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DEFENCE COMMUNICATION THROUGH DEFENCE COMMUNICATION THROUGH SATELLITESSATELLITES

By

Lt Col Khairul Kamal Subari RMAF

Defence Communications & Electronic Division MAF HQ

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SCOPE Introduction to Satellite Why Satellite? VSAT in General Spectrum Allocation & Characteristics VSAT Network Topology C Band vs Ku Band Defence Operation Using Satellite

Communication Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE

Satellites– Specialize transceiver– Place in orbit around earth

Satellites uses– Communications– Weather– Global Positioning systems – Scientific studies of our planet,

the atmosphere and the universe

– Spy

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INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE continues…..

Satellite Orbits

GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit 35,400 Km

MEO Medium Earth Orbit 20,000 – 30,000 Km

LEO Low Earth Orbit 200 – 1400 Km

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Basic Satellite Communication :

- Line of sight microwave system with a single repeater (transponder) located at space

- Space segment or satellite (e.g. Intelsat, Inmarsat, Measat)

- Ground segment or earth station which includes:

- Antenna

- Outdoor Unit (ODU) (e.g. Feedhorn, Low Noise Amplifier, Solid State Power Amplifier)

- Inter Facility Link (IFL) - waveguide or coaxial cable

- Indoor Unit (IDU) (e.g. Up/Down Converter, Satellite Modem)

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

Transmitting Earth Station

(Outdoor Unit)

Receiving Earth Station

(Outdoor Unit)

Down Link

4 GHz

Up Link

6 GHz

Satellite

Indoor Unit

Indoor Unit

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KINARUTLABUAN

MELAKA

KUANTAN

WANGSA MAJU

CYBERJAYA

SEMATAN

Legend:

Existing E/S

SARAWAK

SABAH

SINGAPORE

BRUNEI

PanAmSAT

169 E

I N T E L S A T

174 E 177 E 180 E 183 E

I N T E L S A T

60 E 62 E 64 E

ASIA SAT

100.5 E

MEA SAT-1/ 3

91.5 E

APSTAR 2R

76.5 E

P A L A P A

113 E 118 E

Earth Station ServicesKuantan PSTN, Broadcast, VSATMelaka PSTN, BroadcastLabuan PSTN, Broadcast, VSAT, Internet

Wangsa Maju Broadcast, VSATSematan BroadcastKinarut Broadcast

Cyberjaya VSAT, Internet, Multimedia

JCSat

128 E

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WHY SATELLITE?

Satellite comms provide the following:– Ubiquitous availability.– Terrestrial-free network.– Reliability.– Multi-cast content distribution.– Security & privacy.– Superior economics.– Rapid deployment & installation.– Flexibility & expandability.

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VSAT in General

VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal

Antenna Diameter : 0.6m ~ 4.5m

Traffic Capacity : 9.6kbps ~ 2Mbps

Frequency Bands : C-band (4 - 6 GHz) or Ku-band (12 - 14 GHz).

Use of Satellite : Geo-stationary satellite (36,000km above equator)

Network Configuration : i. Point - to - point

ii. Point - to - multipoint

- STAR network

- MESH network

Equipment List : i. Antenna (1.8m / 2.4m / 3.8m)

ii. Outdoor Unit (Feedhorne, LNA, SSPA)

iii. Indoor Unit (Chasis, Satellite Modem)

Applications : Voice, Data, Internet, Fax and Video

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SPECTRUM ALLOCATION & CHARACTERISTICS

VSAT Frequency Spectrum Allocation

This table acts as a guide only.

Band Frequency GHz Area Foot-print Delivered Power Rainfall effect

Band C 3 to 7 Large Low Minimum

Band Ku 10 to 18 Medium Medium Moderate

Band Ka 18 to 31 Small High Severe

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VSAT Network Topology

VSAT Point-to-Point

VSAT Star Network

VSAT Mesh Network

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VSAT STAR NETWORK

REMOTEOFFICE

CENTRAL HUBWITH NETWORKMANAGEMENT

STAR

1.8m / 2.4m Antenna

6.1m Antenna

Leased Circuit Network

LEASED LINE

REMOTE OFFICE

TERMINALCONTROLLER

Applicationswithin eachremote office

NTU

NTU

Cyberjaya E/S

Monitoring, controlling, troubleshooting, software configuration

Satellite

1.8m / 2.4m Antenna

TMNet Router

TMNet (Internet Cloud)

CUSTOMER HEADQUARTERS

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VSAT POINT-TO-POINT NETWORK

REMOTEOFFICE PABX

VIDEO RECEIVER

TERMINALCONTROLLER

Applicationswithin eachremote office

POINT TO POINT

REMOTEOFFICE #2

REMOTE

OFFICE #1

Satellite

64kbps - 2Mbps 64kbps - 2Mbps

2.4/3.8m Antenna2.4/3.8m Antenna

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VSAT MESH NETWORK

Applicationswithin eachremote office

REMOTEOFFICE

NETWORKCONTROLSYSTEM

MESH

2.4m Ant

2.4m Ant

3.8m Ant

NETWORK CONTROL SYSTEM (KUANTAN)

•Monitoring, controlling, troubleshooting, software configuration

Satellite

REMOTEOFFICE2.4m Antenna

REMOTEOFFICE PABX

VIDEO RECEIVER

TERMINALCONTROLLER

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Service Coverage on MEASAT-1

Types of Services offered on Measat-1

– VSAT– IDR Junction– TV Uplinking– Bandwidth of up to 2Mbps

Bridging Divides via Digital Satellite Technology from Telekom Malaysia

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Coverage area – Asia (including India & Russia), Hawaii, Australia & New Zealand

Service Coverage on JCSat-3

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C BAND VS KU BAND

PROS CONS

C BAND

Minimum effect from weather (rainfall)

Need larger antenna for bigger bandwidth

KU BAND

Smaller antenna Moderately affected by weather

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DEFENCE OPERATIONS USING SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

FOR QUICK DEPLOYMENT– KU BAND A BETTER CHOICE

SMALLER SIZE BIGGER BANDWIDTH

FOR CONTINUOS UNINTERUPTIBLE COMMS– C BAND PREFERABLE

NOT AFFECTED BY WEATHER BUT REQUIRE BIGGER ANTENNA

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CONCLUSION

Effective Defence Operations Using Satellite Comms– Using Both Band– Ku Band as Primary

Bigger Bandwidth Capable for multimedia transmission

– Smaller size C Band Antenna Backup to Ku Band on adverse weather

– Step-up with Ku Band moving ahead– C Band remain with transmission limited to voice & data– Networked C Band & Ku Band can meet the bandwidth

demand of a deployed HQ

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Thank you