Defence of the Realm Act (1914) - Gave government wide ranging powers to run the war. Defence of the...
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DORA
• Defence of the Realm Act (1914) - Gave government wide ranging powers to run the war.The legislation gave the government executive
powers to suppress published criticism, imprison without trial, and to commandeer economic
resources for the war effort.
• DORA was also used to control civilian behaviour. This included regulating alcohol consumption and
food supplies.
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Munitions
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What was the problem?
Planning clearly inadequate
Chronic shortage of shells and bullets
New soldiers trained with sticks!
Rumours that soldiers limited to three rounds of ammo a day
Publicised by the Daily Mail
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What did the government do?
Coalition formed Lloyd George made
minister of munitions. In this role he:
Told essential workers to stay put rather than go where the pay was best
Brought women into the workforce
Opened up the government’s own munitions factories
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Crisis was alleviated, and army well supplied
thereafter. Equal pay established for women after Unions
complained that paying them below the odds could lead to men being squeezed out of the market altogether.
Evidence of success
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100,000 women registered for industrial work
in 1915 – but only 5000 were given jobs! Women were to be thrown out of their jobs
once the boys came home. Trade unions complained that the bosses
weren’t subject to the same restrictions
Evidence of failure
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Rationing
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What was the problem?
In April 1917 German U-Boats were sinking 25% of British Merchant shipping
At one stage Britain had only 6 weeks supply of wheat left!
Prices almost doubled between 1914-1917 and easily outstripped wages – strikes and demonstrations
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Women’s Land Army set up to in Feb 1917
to recruit women as farm workers Wages of industrial workers raised after
the strikes May 1917: voluntary rationing system
introduced - Royal family publicised the scheme
November: Price of bread restricted to the “ninepenny loaf”,
recipe books produced
What did the government do?
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Rationing welcomed as a fair system By the end of the war the diet of many poorer
people had improved as a result of the system!
Evidence of success
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None of the measures relieved the food
shortage Early 1918 – compulsory rationing introduced
of sugar, butter, meat and beer Coupon books distributed Stiff penalties for anyone who broke the rules
Evidence of failure
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Women & the War EffortWomen & the War Effort
The WSPU and the NUWSS suspended their suffrage campaigns when the war began in 1914. They contributed to the war in a number of important ways, most importantly, they began volunteering to fill the gaps left by the men.
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1. Recruitment1. Recruitment
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2. Employment
A female conductor on a London bus
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3. Red Cross Nurses3. Red Cross Nurses
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A Woman Ambulance Driver
A Woman Ambulance Driver
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Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
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4. Women in the Army Auxiliary (W.A.A.C)
4. Women in the Army Auxiliary (W.A.A.C)
The Women’s Royal Navy Service (W. R. N. S.)Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF)
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5. Working in the Fields
Women’s Land Army
5. Working in the Fields
Women’s Land Army
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6. Munitions Workers6. Munitions Workers
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French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
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German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
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7. Spies7. Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!