Pathology is the study of the biochemical, functional and morphological changes in tissues and fluids of the body in response to injury (during disease).

Necropsy examination of the body after death to observe the lesions for diagnosis.

Biopsy examination it is the removal and microscopic examination of tissues from the living body for diagnosis.

Postmortem changes changes that develop after death.

cellular adaptation Cellular adaptation refers to those adjustments that a cell makes in response to changes in the environment in which it must live.

CELLULAR ATROPHY Cellular atrophy refers to the decrease in size of a cell through a loss of cell substance (organelles, etc.)

Agenesis refers to an organ or tissue that failed to develop and is absent (e.g.,one kidney may be absent at birth).

Hypoplasia refers to a tissue or organ that never reached its normal size or structure (incomplete growth).

Cellular hypertrophy is an adaptive response in which there is an increase in cell size and subsequently, an increase in the size of the involved organ or tissue.

Cellular hyperplasia is an adaptive response in which there is an increase in the number of cells, results in an increase in size of the involved organ or tissue.

Cellular metaplasia is an adaptive response in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

If the limits of adaptive capabilities are exceeded, the affected cell may become ill or even die the

condition arises which is known as cell injury or cell death

Fatty change refers to an abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells.

Pyknosis refers to a nucleus that progressively shrinks and becomes transformed into a small, dense, wrinkled mass of tightly packed chromatin.

Karyorrhexi refers to a nucleus that breaks or fragments into many pieces.

Karyolysis refers to a nucleus in which there is progressive dissolution of the chromatin and eventual disappearance of the nucleus.

Necrosis Death of cells and tissues while the body is whole and still living

Hypoxia is decreased oxygen supply to tissues.

Ischemia is decreased blood flow to or from an organ. Which can be caused by

obstruction of arterial blood flow.

Edema is increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces or it is a fluid

accumulation in the body cavities in excessive amount.

Hypermia can be defined as a local increase in volume of blood in a

particular tissue.

Hemorrhage is extravasation of blood outside the blood vessel.

Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid or semisolid mass from the

constituents of the blood within the vascular system during life.

An embolus is a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried byblood to sites distant from its point of origin.