Deep Sea Drilling Project results through Leg 39, plus a great...

Lithofacies distribution pattern for surface sediments in the South Atlantic Ocean in the Miocene. The data points are fromDeep Sea Drilling Project results through Leg 39, plus a great number of pre-Pleistocene piston cores in the collection of theLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. The palinspastic base map is adapted from "The Age of the Ocean Basins", a mapcompiled by Pitman, Larson, and Herron and published by the Geological Society of America. For a discussion of lithofaciesdistribution patterns in the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and each epoch of the Tertiary, see McCoy and Zimmerman,this volume. The sediment distribution patterns for each of the seven time slices are shown in color in a plate in a pocket atthe back of this volume.

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

Volume XXXIX

covering Leg 39 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar ChallengerAmsterdam, Netherlands to Cape Town, South Africa

October-December 1974

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

Katherina Perch-Nielsen, Peter R. Supko,Yury P. Neprochnov, Herman B. Zimmerman, Floyd McCoy,Naresh Kumar, Jörn Thiede, Enrico Bonatti, Ron Fodor,Anne Boersma, Menno G. Dinkelman, Richard L. Carlson

SCIENCE EDITOR

Peter R. Supko

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONNational Ocean Sediment Coring Program

Under Contract C-482By the

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAScripps Institution of Oceanography

Prime Contractor for the Project

References to this Volume

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volume bemade in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Supko, P. R., Perch-Nielsen, K. et al., 1977. Initial Reports of theDeep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 39: Washington (U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office).

Supko, P. R. and Perch-Nielsen, K., 1977. General Synthesis ofCentral and South Atlantic Drilling Results, Leg 39, Deep SeaDrilling Project. In Supko, P. R., Perch-Nielsen, K. et al., 1977.Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 39:Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), pp. 1099-1132.

Printed: August 1977

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price $19.00

Stock Number 038-000-00329-1

IV

Foreword

For the three and one-half years between1872 and 1876, the H.M.S. CHALLENGER—after which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGERis named—undertook the world's first majorOceanographic expedition. It is fitting that ourcentury should have its counterpart to that fa-mous ship a century ago whose voyages helpedestablished oceanography as a science. It isequally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGERshould be plying the same waters one centurylater seeking answers to new questions con-cerning the history of our planet and the life itsupports. The fundamental advancement ofour knowledge of the earth will lead to en-hanced capabilities to understand its processesand to use its natural resources intelligently.

The Deep Sea Drilling Project is beingundertaken within the context of the NationalScience Foundation^ Ocean Sediment CoringProgram. The Foundation is funding the proj-ect by means of a contract with the Universityof California, and the Scripps Institution ofOceanography is responsible for its manage-ment. The University has, in turn, subcon-tracted with Global Marine Incorporated forthe services of the drilling ship, GLOMARCHALLENGER.

Scientific planning is conducted under theauspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutionsfor Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). TheJOIDES consortium has convened advisorypanels for that purpose, consisting of a largenumber of distinguished scientists from the aca-demic institutions, Government agencies, andprivate industry of many countries. Altogether,the project has involved the active interest andparticipation of many of the world's best scien-tists and technologists.

The first ocean coring operations for theDeep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11,1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op-erations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and IndianOceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, andMediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, thescientific objectives that had been set forth weresuccessfully accomplished. Primarily, the ageof the ocean basins and their processes of de-velopment were determined. Emphasis wasplaced on broad reconnaissance and on testingthe involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systemsin the development of the ocean basins.

From these concepts come major interpre-tations of the results of the drilling as they bearon patterns of sedimentation and physical andchemical characteristics of the ancient oceans.

As a result of the success of the Deep SeaDrilling Project, the National Science Founda-tion extended its contract with the Universityof California to encompass an additional 36months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER to continue operations throughoutthe oceans of the world in exploring the deepocean floors for a period presently extendingone full decade. Scientific interest will involvemajor effort in drilling deeply into the oceaniccrustal igneous rocks to study the processes andmechanisms leading to the formation of theoceanic crust.

These reports contain the results of ini-tial studies of the recovered core material andthe associated geophysical information. Thecontribution to knowledge has been exceedinglylarge and future studies of the core materialover many years will contribute much more.

The importance of the work of the DeepSea Drilling Project and D/V GLOMARCHALLENGER is internationally recognized.In response to this recognition, a number ofnations are providing partial support. EffectiveJanuary 1974, the USSR and the Federal Re-public of Germany entered into agreementswith the United States for participation andsupport. Similar arrangements were agreed toby Japan in July 1975, the United Kingdom inSeptember 1975, and France in January 1976.

All people, in their lives, activities, andindustry, should benefit greatly from the project—from the technological advances that are be-ing made and through the information beingobtained on natural resources.

Richard C. AtkinsonDirector

Washington, D. C.October 1976

Recognizing the need in the Oceanographiccommunity for scientific planning of a programto obtain deep sedimentary cores from theocean bottoms, four of the major Oceano-graphic institutions that had strong interests andprograms in the fields of marine geology andgeophysics, formed in May 1964, the JointOceanographic Institutions for Deep EarthSampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory; RosenstielSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami; the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, University of California at SanDiego; and the Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution, expressed an interest in undertakingscientific planning and guidance of the sedi-mentary drilling program. It was the purposeof this group to foster programs to investigatethe sediments and rocks beneath the deepoceans by drilling and coring. The membershipof this original group was later enlarged in1968 when the University of Washington be-came a member, and again in 1975 when Uni-versity of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, theOregon State University School of Oceanog-raphy, the University of Rhode Island GraduateSchool of Oceanography, and Texas A&M Uni-versity Department of Oceanography becamemembers.

Through discussions sponsored by theJOIDES organization, with support from theNational Science Foundation the Lamont-Doh-erty Geological Observatory operated a drillingprogram with Dr. J. Lamar Worzel as PrincipalInvestigator. This successful drilling effort earlyin the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateauregion off Jacksonville, Florida, used the drillingvessel, Caldrill I.

With this success in hand, planning beganfor a more extensive deep sea effort. This re-sulted in the award of a contract by the NationalScience Foundation to the University of Cali-fornia for an eighteen-month drilling programin the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, termed theDeep Sea Drilling Project. Operations at seabegan in August 1968.

vii

The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectis to gather scientific information that will helpdetermine the age and processes of develop-ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategyis to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, relyinglargely on technology developed by the petro-leum industry.

Through the efforts of these five principalorganizations and of the panel members whichwere drawn from a large cross section of lead-ing earth scientists and associates, a scientificprogram was developed.

Cores recovered from deep beneath theocean floor will provide reference material fora multitude of future studies in fields such asbiostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and pa-leomagnetism, that will afford a new scope forstudies of the physical and chemical aspects ofsediment provenance, transportation, deposi-tion, and diagensis. In-hole measurements, asfeasible, should provide petrophysical data topermit inference of lithology of intervals fromwhich no cores were recovered.

A report, describing the core materials andinformation obtained both at sea and in labora-tories on shore, is published as soon as possibleafter the completion of each cruise. These re-ports are a cooperative effort of the scientistsparticipating in the cruise and are intended pri-marily to be a compilation of results which, itis hoped, will be the starting point for manyfuture new and exciting research programs.Preliminary interpretations of the data and ob-servations taken at sea, are also included.

Core materials and data collected on thecruise will be made available to qualified scien-tists through the Curator of the Deep SeaDrilling Project, following a Sample Distribution

Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National Sci-ence Foundation.

The advent of Glomar Challenger, with itsdeep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly time-ly. It has come when geophysical investigationof the oceans has matured through 20 to 30years of vigorous growth to the point wherewe have some knowledge about much of theformerly unknown oceanic areas of our planet.About one million miles of traverses had beenmade which tell us much about the global pat-tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anomalies,and about the composition, thickness and strati-fication of the sedimentary cover of the deep-sea and continental margin. The coverage withsuch data has enabled the site selection panelsto pick choice locations for drilling. The knowl-edge gained from each hole can be extendedinto the surrounding area. Detailed geophysicalsurveys were made for most of the selected lo-cations prior to drilling.

The earth sciences have recently maturedfrom an empirical status to one in which sub-stantial theories and hypotheses about majortectonic processes are flourishing. Theoriesabout the origin of magnetic fields and magneticreversals, about ocean floor spreading and con-tinental drift, and about the thermal history ofour planet, have led to specific predictions thatcould be tested best by an enlightened programof sampling of deep-sea and continental marginsediments and underlying rocks.

The members of JOIDES and the scien-tists from all interested organizations who haveserved on the various advisory panels are proudto have been of service to the Nation and be-lieve that the information and core materialsthat have been obtained will be of value to stu-dents of earth sciences and all humanity formany years to come.

Vin

Deep SeaDrilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FORDEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):*

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften and Rohstoffe,Federal Republic of Germany

OPERATING INSTITUTION:

Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaW. A. Nierenberg, Director

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, ColumbiaUniversity

Rosenstiel School of Marine and AtmosphericScience, University of Miami

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

Project Chief ScientistN. T. Edgar

Principal Investigator andProject Manager

M. N. A. Peterson

USSR Academy of Sciences

University of Washington

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

* Includes member organizations during time of thecruise.

IX

Participants Aboard

GLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Thirty Nine:

Dr. Katharina Perch-NielsenCo-Chief Scientist & Paleontologist

Eidg. Technische Hochschule ZurichGeologisches InstitutCH-8006 ZurichSonneggstrasse 5

, Switzerland

Dr. Peter R. SupkoCo-Chief Scientist & Editorial Representative

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDeep Sea Drilling ProjectLa Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Yury P. NeprochnovSedimentologist

P. P.Shirshov Institute of OceanologyUSSR Academy of SciencesI, Letnyaya, LublinoMoscow, 109387, USSR

Dr. Herman B. ZimmermanSedimentologist

Union CollegeCivil Engineering DepartmentSchenectady, New York 12308

Dr. Floyd McCoySedimentologist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Dr. Naresh KumarSedimentologist


Dr. Jörn ThiedeSedimentologist

Department of OceanographyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon 97331

Dr. Enrico BonattiIgneous Petrologist

University of MiamiRosenstiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric Sciences10 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, Florida 33149

Dr. Ron FodorIgneous Petrologist

Department of GeologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87106

Dr. Anne BoersmaPaleontologist


Dr. Menno G. DinkelmanPaleontologist

Geology DepartmentThe Florida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32306

Mr. Richard L. CarlsonPhysical Properties Specialist

University of WashingtonDepartment of Geological SciencesSeattle, Washington 98195

Mr. David L. EdmistonCruise Operations Manager

A tlantic Richfield Company1225 Ashland DriveDallas, Texas 75080

Mr. Melvin FieldsMeteorologist

NOAA-National Weather ServiceEast Coast Weather Patrol439 West York StreetNorfolk, Virginia 23510

Captain J. A. ClarkeCaptain of the Drilling Vessel

(6 October-20 December 1974)Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California

Mr. Jim RuddellDrilling Superintendent

(6 October-20 December 1974)Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California

Captain Loyd DillCaptain of the Drilling Vessel

(21 December 1974-15 February 1975)Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California

Mr. Cotton GuessDrilling Superintendent

(21 December 1974-15 February 1975)Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California

XI

Mr. Michael LehmanLaboratory Officer

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Dennis GrahamChemist


Mr. Allen PorterElectronics Technician


Mr. Robert ByrneElectronics Technician


Mr. John DewarMarine Technician


Mr. Craig DootsonMarine Technician


Ms. Ann GilbertMarine Technician


Mr. Donald MarseeMarine Technician


Ms. Trudy WoodPaleontological Preparation


Mr. Orrin RussiePhotographer


Ms. Louise HenryYeoman

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of Oceanography

La Jolla, California 92093

Senior Project PersonnelDr. Melvin N. A. PetersonPrincipal Investigator andProject ManagerMr. Frank C. MacTernanPrincipal Engineer andDeputy Project Manager

Dr. David G. MooreChief Scientist

Dr. Stan M. WhiteAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Operations

Dr. John L. UsherAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Services

Mr. William R. RiedelCurator

Mr. Valdemar LarsonOperations Manager

Mr. Stanley T. Serocki

Mr. William T. SoderstromFinance Administrator

Mr. Robert OlivasLogistics Officer

Mr. Robert S. BowerContracts Officer

Ms. Sue StrainProject Development Engineer Personnel Officer

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications StaffDr. Ansis G. KanepsScience Editor

Ms. Paula WorstellScience Editor

Mr. James ShambachCopy Editor

Mr. Ray SilkProduction Manager

Ms. Virginia L. RomanArt Supervisor

Ms. Jody SpearProduction Coordinator

XU

JOIDES AdvisoryGroups*

Executive CommitteeDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Warren S. Wooster

Rosensteil School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Dr. William A. NierenbergScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Arthur E. MaxwellWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Maurice RattrayUniversity of Washington

Academician Andrie S. MoninP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Prof. Dr. F. BenderBundesanstalt für Bodenforschung

Dr. Hans Closs **Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung

Mr. John I. EwingLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Paul M. FyeWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Charles J. MerdingerScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Gleb UdintsevP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Dr. Melvin N. A. Peterson (Ex-Officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Planning CommitteeMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. William W. Hay

Rosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Dr. Joe S. CreagerUniversity of Washington

Mr. William R. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. James R. HeirtzlerWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution


Dr. Hans ClossBundesanstalt für Bodenforschung

* Includes members during time of Leg 36(April-May 1974)

** Alternate

Dr. N. Terence Edgar (Ex-Officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. George ShorScripps Institution of Oceanography

Atlantic Advisory PanelMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. William A. Berggren

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Dennis E. Hayes

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Xavier Le Pichon

Centre National pour VExploitationdes Oceans

Dr. Kenneth S. DeffeyesPrinceton University

Dr. Anthony S. LaughtonInstitute of Oceanographic Sciences

Dr. Fabrizio AumentoDalhousie University

Dr. Enrico BonattiRosenstiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science


Dr. Karl HinzBundesanstalt für Bodenforschung

Dr. Charles D. HollisterWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Ulrich von RadBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Mediterranean Advisory PanelDr. Kenneth J. Hsü

Geologisches Institut der E.T.H.Dr. William B. F. Ryan

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Enrico Bonatti

Rosenstiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. David A. RossWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Maria Bianca CitaUniversity of Milano

Dr. Lucien MontadertInstitut Francais du Pétrole

Dr. Frank H. FabriciusTechnische Universitat München

Xin

Dr. Hans ClossBundesanstalt für Bodenforschung

Antarctic Advisory PanelDr. Dennis E. Hayes

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Robert H. Rutford

University of NebraskaDr. James P. Kennett

University of Rhode IslandDr. Ian W. D. Dalziel

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. David W. Scholl

United States Geological ObservatoryDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Peter Barker

University of BirminghamDr. David J. W. Piper

Dalhousie UniversityProf. A. P. Lisitzin

P. P. Shirshov Institute of OceanologyDr. A. V. Zhivago

P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Advisory Panel on Igneous andMetamorphic PetrographyDr. Ian D. MacGregor

University of California at DavisDr. Nikolas I. Christensen

University of WashingtonDr. Leonid Dmitriev

USSR Academy of SciencesDr. Frederick A. Frey

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDr. Stanley R. Hart

Carnegie Institution of WashingtonDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Akiho Miyashiro

State University of New York at AlbanyDr. H. U. Schmincke

Ruhr-Universitat BochumDr. Tracy Valuer (Ex-Officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. W. Schreyer

Ruhr-Universitat Bochum

Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrologyand Physical PropertiesDr. George H. Keller

NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic andMeteorological Laboratories

Dr. Edwin L. HamiltonNaval Undersea Research Center

Dr. Alexander P. LisitzinUSSR Academy of Sciences

Prof. Dr. G. MullerLaboratorium für Sedimentforschung,Heidelberg

Dr. Adrian P. RichardsLehigh University

Dr. Nahum SchneidermannGulf Research and DevelopmentCompany

Dr. Tjeerd H. Van AndelOregon State University

Dr. John T. WhettenUniversity of Washington

Dr. Joe S. CreagerUniversity of Washington

Dr. Harry E. CookUnited States Geological Survey

Dr. Alfred G. FischerPrinceton University

Mr. Henry L. GillNaval Civil Engineering Laboratory

Advisory Panel on Paleontology andBiostratigraphyDr. William Berggren

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. C. W. Drooger

University of UtrechtDr. William W. Hay

Rosenstiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. Eric G. KauffmanSmithsonian Institution

Dr. Valeri KrasheninnikovUSSR Academy of Sciences

Dr. Helen LoeblichUniversity of California at Los Angeles

Dr. Emile A. PessagnoUniversity of Texas at Dallas

Dr. Tsunemasa SaitoLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Maria G. PetrushevskayaUSSR Academy of Sciences

Dr. Alan ShawAmoco Production Company

xiv

Dr. Hans-Joachim SchraderUniversity of Kiel

Dr. Reinhart WolfartBundesansta.lt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Advisory Panel on Organic GeochemistryDr. Keith A. Kvenvolden

NSAS Ames Research CenterDr. Earl W. Baker

Northeast Louisiana UniversityDr. Ellis E. Bray

Mobil Oil CompanyDr. N. A. Eremenko

Institute of Geology and Exploration ofCombustible Mineral Resources

Dr. William W. HayRosenstiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. Richard D. MclverEsso Production Research Laboratory

Dr. John M. HuntWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. J. Gordon ErdmanPhillips Petroleum Company

Dr. Erwin SuessOregon State University

Dr. A. A. GeodekjanP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR

Advisory Panel on Information HandlingDr. Melvin A. Rosenfeld

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Daniel W. Appleman

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Jack G. Barr

Standard Oil Company of CaliforniaDr. James C. Kelley

University of WashingtonDr. Peter R. Supko

Scripps Institution of OceanographyMr. William R. Riedel

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. I. Mikhaltsev

P. P. Shirshov Institute of OceanologyDr. T. A. Davies (Ex Officio)

Middlebury CollegeDr. H. Glashoff

Bundesansta.lt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeProfessor L. Sitnikov

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Advisory Panel on Pollution Preventionand SafetyDr. Hollis D. Hedberg

Princeton UniversityMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Louis E. Garrison

United States Geological SurveyDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Edward L. Winterer

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Dennis E. Hayes

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryMr. Oscar Weser

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. John E. Sherborne • • •

Union Oil Company of CaliforniaDr. H. Grant Goodell

University of Virginia

Advisory Panel on Inorganic GeochemistryDr. Heinrich D. Holland

Hoffman LaboratoryDr. Wallace S. Broecker

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Joris M. Gieskes

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Ian R. Kaplan

University of California at Los AngelesDr. Frank T. Manheim

University of South FloridaDr. Karl K. Turekian

Yale UniversityDr. Igor M. Varentsov

The USSR Academy of SciencesDr. Gleb N. Baturin

The USSR Academy of SciencesDr. Erwin Suess

Oregon State UniversityDr. K. H. Wedepohl

Geochemisches Institut der Universitàt/Gottingen

Industrial Liaison PanelMr. W. A. Roberts

Phillips Petroleum Company

*** Deceased

xv

Mr. Fred C. AçkmanEsso Exploration Inc.

Mr. Melvin J. HillGulf Oil Corporation

Mr. John D. MoodyMobil Oil Corporation

Ocean Crust Advisory PanelDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Leonid Dmitriev

Institute of Geochemistry, USSRDr. Stanley R. Hart

Carnegie Institution of WashingtonDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Ian D. MacGregor

University of California at DavisDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. W. Jason Morgan

Princeton UniversityDr. Hans Schmincke

Ruhr-Universitdt BochumDr. Werner Schreyer

Ruhr-Universitat BochumDr. John C. Sclater

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDr. Nikolas Christensen

University of WashingtonDr. Gleb Udintsev

P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active)Dr. Seiya Uyeda

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Joe S. Creager

University of WashingtonDr. I. P. Kosminskaya

Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSRDr. Loren W. Kroenke

University of HawaiiDr. Creighton A. Burk

Mobile Oil CorporationPrinceton, New Jersey

Dr. William J. LudwigLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Gordon PackhamUniversity of Sydney

Academician A. P. PieveInstitute of Geology, USSR

Dr. David W. SchollU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Roland Von HueneU.S. Geological Survey

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive)Dr. Joseph R. Curray

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. A. W. Bally

Shell Oil CompanyAcademician V. V. Beloussov

Soviet Geophysical CommitteeProfessor Daniel Bernoulli

Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, BaselProfessor Dr. Hans Closs

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeMr. John Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. K. Hinz

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Lucien Montadert

Institut Français du PetroleMr. David G. Roberts

Institute of Oceanographic SciencesDr. E. Seibold

Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Universitat-KielDr. Von Stackleberg

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Advisory Panel on Ocean PaleoenvironmentProfessor Hans M. Bolli

Technische Hochschule, ZurichDr. Thomas A. Davies

Scripps Institution of OceanographyMr. Jacques Debyser

CNEXO, ParisDr. William W. Hay

Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric ScienceDr. Valeri A. Krasheninnikov

Geological Institute, USSRDr. Alexander Lisitzin

P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSRDr. Isabella Premoli-Silva

University of MilanoMr. William R. Riedel

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. H.-J. Schrader

Geologisch-PalaontologischesInstitut der Universiteit Kiel

Dr.Tj. H.VanAndelOregon State University

Professor Thomas J. WorsleyUniversity of Washington

XVI

Advisory Panel on Site SurveyingDr. Brian T. R. Lewis

University of WashingtonDr. Mahlon Ball

Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric ScienceDr. Elizabeth Bunce

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Edgar S. Driver

Gulf Global Exploration CompanyMr. John Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Karl Hinz

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Donald M. Hussong

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. L. Kogan

Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology, USSR

Dr. I. P. KosminskayaInstitute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR

Dr. Marcus LangsethLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Vince RenardCentre Oceanologique de Bretagne

Dr. G. StoberDeminex, Dusseldorf

Dr. Gleb UdintsevP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR

Dr. Roland Von HueneU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Joe S. WatkinsUniversity of Texas

Dr. Edward L. WintererScripps Institution of Oceanography

xvπ

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectSAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi-gation will be undertaken in order to (1) providesupplementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec-tives of their particular cruise, and in addition toserve as a mechanism for contributions to the InitialReports; (2) provide individual investigators withmaterials that are stored with samples for referenceand comparison purposes.

The National Science Foundation has established aSample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu-tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accor-dance with usual Foundation practices, in a mannerthat will assure advice in the various disciplines lead-ing to a complete and adequate study of the coresand their contents. Funding for the proposed researchmust be secured separately by the investigator. Itcannot be provided through the Deep Sea DrillingProject.

The Deep Sea Drilling Projects Curator is respon-sible for distributing the samples and controlling theirquality, as well as preserving and conserving corematerial. He also is responsible for maintaining arecord of all samples that have been distributed,shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipient,and the nature of the proposed investigation. Thisinformation is made available to all investigators ofDSDP materials as well as other interested research-ers on request.

The distribution of samples is made directly from oneof the two existing repositories, Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory and Scripps Institution ofOceanography, by the Curator or his designatedrepresentative.

1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toContributions to Initial Reports

Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper toa given volume of the Initial Reports may write tothe Chief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcomingcruise. Requests for a specific cruise should bereceived by the Chief Scientist two months in advanceof the departure of the cruise in order to allow timefor the review and consideration of all requests andto establish a suitable shipboard sampling program.The request should include a statement of the nature

of the study proposed, size and approximate numberof samples required to complete the study, and anyparticular sampling technique or equipment thatmight be required. The requests will be reviewed bythe Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruiseco-chief scientists; approval will be given in accor-dance with the scientific requirements of the cruiseas determined by the appropriate JODIES AdvisoryPanel(s). If approved, the requested samples willbe taken, either by the shipboard party if the work-load permits, or by the curatorial staff shortly follow-ing the return of the cores to the repository. Pro-posals must be of a scope to ensure that samplescan be processed and a contribution completed intime for publication in the Initial Reports. Exceptfor rare, specific instances involving ephemeral prop-erties, sampling will not exceed one-quarter of thevolume of core recovered, with no interval beingdepleted and one-half of all core being retained asan archive. Shipboard sampling shall not exceedapproximately 100 igneous samples per investigator;in all cases co-chief scientists are requested to keepsampling to a minimum.

The co-chief scientists may elect to have specialstudies of selected core samples made by other inves-tigators. In this event the names of these investi-gators and complete listings of all materials loaned ordistributed must be forwarded, if possible, prior tothe cruise or, as soon as possible following the cruise,to the Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff ScienceRepresentative for that particular cruise. In suchcases, all requirements of the Sample DistributionPolicy shall also apply.

If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reachedin the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu-tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration.

Any publication of results other than in the InitialReports within twelve (12) months of the comple-tion of the cruise must be approved and authoredby the whole shipboard party and, where appropriate,shore-based investigators. After twelve months, indi-vidual investigators may submit related papers foropen publication provided they have submitted theircontributions to the Initial Reports. Investigationsnot completed in time for inclusion in the InitialReports for a specific cruise may not be published inother journals until final publication of that InitialReport for which it was intended. Notice of sub-mission to other journals and a copy of the articleshould be sent to the DSDP Chief Science Editor.

* Revised October 1976

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2. Distribution of Samples for Research leading toPublication other than in Initial Reports

A. Researchers intending to request samples forstudies beyond the scope of the Initial Reportsshould first obtain sample request forms fromthe Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project(A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-phy, University of California at San Diego,La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On theforms the researcher is requested to specifythe quantities and intervals of the corerequired, make a clear statement of the pro-posed research, state time required to com-plete and submit results for publication,specify the status of funding and the availa-bility of equipment and space foreseen forthe research.

In order to ensure that all requests for highlydesirable but limited samples can be con-sidered, approval of requests and distributionof samples will not be made prior to 2 monthsafter publication of the Initial Core Descrip-tions (I.C.D.). ICD's are required to bepublished within 10 months following eachcruise. The only exceptions to this policywill be for specific instances involving ephem-eral properties. Requests for samples can bebased on the Initial Core Descriptions, copiesof which are on file at various institutionsthroughout the world. Copies of original corelogs and data are kept on open file at DSDPand at the Repository at Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory, Palisades, NewYork. Requests for samples from researchersin industrial laboratories will be handled inthe same manner as those from academicorganizations, with the same obligation topublish results promptly.

B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis-tribute samples to 50ml per meter of core.Requests for volumes of material in excess ofthis amount will be referred to the NSFSample Distribution Panel for review andapproval. Experience has shown that mostinvestigations can be accomplished with 10mlsized samples or less. All investigators areencouraged to be as judicious as possible withregard to sample size and, especially, fre-quency within any given core interval. TheCurator will not automatically distribute anyparts of the cores which appear to be in par-ticularly high demand; requests for such partswill be referred to the Sample DistributionPanel for review. Requests for samples from

thin layers or important stratigraphic bound-aries will also require Panel review.

(2) If investigators wish to study certainproperties which may deteriorate prior to thenormal availability of the samples, they mayrequest that the normal waiting period notapply. All such requests must be reviewedby the curators and approved by the NSFSample Distribution Panel.

C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur-ance that funding for sample studies eitherexists or is not needed. However, neitherformal approval of sample requests nor dis-tribution of samples will be made until theappropriate time (Item A). If a samplerequest is dependent, either wholly or in part,on proposed funding, the Curator is preparedto provide to the organization to whom thefunding proposal has been submitted anyinformation on the availability (or potentialavailability) of samples that it may request.

D. Investigators receiving samples are respon-sible for:

(1) publishing significant results; howevercontributions shall not be submitted for pub-lication prior to 12 months following thetermination of the appropriate leg;

(2) acknowledging, in publications, thatsamples were supplied through the assistanceof the U.S. National Science Foundation andothers as appropriate;

(3) submitting five (5) copies (for distri-bution to the Curator's file, the DSDP Reposi-tories, the GLOMAR CHALLENGERSLibrary, and the National Science Founda-tion) of all reprints of published results tothe Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project(A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-phy, University of California at San Diego,La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.;

(4) returning, in good condition, the remain-ders of samples after termination of research,if requested by the Curator.

E. Cores are made available at repositories forinvestigators to examine and to specify exactsamples in such instances as may be neces-sary for the scientific purposes of the sam-pling, subject to the limitations of B (1 and2) and D, above, with specific permission ofthe Curator or his delegate.

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F. Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi-ments and thin sections of indurated sedi-ments, igneous and metamorphic rocks, willbe returned to the appropriate repository atthe end of each cruise or at the publicationof the Initial Reports for that cruise. Thesesmear slides and thin sections will form areference collection of the cores stored ateach repository and may be viewed at therespective repositories as an aid in the selec-tion of core samples.

G. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely pro-cesses by computer most of the quantitativedata presented in the Initial Reports. Spacelimitations in the Initial Reports preclude thedetailed presentation of all such data. How-ever, copies of the computer readout areavailable for those who wish the data forfurther analysis or as an aid on selectingsamples. A charge will be made to recoverexpenses in excess of $50.00 incurred infilling requests.

3. Other R ecords

Magnetics, seismic reflection, downhole logging, andbathymetric data collected by the GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER will also be available for distribution atthe same time samples become available.

Requests for data may be made to:

Associate Chief Scientist, Science ServicesDeep Sea Drilling Project (A-031)Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, California 92093

A charge will be made to recover the expenses inexcess of $50.00 in filling individual requests. Ifrequired, estimated charges can be furnished beforethe request is processed.

4. Reference Centers

As a separate and special category, samples will bedistributed for the purpose of establishing up to fivereference centers where paleontologic materials willbe available for reference and comparison purposes.The first of these reference centers has been approvedat Basel, Switzerland.

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CONTENTS

Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1

PART I: INTRODUCTORY ANDEXPLANATORY NOTES 3

1. INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATORYNOTES, LEG 39, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT 5Peter R. Supko, Katharina Perch-Nielsen, andRichard L. Carlson

PART II: SITE REPORTS 25

272. SITE 353: VEMA FRACTURE ZONEK. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,E. Bonatti, R. L. Carlson, F. McCoy, Y. P.Neprochnov, and H. B. ZimmermanWith an additional report from David E. Fisher

3. SITE 354: CEARA RISE 45K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,E. Bonatti, R. L. Carlson, F. McCoy, Y. P.Neprochnov, and H. B. Zimmerman

4. SITE 355: BRAZIL BASIN 101K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,R. L. Carlson, M. G. Dinkelman, R. V. Fodor,N. Kumar, F. McCoy, J. Thiede, and H. B.Zimmerman

5. SITE 356: SAO PAULO PLATEAU 141K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,R. L. Carlson, M. G. Dinkelman, R. V. Fodor,N. Kumar, F. McCoy, J. Thiede, and H. B.Zimmerman

6. SITE 357: RIO GRANDE RISE 231K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,R. L. Carlson, M. G. Dinkelman, R. V. Fodor,N. Kumar, F. McCoy, J. Thiede, and H. B.Zimmerman

7. SITE 358: ARGENTINE BASIN 329K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,R. L. Carlson, M. G. Dinkelman, R. V. Fodor,N. Kumar, F. McCoy, J. Thiede, and H. B.Zimmerman

Chapter Page

PART III: SEDIMENTOLOGY 393

9. CLAY MINERAL STRATIGRAPHY ANDDISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHATLANTIC OCEAN 395Herman B. Zimmerman

10. SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES INPELAGIC AND HEMIPELAGICSEDIMENTS FROM THE CENTRAL ANDSOUTHERN ATLANTIC OCEAN (DEEPSEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 39) 407Jorn Thiede

11. ZEOLITES IN SOUTH ATLANTIC DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS 423F. McCoy, H. Zimmerman, and D. Krinsley

12. SURFACE FEATURES ON QUARTZ SANDAND SILT GRAINS: LEG 39 DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT 445D. H. Krinsley and F. W. McCoy

13. CENOZOIC TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTSIN THE WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC . . . 453E. M. Emelyanov and E. S. Trimonis

14. GEOCHEMISTRY OF SEDIMENTS IN THEWESTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC, DSDPLEG 39 477E. M. Emelyanov

15. VELOCITIES, DENSITIES, AND ELASTICCONSTANTS OF BASALT ANDTRACHYTIC TUFF, DSDP LEG 39 493R. L. Carlson and N. I. Christensen

16. SEARCH FOR TERRIGENOUS LIPIDS INCARBONATE-RICH SAMPLES FROMSITE 39-354 497Bernd R. T. Simoneit

17. GRAIN-SIZE AND CARBON/CARBONATE ANALYSES, LEG 39Brad Scott

501

SITE 359: WALVIS RIDGE (SEAMOUNT) .K. Perch-Nielsen, P. R. Supko, A. Boersma,R. L. Carlson, M. G. Dinkelman, R. V. Fodor,N. Kumar, F. McCoy, J. Thiede, and H. B.Zimmerman

373PART IV: IGNEOUS PETROLOGY 505

18. BASALT DRILLED AT THE VEMAFRACTURE ZONE, DSDP LEG 39 507Enrico Bonatti, Keith Hartman, Fabrizio Inno-centi, and Robert Kay

xxin

Chapter Page

19. PETROLOGY OF BASALT RECOVEREDDURING DSDP LEG 39B 513R. V. Fodor, J. W. Husler, and K. Keil

20. PETROLOGY AND K-Ar AGE OFVOLCANIC TUFF AND ASH FROM THEWALVIS SEAMOUNT PROVINCE, DSDPSITE 359, LEG 39 525R. V. Fodor, K. Keil, J. W. Husler, and E. H.McKee

21. VOLCANIC BRECCIA FROM DSDP SITE357: IMPLICATIONS FOR THECOMPOSITION AND ORIGIN OF THE RIOGRANDE RISE 537R. V. Fodor and Jörn Thiede

22. K-Ar AGE OF DEEP-SEA BASALT,BRAZIL BASIN, LEG 39 DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT 545Edwin H. McKee and R. V. Fodor

23. PETROLOGY AND K-Ar AGE OFBASALTIC ROCKS, SITES 353, 354, AND355, DSDP LEG 39 547G. S. Kharin, M. M. Arakeljanz, and Y. I.Dmitriev

24. VELOCITY ANISOTROPY ANDPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEEPSEASEDIMENTS FROM THE WESTERNSOUTH ATLANTIC 555R. L. Carlson and N. I. Christensen

25. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTSAND BASALTS FROM SITES 353, 354, AND355, DSDP LEG 39 561Y. P. Neprochnov, E. G. Mirlin, and B. P.Belikov

PART V: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY ANDPALEONTOLOGY 565

26. CENOZOIC PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERA—DSDP LEG 39(SOUTH ATLANTIC) 567Anne Boersma

27. LATE NEOCENE PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHYOF SITE 357 (RIO GRANDE RISE) 591W. A. Berggren

28. CRETACEOUS PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERS—DSDP LEG 39(SOUTH ATLANTIC) 615Isabella Premoli Silva and Anne Boersma

Chapter Page

29. EOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE BENTHICFORAMINIFERA DSDP LEG 39,SOUTH ATLANTIC 643Anne Boersma

30. CRETACEOUS BENTHIC FORAMINIFERSFROM THE WESTERN SOUTHATLANTIC LEG 39, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT 657William V. Sliter

31. ALBIAN TO PLEISTOCENECALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS FROMTHE WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC,DSDP LEG 39 699Katharina Perch-Nielsen

32. COCCOLITH AND SILICOFLAGELLATESTRATIGRAPHY, SOUTH ATLANTICOCEAN, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECTLEG 39 825David Bukry

33. CONTRIBUTION TO THE PALEOCENECALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILBIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CENTRALAND SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC OCEAN(CEARA RISE AND SAO PAULOPLATEAU, DSDP LEG 39) 841Bilal U. Haq, Katharina Perch-Nielsen, andG. P. Lohmann

34. LAPIDEACASSIS AND SCAMPANELLA,CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS FROMTHE PALEOCENE AT SITES 354 AND 356,DSDP LEG 39, SOUTHERN ATLANTIC . . . 849Katharina Perch-Nielsen and Helmut Franz

35. TERTIARY SILICOFLAGELLATES ANDOTHER SILICEOUS MICROFOSSILSFROM THE WESTERN SOUTHATLANTIC, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT, LEG 39 863Katharina Perch-Nielsen

36. THE CENOZOIC OSTRACODE FAUNASOF THE SAO PAULO PLATEAU AND THERIO GRANDE RISE (DSDP LEG 39, SITES356 AND 357) 869Richard H. Benson

37. PALYNOLOGY OF SITES 358, 356, 355,DSDP, LEG 39, SOUTHWESTERNATLANTIC OCEAN 885N. S. Ioannides and J. P. Colin

38. OCCURRENCE OF INOCERAMUSREMAINS IN LATE MESOZOIC PELAGICAND HEMIPELAGIC SEDIMENTS 899Jörn Thiede and Menno G. Dinkelman

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Chapter Page

39. TERTIARY OXYGEN AND CARBONISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY, SITE 357(MID LATITUDE SOUTH ATLANTIC) . . . 911Anne Boersma and Nicholas Shackleton

PART VI: REGIONAL GEOLOGY 925

40. GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ORIGIN OFSAO PAULO PLATEAU (SOUTHEASTERNBRAZILIAN MARGIN), COMPARISONWITH THE ANGOLAN MARGIN, AND THEEARLY EVOLUTION OF THE NORTHERNSOUTH ATLANTIC 927Naresh Kumar, L.A.P. Gamboa, B. C. Schrei-ber, and J. Mascle

41. SYNTHESIS OF GEOLOGICAL ANDGEOPHYSICAL DATA IN A 1° SQUAREAREA AROUND SITE 356, LEG 39 DSDP.L.A.P. Gamboa and Naresh Kumar

947

42. REGIONAL SETTING OF SITE 357,NORTH FLANK OF RIO GRANDE RISE . . 955Scott McDowell, Naresh Kumar, Robert D.Jacobi, David A. Johnson, and Elizabeth T.Bunce

Chapter Page

43. UNDERWAY GEOPHYSICALMEASUREMENTS, LEG 39, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT 971Yuri P. Neprochnov, L. R. Merklin, and PeterR. Supko

PART VII: SYNTHESIS 1045

44. A HISTORY OF SEDIMENT LITHOFACIESIN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 1047Floyd W. McCoy and Herman B. Zimmerman

45. SYNTHESIS OF THE LEG 39BIOSTRATIGRAPHY (CENTRAL ANDSOUTH ATLANTIC) 1081Katharina Perch-Nielsen

46. GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CENTRALAND SOUTH ATLANTIC DRILLINGRESULTS, LEG 39, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT 1099Peter R. Supko and Katharina Perch-Nielsen

INDEX 1133

XXV

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The scientific staff of Leg 39 are extremely grateful to themany individuals who contributed to making this a success-ful cruise.

Preliminary planning for drill sites was done by theJOIDES Atlantic Advisory Panel, under John Ewing'schairmanship. We thank the marine seismic group atLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory for providing mostof the seismic reference profiles upon which initial siteselections were made. Additional seismic profiles wereobtained from the Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories ofthe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, theScripps Institution of Oceanography, and the CentreNational d'Exploitation des Oceans, Brest, France. TheWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution provided bathy-metric and piston core data useful in selecting Site 357 on theRio Grande Rise.

It is almost customary in Initial Report volumes to creditthe Global Marine officers and crew and the DSDP marinetechnicians; we take particular pleasure in doing so with agreat deal of justification. Leg 39 has been the longest DSDPcruise in terms of miles steamed or days at sea. Halfwaythrough the long deadhead from our last planned site, 358 inthe Argentine Basin, to Cape Town, we dropped the beaconfor an unplanned site, 359, on the southwestern WalvisRidge. At the time, the rig floor had been secured, drillingsubassemblies painted, and scientific laboratories securedand cleaned thoroughly. After a period of initial shock, theship's crew, drilling crew, and marine technicians pitched inwith their usual high level of professionalism to make Site359 a successful end to a profitable expedition.

Deep Sea Drilling Project results through Leg 39, plus a great...

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