCUS - +ENERGY +FOCUS -

IMMUNEIMMUNE

AUTONOMIC AUTONOMIC NEURONS TRAVEL TO NEURONS TRAVEL TO AM AND SECRETE AM AND SECRETE AchAch

AM - RELEASES E AM - RELEASES E AND NE AND NE

INIATES AND DRIVES INIATES AND DRIVES FIGHT/FLIGHTFIGHT/FLIGHT

STESSOR IS APPRAISED AS HARMFUL/THREATSTESSOR IS APPRAISED AS HARMFUL/THREAT

The Effect of Chronic Stress The Effect of Chronic Stress Over Time: The General Over Time: The General Adaptation SyndromeAdaptation Syndrome

SOURCES OF STRESSSOURCES OF STRESS

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT CROWDINGCROWDING POLLUTIONPOLLUTION NOISENOISE URBAN PRESSURBAN PRESS

OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

MEASURING STRESSMEASURING STRESS

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL MEASURESMEASURES HORMONE LEVELSHORMONE LEVELS BPBP HRHR GSRGSR

LIFE EVENTS SCALESLIFE EVENTS SCALES EVERYDAY HASSELS SCALEEVERYDAY HASSELS SCALE

CopingCoping

Emotion Focused CopingEmotion Focused Coping Coping w/the responseCoping w/the response

Problem-Focused CopingProblem-Focused Coping Changing the appraisalChanging the appraisal Changing the eventChanging the event

EVENT

RESPONSE

APPRAISAL

APPRAISAL

Problem Focused Coping

Emotion Focused Coping

Theories of Coping: Theories of Coping: Problem- & Emotion- Focused Problem- & Emotion- Focused

Lazarus & Folkman Lazarus & Folkman (1984) (Strategy)(1984) (Strategy)

Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused

Seeking info. Going to GP

Think of options Devise plan Change job

Talk to friends Going shopping

Drinking Relaxing

Avoidance

Resolve cause of problems

Managing emotional impact of problem

Who Uses Which?Who Uses Which?

Problem-Focused Emotion-Focused

Children

Males

Adolescents+High perceived controllability

Low perceived controllability

Relationship problems

Females

Low resourcesWork

problems

Effectiveness of Coping Effectiveness of Coping StrategiesStrategies

Effectiveness of coping strategy Effectiveness of coping strategy relates to the nature of the problemrelates to the nature of the problem

A flexible approach is better than A flexible approach is better than rigid use of specific style rigid use of specific style

Many studies indicate that problem-Many studies indicate that problem-solving is overall a better strategy solving is overall a better strategy

Global Factors Influencing Global Factors Influencing Coping: Social SupportCoping: Social Support

Social Support –Material and emotional support Social Support –Material and emotional support from othersfrom others EmotionalEmotional InstrumentalInstrumental InformationalInformational

StructureStructure Social Network Social Network MarriageMarriage Social IsolationSocial Isolation

Gender Differences – Tend and BefriendGender Differences – Tend and Befriend Women seek moreWomen seek more Women give moreWomen give more Stronger effects on health for womenStronger effects on health for women

Social Support and Social Support and HealthHealth

The DataThe Data Studies in different states and countries Studies in different states and countries

support the linksupport the link CorrelationalCorrelational

The mechanismThe mechanism Encouragement - ComplianceEncouragement - Compliance Appraisal copingAppraisal coping Buffering hypothesisBuffering hypothesis

Just Thinking About Just Thinking About Support HelpsSupport Helps

For this study, “undergraduates (41 men, 41 women) wrote For this study, “undergraduates (41 men, 41 women) wrote about supportive ties or casual acquaintances. Supportive about supportive ties or casual acquaintances. Supportive ties were rated as warmer and less controlling than ties were rated as warmer and less controlling than acquaintances, and writing about them evoked reductions acquaintances, and writing about them evoked reductions in negative affect, especially for low-hostile participants," in negative affect, especially for low-hostile participants," the researchers said. the researchers said.

"Compared with the acquaintance condition, the supportive "Compared with the acquaintance condition, the supportive tie condition resulted in reduced heart rate and blood tie condition resulted in reduced heart rate and blood pressure response during a subsequent speech stressor” pressure response during a subsequent speech stressor” among low-hostile participants.among low-hostile participants.

Mental activation of supportive ties, hostility, and cardiovascular Mental activation of supportive ties, hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress in young men and womenreactivity to laboratory stress in young men and women. . Health Health

PsychologyPsychology, 2004;23(5):476-485., 2004;23(5):476-485.

Mobilizing Social Mobilizing Social SupportSupport

Qualities of Effective Social SupportQualities of Effective Social Support Emotional SharingEmotional Sharing CooperationCooperation

Increasing Social SupportIncreasing Social Support Improve Existing NetworksImprove Existing Networks Support GroupsSupport Groups

Global Factors Influencing Global Factors Influencing Coping: Personal ControlCoping: Personal Control

Internal vs. External Locus of Internal vs. External Locus of ControlControl Internal is betterInternal is better

Perceived ControlPerceived Control Higher is betterHigher is better

Langer and Rodin (1976)Langer and Rodin (1976) Nursing home residentsNursing home residents Personal control increased physical and Personal control increased physical and

mental health statusmental health status